Constraints on neutrino mass fraction using Redshift Space Distortions

Redshift Space Distortions (RSD) are an apparent anisotropy in the distribution of galaxies due to their peculiar motion. These features are imprinted in the correlation function of galaxies, which describes how these structures distribute around each other. RSD can be represented by a distortions parameter $\beta$, which is strictly related to the growth of cosmic structures. For this reason, measurements of RSD can be exploited to give constraints on the cosmological parameters, such us for example the neutrino mass. Neutrinos are neutral subatomic particles that come with three flavours, the electron, the muon and the tau neutrino. Their mass differences can be measured in the oscillation experiments. Information on the absolute scale of neutrino mass can come from cosmology, since neutrinos leave a characteristic imprint on the large scale structure of the universe. The aim of this thesis is to provide constraints on the accuracy with which neutrino mass can be estimated when expoiting measurements of RSD. In particular we want to describe how the error on the neutrino mass estimate depends on three fundamental parameters of a galaxy redshift survey: the density of the catalogue, the bias of the sample considered and the volume observed. In doing this we make use of the BASICC Simulation from which we extract a series of dark matter halo catalogues, characterized by different value of bias, density and volume. This mock data are analysed via a Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure, in order to estimate the neutrino mass fraction, using the software package CosmoMC, which has been conveniently modified. In this way we are able to extract a fitting formula describing our measurements, which can be used to forecast the precision reachable in future surveys like Euclid, using this kind of observations.

X-ray properties and evolution of high-redshift AGN, and the gas content of host galaxies

In this thesis, I have investigated the evolution of the high-redshift (z > 3) AGN population by collecting data from some of the major Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys. The final sample (141 sources) is one of the largest selected at z> 3 in the X- rays and it is characterised by a very high redshift completeness (98%). I derived the spectral slopes and obscurations through a spectral anaysis and I assessed the high-z evolution by deriving the luminosity function and the number counts of the sample. The best representation of the AGN evolution is a pure density evolution (PDE) model: the AGN space density is found to decrease by a factor of 10 from z=3 to z=5. I also found that about 50% of AGN are obscured by large column densities (logNH > 23). By comparing these data with those in the Local Universe, I found a positive evolution of the obscured AGN fraction with redshift, especially for luminous (logLx > 44) AGN. I also studied the gas content of z < 1 AGN-hosting galaxies and compared it with that of inactive galaxies. For the first time, I applied to AGN a method to derive the gas mass previously used for inactive galaxies only. AGN are found to live preferentially in gas-rich galaxies. This result on the one hand can help us in understanding the AGN triggering mechanisms, on the other hand explains why AGN are preferentially hosted by star-forming galaxies.

Galaxy evolution in the VIMOS public extragalactic redshift survey (VIPERS)

In this work I present the first measurements of the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) from the first public release of the VIPERS catalogue, containing ∼55,000 objects. First, I present the survey design, its scientific goal, the redshift measurements and validation. Then, I provide details about the estimate of galaxy stellar masses, star formation rates, and other physical quantities. I derive the GSMF of different galaxy types (e.g. active and passive galaxies) and as a function of the environment (defined through the local galaxy density contrast). These estimates represent new observational evidence useful to characterise the mechanism of galaxy evolution.

COSMIC-LAB: Terzan 5 as a fossil remnant of the Galactic bulge formation epoch

The formation and evolution of galaxy bulges is a greatly debated topic in modern astrophysics. An approach to address this issue is to look at the Galactic bulge, the closest to us. According to some theoretical models, our bulge built-up from the merger of substructures formed from the instability and fragmentation of a proto-disk in the early phases of Galactic evolution. We may have discovered the remnant of one of these substructures: the stellar system Terzan 5. Terzan 5 hosts two stellar populations with different iron abundances, thus suggesting it once was far more massive than today. Moreover, its peculiar chemistry resembles that observed only in the Galactic bulge. In this Thesis we perform a detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of this cluster to determine its formation and evolutionary histories. Form the photometric point of view we built a high-resolution differential reddening map in Terzan 5 direction and we measured relative proper motions to separate its member population from the contaminating field stars. This information represents the necessary work to measure the absolute ages of Terzan 5 populations via the Turn-off luminosity method. From the spectroscopic point of view we measured abundances for more than 600 stars belonging to Terzan 5 and its surroundings in order to build the largest field-decontaminated metallicity distribution for this system. We find that the metallicity distribution is extremely wide (more than 1 dex) and we discovered a third, metal-poor and alpha-enhanced population with average [Fe/H]=-0.8. The striking similarity between Terzan 5 and the bulge in terms of their chemical formation and evolution revealed by this Thesis suggests that Terzan 5 formed in situ with the bulge itself. In particular its metal-poor populations trace the early stages of the bulge formation, while its most metal-rich component contains crucial information on the bulge more recent evolution.

The dynamics of early-type galaxies as a tool to understand their hot coronae and their IMF

Dynamical models of galaxies are a powerful tool to study and understand several astrophysical problems related to galaxy formation and evolution. This thesis is focussed on a particular type of dynamical models, that are widely used in literature, and are based on the solution of the Jeans equations. By means of a numerical Jeans solver code, developed on purpose and able to build state-of-the-art advanced axisymmetric galaxy models, two of the main currently investigated issues in the field of research of early-type galaxies (ETGs) are addressed. The first topic concerns the hot and X-ray emitting gaseous coronae that surround ETGs. The main goal is to explain why flat and rotating galaxies generally exhibit haloes with lower gas temperatures and luminosities with respect to rounder and velocity dispersion supported systems. The second astrophysical problem addressed concerns instead the stellar initial mass function (IMF) of ETGs. Nowadays, this is a very controversial issue due to a growing number of works on ETGs, based on different and independent techniques, that show evidences of a systematic variation of the IMF normalization as a function of galaxy velocity dispersion or mass. These studies are changing the previous opinion that the IMF of ETGs was the same as that of spiral galaxies, and hence universal throughout the whole large family of galaxies.

Improving the cosmic distance ladder. Distance and structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is widely considered as the first step of the cosmological distance ladder, since it contains many different distance indicators. An accurate determination of the distance to the LMC allows one to calibrate these distance indicators that are then used to measure the distance to far objects. The main goal of this thesis is to study the distance and structure of the LMC, as traced by different distance indicators. For these purposes three types of distance indicators were chosen: Classical Cepheids,``hot'' eclipsing binaries and RR Lyrae stars. These objects belong to different stellar populations tracing, in turn, different sub-structures of the LMC. The RR Lyrae stars (age >10 Gyr) are distributed smoothly and likely trace the halo of the LMC. Classical Cepheids are young objects (age 50-200 Myr), mainly located in the bar and spiral arm of the galaxy, while ``hot'' eclipsing binaries mainly trace the star forming regions of the LMC. Furthermore, we have chosen these distance indicators for our study, since the calibration of their zero-points is based on fundamental geometric methods. The ESA cornerstone mission Gaia, launched on 19 December 2013, will measure trigonometric parallaxes for one billion stars with an accuracy of 20 micro-arcsec at V=15 mag, and 200 micro-arcsec at V=20 mag, thus will allow us to calibrate the zero-points of Classical Cepheids, eclipsing binaries and RR Lyrae stars with an unprecedented precision.

Tracing AGN accretion and star formation in Herschel galaxies

In this Thesis, we study the physical properties and the cosmic evolution of AGN and their host galaxies since z∼3. Our analysis exploits samples of star forming galaxies detected with Herschel at far-IR wavelengths (from 70 up to 500 micron) in different extragalactic surveys, such as COSMOS and the deep GOODS (South and North) fields. The broad-band ancillary data available in COSMOS and the GOODS fields, allows us to implement Herschel and Spitzer photometry with multi-wavelength ancillary data. We perform a multicomponent SED-fitting decomposition to decouple the emission due to star formation from that due to AGN accretion, and to estimate both host-galaxy parameters (such as stellar mass, M* and star formation rate, SFR), and nuclear intrinsic bolometric luminosities. We use the individual estimates of AGN bolometric luminosity obtained through SED-fitting decomposition to reconstruct the redshit evolution of the AGN bolometric luminosity function since z∼3. The resulting trends are used to estimate the overall AGN accretion rate density at different cosmic epochs and to trace the first ever estimate of the AGN accretion history from an IR survey. Later on, we focus our study on the connection between AGN accretion and integrated galaxy properties. We analyse the relationships of AGN accretion with galaxy properties in the SFR-M* plane and at different cosmic epochs. Finally, we infer what is the parameter that best correlates with AGN accretion, comparing our results with previous studies and discussing their physical implications in the context of current scenarios of AGN/galaxy evolution.

Struttura e cinematica della Via Lattea

La Via Lattea è la galassia che, tra le altre cose, ospita il sistema in cui viviamo: il Sistema Solare. In questo elaborato, dopo una breve panoramica sui vari tipi di galassie, verranno descritte tutte le componenti che ne determinano la morfologia e verranno riportati alcuni di quei fenomeni fisici che ne determinano la cinematica. Si accennerà, inoltre, ad una missione spaziale che, nei prossimi anni, fornirà informazioni che saranno di fondamentale importanza ai fini di ampliare le conoscenze sulla nostra galassia "madre".

Effetto doppler e applicazioni astrofisiche

In questo elaborato si analizza l'Effetto Doppler e le sue applicazioni in astronomia.

Determinazione della massa in astrofisica

Analisi della Massa come grandezza fisica. Accenni ai metodi utilizzati in Astrofisica per la sua misurazione; massa di Jeans; Materia Oscura; limite di Chandrasekhar; diagramma H-R; sistemi doppi; trasferimento di massa e Funzione di massa.

Caratteristiche principali dell'emissione di galassie a spirale

Una breve trattazione dei principali meccanismi di emissione delle galassie a spirale nelle varie bande dello spettro elettromagnetico

Telescopi ottici, radio, X: principi e differenze

Per telescopio intendiamo qualsiasi strumento finalizzato alla misura della radiazione proveniente dallo spazio. Tipicamente questo nome viene riservato agli strumenti ottici; tuttavia è utile utilizzare un singolo nome per caratterizzare tutta la classe di strumenti per le osservazioni astronomiche. Un telescopio è uno strumento capace di raccogliere radiazione da una grande superficie, concentrandola in un punto. La luce viene in genere raccolta da uno specchio o antenna, quindi elaborata da vari strumenti, come per esempio un filtro o uno spettrografo, e infine indirizzata ad un rivelatore, che può essere l'occhio umano, una lastra fotografica, un CCD, un rivelatore radio, una camera a scintille etc.

Dinamica dei fluidi

Questo elaborato si propone di dare una panoramica generale delle basi della Dinamica dei Fluidi e della sua importanza nel contesto astrofisico; è strutturato in modo da fornire le nozioni fondamentali necessarie in tali campi e le essenziali informazioni sul formalismo correntemente utilizzato, per poi concludere con l'analisi del fenomeno dell'instabilità di Jeans.

Emissione di sincrotrone e applicazioni astrofisiche

Il processo di radiazione di sincrotrone, così come il Bremsstrahlung, l'Inverse Compton e la Radiazione da Corpo Nero, è uno dei principali elementi che caratterizzano l'astrofisica osservativa, specialmente la Radioastronomia. Lo studio di questa attività risulta essere estremamente interessante poichè si possono avere molte informazioni relative al campo magnetico della sorgente che ha generato l'impulso del sincrotrone stesso.

Emissione di Bremsstrahlung e applicazioni astrofisiche.

In ambiente astrofsico i principali meccanismi di produzione di energia sono associati a cariche elettriche in moto non uniforme. In generale è noto che cariche libere emettono radiazione elettromagnetica solamente se accelerate:una carica stazionaria ha campo elettrico costante e campo magnetico nullo, quindi non irradia, e lo stesso si ha per una carica in moto uniforme (difatti basta porsi nel sistema di riferimento solidale ad essa perchè si ricada nel caso precedente). In questo contesto si inserisce la radiazione di Bremsstrahlung, caratteristica dei plasmi astrofsici molto caldi e dovuta all'interazione coulombiana tra gli ioni e gli elettroni liberi del gas ionizzato. Data la piccola massa dell'elettrone, durante l'interazione lo ione non viene accelerato in maniera apprezzabile, quindi è possibile trattare il problema come quello di cariche elettriche negative decelerate dal campo coulombiano stazionario di un mare di cariche positive. Non a caso in tedesco la parola Bremsstrahlung signifca radiazione di frenamento". L'emissione di Bremsstrahlung è detta anche free-free emission poichè l'elettrone perde energia passando da uno stato non legato a un altro stato non legato. Questo processo di radiazione avviene nel continuo, su un intervallo di frequenze che va dal radio ai raggi gamma. In astrofsica è il principale meccanismo di raffreddamento per i plasmi a temperature elevate: si osserva nelle regioni HII, sottoforma di emissione radio, ma anche nelle galactic hot-coronae, nelle stelle binarie X, nei dischi di accrescimento intorno alle stelle evolute e ai buchi neri, nel gas intergalattico degli ammassi di galassie e nelle atmosfere di gas caldo in cui sono immerse le galassie ellittiche, perlopiù sottoforma di emissione X. La trattazione del fenomeno sarà estesa anche al caso relativistico che, per esempio, trova applicazione nell'emissione dei ares solari e della componente elettronica dei raggi cosmici. Infine la radiazione di Bremsstrahlung, oltre a permettere, solamente mediante misure spettroscopiche, di ricavare la temperatura e la misura di emissione di una nube di plasma, consente di effettuare una vera e propria "mappatura" del campo gravitazionale dei sistemi che hanno gas caldo.