A framework for the analysis of thermal losses in reciprocating compressors and expanders

This article presents a framework that describes formally the underlying unsteady and conjugate heat transfer processes that are undergone in thermodynamic systems, along with results from its application to the characterization of thermodynamic losses due to irreversible heat transfer during reciprocating compression and expansion processes in a gas spring. Specifically, a heat transfer model is proposed that solves the one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equation in the solid simultaneously with the first law in the gas phase, with an imposed heat transfer coefficient taken from suitable experiments in gas springs. Even at low volumetric compression ratios (of 2.5), notable effects of unsteady heat transfer to the solid walls are revealed, with thermally induced thermodynamic cycle (work) losses of up to 14% (relative to the work input/output in equivalent adiabatic and reversible compression/expansion processes) at intermediate Péclet numbers (i.e., normalized frequencies) when unfavorable solid and gas materials are selected, and closer to 10-12% for more common material choices. The contribution of the solid toward these values, through the conjugate variations attributed to the thickness of the cylinder wall, is about 8% and 2% points, respectively, showing a maximum at intermediate thicknesses. At higher compression ratios (of 6) a 19% worst-case loss is reported for common materials. These results suggest strongly that in designing high-efficiency reciprocating machines the full conjugate and unsteady problem must be considered and that the role of the solid in determining performance cannot, in general, be neglected. © 2014 Richard Mathie, Christos N. Markides, and Alexander J. White. Published with License by Taylor & Francis.

Sparse recovery of complex phase-encoded velocity images using iterative thresholding

In this paper we propose a new algorithm for reconstructing phase-encoded velocity images of catalytic reactors from undersampled NMR acquisitions. Previous work on this application has employed total variation and nonlinear conjugate gradients which, although promising, yields unsatisfactory, unphysical visual results. Our approach leverages prior knowledge about the piecewise-smoothness of the phase map and physical constraints imposed by the system under study. We show how iteratively regularizing the real and imaginary parts of the acquired complex image separately in a shift-invariant wavelet domain works to produce a piecewise-smooth velocity map, in general. Using appropriately defined metrics we demonstrate higher fidelity to the ground truth and physical system constraints than previous methods for this specific application. © 2013 IEEE.

Seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins in various organs of four freshwater bivalves from the large eutrophic Lake Taihu of subtropical China and the risk to human consumption

So far, little is known on the distribution of hepatotoxic microcystin (MC) in various organs of bivalves, and there is no study on MC accumulation in bivalves from Chinese waters. Distribution pattern and seasonal dynamics of MC-LR, -YR and -RR in various organs (hepatopancreas, intestine, visceral mass, gill, foot, and rest) of four edible freshwater mussels (Anodonta woodiana, Hyriopsis cumingii, Cristaria plicata, and Lamprotula leai) were studied monthly during Oct. 2003-Sep. 2004 in Lake Taihu with toxic cyanobacterial blooms in the summer. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of MCs in the organs were done by LC-MS and HPLC. The major toxins were present in the hepatopancreas (45.5-55.4%), followed by visceral mass with substantial amount of gonad (27.6-35.5%), whereas gill and foot were the least (1.8-5.1%). The maximum MC contents in the hepatopancreas, intestine, visceral mass, gill, foot, and rest were 38.48, 20.65, 1.70, 0.64, 0.58, and 0.61 mu g/g DW, respectively. There were rather good positive correlation in MC contents between intestines and hepatopancreas of the four bivalves (r = 0.75-0.97, p < 0.05). There appeared to be positive correlations between the maximum MC content in the hepatopancreas and the delta(13)C (r = 0.919) or delta(15)N (r = 0.878) of the foot, indicating that the different MC content in the hepatopancreas might be due to different food ingestion. A glutathione (GSH) conjugate of MC-LR was also detected in the foot sample of C. plicata. Among the foot samples analyzed, 54% were above the provisional WHO tolerable daily intake (TDI) level, and the mean daily intakes from the four bivalves were 8-23.5 times the TDI value when the bivalves are eaten as a whole, suggesting the high risk of consuming bivalves in Lake Taihu. (C) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

An ELISA-like time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for microcystin detection

Background: A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA), based on anti-microcystin-LR (MCLR) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and europium-labeled antimouse IgG conjugate, was first developed for microcystin detection. Methods: Anti-MCLR MAbs were prepared by a standard method, and the attained MAbs showed a good cross reactivity with MCLR, MCRR and MCYR. The TRFIA was performed in an indirect competitive mode. The detection method of TRFIA was compared with indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The TRFIA exhibited a typical sigmoidal response for MCLR at concentrations of 0.005-50 ng/ml, with a wide quantitative range between 0.01 and 10 ng/ml, indicating the broadest detective range and the most sensitive of all the methods for microcystins (MCs) detection. Additionally, the TRFIA maintained good reliability through its quantitative range, as evidenced by low coefficients of variation (1.6-12.2%). The toxin data of algal samples assayed from TRFIA were in the same range as those with ELISA and HPLC, implying that the method was reliable and practical for the detection of MCs. Conclusions: The TRFIA may offer a valuable alternative or a substitute for conventional ELISA for microcystin detection. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical simulations of interrupted and conventional microchannel heat sinks

We provide three-dimensional numerical simulations of conjugate heat transfer in conventional and the newly proposed interrupted microchannel heat sinks. The new microchannel heat sink consists of a set of separated zones adjoining shortened parallel microchannels and transverse microchambers. Multi-channel effect, physical property variations, and axial thermal conduction are considered. It is found that flow rate variations in different channels can be neglected, while heat received by different channels accounts for 2% deviations from the averaged value when the heat flux at the back surface of the silicon chip reaches 100 W/cm(2). The computed hydraulic and thermal boundary layers are redeveloping in each separated zone due to shortened flow length for the interrupted microchannel heat sink. The periodic thermal developing flow is responsible for the significant heat transfer enhancement. Two effects influence pressure drops across the newly proposed microchannel heat sink. The first one is the pressure recovery effect in the microchamber, while the second one is the head loss when liquid leaves the microchamber and enters the next zone. The first effect compensates or suppresses the second one, leading to similar or decreased pressure drop than that for the conventional microchannel heat sink, with the fluid Prandtl number larger than unity.

Radiation-matter oscillations in attosecond polarization beats using twin color-locked noisy lights

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two one-photon processes. When the laser has broadband linewidth, the sum-frequency polarization beat (SFPB) signal shows the autocorrelation of SFPB exhibits hybrid radiation-matter detuning terahertz damping oscillation. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum-frequency of energy-levels. It hits been also found that the asymmetric behaviors of the polarization beat signals result from the unbalanced dispersion effects, (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Twin Markovian field correlation on four-level attosecond polarization beats

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two two-photon processes, we obtained an analytic closed form for the second-order or fourth-order Markovian stochastic correlation of the four-level attosecond sum-frequency polarization beat (FASPB) in the extremely Doppler-broadened limit. The homodyne-detected FASPB signal is shown to be particularly sensitive to the statistical properties of the Markovian stochastic light fields with arbitrary bandwidth. The different roles of the amplitude fluctuations and the phase fluctuations can be understood physically in the time-domain picture. The field correlation has a weak influence on the FASPB signal when the laser has narrow bandwidth. In contrast, when the laser has broadband linewidth, the FASPB signal shows resonant-nonresonant cross-correlation, and drastic difference for three Markovian stochastic fields. The maxima of the two two-photon signals are shifted from zero time delay to the opposite direction, and the signal exhibits damping oscillation when the laser frequency is off-resonant from the two-photon transition. A Doppler-free precision in the measurement of the energy-level sum can be achieved with an arbitrary bandwidth. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum frequency of energy levels.

Coherent laser control in attosecond sum-frequency polarization beats using twin noisy driving fields

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two-pathway excitations, we obtained an analytic closed form for the second-order or fourth-order Markovian stochastic correlation of the V three-level sum-frequency polarization beat (SFPB) in attosecond scale. Novel interferometric oscillatory behavior is exposed in terms of radiation-radiation, radiation-matter, and matter-matter polarization beats. The phase-coherent control of the light beams in the SFPB is subtle. When the laser has broadband linewidth, the homodyne detected SFPB signal shows resonant-nonresonant cross correlation, a drastic difference for three Markovian stochastic fields, and the autocorrelation of the SFPB exhibits hybrid radiation-matter detuning terahertz damping oscillation. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum frequency of energy levels. It has been also found that the asymmetric behaviors of the polarization beat signals due to the unbalanced controllable dispersion effects between the two arms of interferometer do not affect the overall accuracy in case using the SFPB to measure the Doppler-free energy-level sum of two excited states.

PH值、氯离子浓度和监酸浓度对于铁的腐蚀电化学行为的影响

本文研究了Armco铁在盐酸溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为，探讨了ψ~-离子和PH值对铁的阳极溶解过程的影响，并进而讨论了ψ~-离子浓度和PH值对铁的腐蚀电化学行为的影响之间是否存在交互效应。在本工作中，作者提出了两个新的研究方法：(a) 从单支弱极化曲线测定腐蚀电流和阴、阳极反应的Tafep斜率；(b)根据交流方波电流扰动的响应函数方程测定极化电阻Rp和界面电容C。设I_c、I_(2c)、I_(3c)及I_(4c)分别为对应于弱极化区内极化电位为ΔE、2ΔE、3ΔE和4ΔE的极化电流，且令a = I_(2c)/I_c, b = I_(3c)/I_c, c = I_(4c)/I_(2c), 而(4b-3a~2)~(1/2)、(3c-2b)~(1/2)、(2c-a~2)~(1/2)则以S_j表示之，则可得到：I_(corr) = I_c/S_j b_c = ΔE/lg((a+s_j)/2) b_a = -ΔE/lg((a-s_j)/2)为了方便，准确地求出动力学参数，可选用一系列的ΔE值，得出相应的极化电流I_λ，求出S_λ，应用统计方法处理数据，可得：I_(corr) = ∑ from i=1 to n I_λ/∑ from i=1 ton S_λ b_c = ∑ form λ to n ΔE_λ/∑ form i=1 to n lg ((a_λ+S_λ)/2) b_a = ∑ form i=1 ton ΔE_λ/∑ form i=1 to n lg ((a_λ-S_λ)/2)在线性极化区间内向腐蚀金属电极体系施加一交流方波电流扰动讯号时，通过Laplace变换分析，得到相应的响应函数方程为：E_1(t) = λ_o(R_s+R_p) - 2λ_oR_p (e~(-(τ-λ)/RpC))/(1+e~(λ/RpC)) (o<τ<λ) E_2(t) = -λ_o(R_s+R_p) + 2λ_oR_p (e~(-(τ-λ)/RpC))/(1+e~(λ/RpC)) (λ<τ<2λ)由此方程可知，它们在E～λ坐标系统中的轨迹为对称兴致勃勃原点的两条直线。由此方程可进一步得到:ΔE = 2λ_oR_p (e~(λ/RpC)-1)/(e~(λ/RpC)+1) = 2λ_oR_p t_(anh)(λ/(2RpC)) Δh = 2λ_o Rs式中ΔE为单支响应直线的长度，Δh则为两条直线最高点之间的距离。上述公式可进一步简化为：Rp =(ΔE)/(2λ_o) λ>>RpC (λ_o)/(ΔE) = C/λ + 1/(2Rp) λ<

面向大规模数据分发的发布订阅系统关键技术研究

随着Internet的迅猛发展，陆续出现众多面向分发的应用，其数据源具有分布性、多样性、自治性和异构性，用户则具有大规模和数据需求的高度重叠性，数据流则呈现出从源到消费者的非对称性等特征。发布/订阅技术与传统的通信范型(消息传递、RPC/RMI和共享空间)相比，所具有的松散耦合、多点通信、匿名性和高可伸缩性等，使得它成为一种适用于大规模数据分发的理想通信方式。 现有的发布/订阅技术在表达能力、匹配的全面、准确和效率以及及时性服务质量保障等方面尚存在问题，不足以支持大规模的数据分发。本文研究的目标是，针对分布式环境下大规模的数据分发，深入研究发布/订阅系统的关键技术，重点解决发布/订阅系统的数据模型、匹配算法和及时性保障等三方面的问题，并开发出原型系统，为大规模的数据分发提供发布/订阅中间件支持，具体内容如下： 1) 语义数据模型 分布式计算环境下，数据源和数据消费者要跨越系统边界进行数据交互，就迫切需要解决事件和订阅的语义异构问题。已有的发布/订阅系统的数据模型的语义表达能力尚存在不足，且难以表达用户偏好。因此，针对该语义异构问题和已有数据模型的不足，采用了一种公共词汇表和语义上下文相结合的方法，建立了发布/订阅系统的语义数据模型，解决了在语义异构的数据环境下事件和订阅如何表示的问题。其中，提出了一种语义订阅语言SPS-EL来表示订阅条件，订阅条件中用属性过滤器的阈值和权重信息反映用户偏好。该模型考虑了事件和订阅所处的数据环境，增强了系统的表达能力，提高了用户表达订阅需求的灵活性。接着，提出了一种基于语义上下文的自动化的事件和订阅的转换机制，消除事件和订阅存在的语义异构，提高了转换效率。 2) 匹配算法 大规模数据分发环境下，订阅者的规模是巨大的，往往到几万甚至上百万，而且用户需求具有模糊性，如何准确、全面和高效地对发布事件进行匹配，确定对其感兴趣的订阅集仍然是一个挑战性问题。而目前已有的系统基本上都是从语法上进行事件与订阅的匹配，主要集中于提高匹配的效率，而缺乏对语义匹配的考虑且较少考虑匹配的全面性和准确性；认为订阅中的属性约束的重要性相同，属性匹配为布尔匹配，没有考虑匹配的相似度，难以匹配出更符合用户偏好的结果。针对该匹配问题和已有方法的不足，基于本文提出的语义数据模型，提出了一种基于语义的多阶段优化的事件匹配算法。该算法利用应用领域的公共词汇表的概念语义关系信息和订阅条件中的阈值和权重表示的用户偏好信息辅助匹配，提高匹配的全面性和准确性。同时，该算法采取多阶段优化的方法，建立高效索引，减少订阅搜索空间和属性过滤器比较次数，从而提高匹配效率。实验结果表明，该算法能够明显提高匹配的全面和准确性，匹配结果更符合用户偏好，并能保持较高的匹配效率。 3) 及时性保障 一些领域的应用对发布/订阅系统设施提出了及时性需求，如何在大规模动态分布式网络环境下满足订阅者的及时性需求并提高系统的有效性是一个挑战性问题。已有的传统的基于连接的资源保留的方法，会带来资源的浪费，违反了发布/订阅系统松散耦合的特性，不适合大规模数据分发场景；静态优先级的方法，其优先级是固定不变的且数目是有限的，不适应动态网络环境。因此，针对及时性保障问题和已有方案的不足，借鉴了经济学的方法，提出了一种支持及时性需求的传播、事件调度和分发机制，并保持了发布/订阅系统固有的松散耦合特性。在该机制中，建立了发布/订阅系统的延迟模型，引入了事件的期望收益、预期违约成本和推迟成本等度量指标，提出了一种基于收益机制的分布式发布/订阅系统及时性保障技术和使系统获益最大化的动态优先级调度算法MTEP（Maximum Total Earning Priority）。该调度算法利用价格、违约成本和延迟等信息，对事件进行及时有效地调度分发。实验结果表明，该机制能满足订阅者和发布者指定延迟约束的需求，能在系统高负载情况下使订阅者能接收到的有效事件明显增多并使系统收益显著改善。 最后，设计并实现了面向大规模数据分发的发布/订阅原型系统OnceDI/PS。该原型系统采用Java技术开发实现了本文提出的数据模型、匹配算法和及时性保障机制。

一个基于Eclipse的OnceIDE集成框架设计与实现

软件开发环境是开发人员进行软件开发活动的重要平台。传统的开发环境对于开放性及可扩展性支持明显不足，而基于插件体系结构的软件开发环境如Eclipse等，由于其自身结构的特点，提供了较好的开放性和可扩展性，是目前软件开发环境的发展重要方向。 由于软件开发工具的种类繁多且彼此间的关联多样化，基于插件体系结构的开放式平台不能有效地满足工具之间数据一致性约束以及跨平台调用的集成需求。针对上述需求的研究成果及解决方法仍存在不足。 论文针对以上问题，尝试提出了一个集成框架，以解决目前已有开发环境在工具集成上的不足。该框架分别提供基于模型同步和远程交互两种集成机制，分别致力于解决插件工具在数据一致性上的同步需求和跨平台调用上的交互需求。首先，论文抽取了开发人员实现具体模型同步过程的需求，形成模型同步模块，力求刻画模型同步的本质特征并以模型同步的方式满足一致性约束。由于插件大多采用EMF、DOM两种模型建模，论文基于模型同步模块，提供了对EMF与DOM间的同步支持。然后，论文对远程交互模块进行了设计，归并了跨平台调用引入的通讯需求，构建了一个通信管理模块，该模块管理多种RPC协议并且支持异步通信方式。同时，在该模块之上，定义了插件远程交互的开发过程及编程接口，为分布式协作开发环境提供支撑。 论文将集成框架应用到OnceIDE（由中国科学院软件研究所开发的基于Eclipse平台的软件开发环境）中，通过完成基于EMF构建的Web组件模型与DOM模型的同步和基于远程交互模块的共享日历事件管理工具的导出，验证了OnceIDE集成框架在解决数据一致性约束及跨平台调用两方面集成需求的有效性。

Strain gradient theory based on a new framework of non-local model

A new framework of non-local model for the strain energy density is proposed in this paper. The global strain energy density of the representative volume element is treated as a non-local variable and can be obtained through a special integral of the local strain energy density. The local strain energy density is assumed to be dependent on both the strain and the rotation-gradient. As a result of the non-local model, a new strain gradient theory is derived directly, in which the first and second strain gradients, as well as the triadic and tetradic stress, are introduced in the context of work conjugate. For power law hardening materials, size effects in thin metallic wire torsion and ultra-thin cantilever beam bend are investigated. It is found that the result predicted by the theoretical model is well consistent with the experimental data for the thin wire torsion. On the other hand, the calculation result for the micro-cantilever beam bend clearly shows the size effect.

Splitting the Fast and Slow Motions in Molecular Dynamics Simulations Based on the Change of Cold Potential Well Bottom

The atomic motion is coupled by the fast and slow components due to the high frequency vibration of atoms and the low frequency deformation of atomic lattice, respectively. A two-step approximate method was presented to determine the atomic slow motion. The first step is based on the change of the location of the cold potential well bottom and the second step is based on the average of the appropriate slow velocities of the surrounding atoms. The simple tensions of one-dimensional atoms and two-dimensional atoms were performed with the full molecular dynamics simulations. The conjugate gradient method was employed to determine the corresponding location of cold potential well bottom. Results show that our two-step approximate method is appropriate to determine the atomic slow motion under the low strain rate loading. This splitting method may be helpful to develop more efficient molecular modeling methods and simulations pertinent to realistic loading conditions of materials.

Modeling study on the flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters

A modeling study is conducted to investigate the effect of hydrogen content in propellants on the plasma flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power (kW class) arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters (arcjets). 1:0 (pure hydrogen), 3:1 (to simulate decomposed ammonia), 2:1 (to simulate decomposed hydrazine) and 0:1 (pure nitrogen) hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures are chosen as the propellants. Both the gas flow region inside the thruster nozzle and the anode-nozzle wall are included in the computational domain in order to better treat the conjugate heat transfer between the gas flow region and the solid wall region. The axial variations of the enthalpy flux, kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic-energy flux, and momentum flux, all normalized to the mass flow rate of the propellant, are used to investigate the energy conversion process inside the thruster nozzle. The modeling results show that the values of the arc voltage, the gas axial-velocity at the thruster exit, and the specific impulse of the arcjet thruster all increase with increasing hydrogen content in the propellant, but the gas temperature at the nitrogen thruster exit is significantly higher than that for other three propellants. The flow, heat transfer, and energy conversion processes taking place in the thruster nozzle have some common features for all the four propellants. The propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, accompanied with a rapid increase of the enthalpy flux, and after achieving its maximum value, the enthalpy flux decreases appreciably due to the conversion of gas internal energy into its kinetic energy in the divergent segment of the thruster nozzle. The kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic energy flux and momentum flux also increase at first due to the arc heating and the thermodynamic expansion, assume their maximum inside the nozzle and then decrease gradually as the propellant flows toward the thruster exit. It is found that a large energy loss (31-52%) occurs in the thruster nozzle due to the heat transfer to the nozzle wall and too long nozzle is not necessary. Modeling results for the NASA 1-kW class arcjet thruster with hydrogen or decomposed hydrazine as the propellant are found to compare favorably with available experimental data.

新型多条多气隙阻性板探测器的性能测试

为提高德国FOPI系统飞行时间的探测本领,运用新型多条多气隙阻性板探测器对FOPI系统进行升级改造。探测器的制作已完成,为保证探测器的质量,对它们进行了一系列的测量和质量确认。测试结果证明,系统的本底计数率分布在0.2 Hz/cm2附近,工作高压9.6 kV;利用γ射线放射源测试,时间分辨(包括闪烁体的时间分辨)分布在220~280 ps之间;采用质子束流测量,其探测效率可达98%以上,时间分辨可达75 ps。