Binaural Reproduction of Finite Difference Simulations Using Spherical Array Processing

Due to its efficiency and simplicity, the finite-difference time-domain method is becoming a popular choice for solving wideband, transient problems in various fields of acoustics. So far, the issue of extracting a binaural response from finite difference simulations has only been discussed in the context of embedding a listener geometry in the grid. In this paper, we propose and study a method for binaural response rendering based on a spatial decomposition of the sound field. The finite difference grid is locally sampled using a volumetric array of receivers, from which a plane wave density function is computed and integrated with free-field head related transfer functions, in the spherical harmonics domain. The volumetric array is studied in terms of numerical robustness and spatial aliasing. Analytic formulas that predict the performance of the array are developed, facilitating spatial resolution analysis and numerical binaural response analysis for a number of finite difference schemes. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of numerical dispersion on array processing and on the resulting binaural responses. Our method is compared to a binaural simulation based on the image method. Results indicate good spatial and temporal agreement between the two methods.

Identity of a Tilapia Pheromone Released by Dominant Males that Primes Females for Reproduction

Knowledge of the chemical identity and role of urinary pheromones in fish is scarce, yet it is necessary in order to understand the integration of multiple senses in adaptive responses and the evolution of chemical communication [1]. In nature, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) males form hierarchies, and females mate preferentially with dominant territorial males, which they visit in aggregations or leks [2]. Dominant males have thicker urinary bladder muscular walls than subordinates or females and store large volumes of urine, which they release at increased frequency in the presence of subordinate males or preovulatory, but not postspawned, females [3–5]. Females exposed to dominant-male urine augment their release of the oocyte maturation-inducing steroid 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β-P) [6]. Here we isolate and identify a male Mozambique tilapia urinary sex pheromone as two epimeric (20α- and 20β-) pregnanetriol 3-glucuronates. We show that both males and females have high olfactory sensitivity to the two steroids, which cross-adapt upon stimulation. Females exposed to both steroids show a rapid, 10-fold increase in production of 17,20β-P. Thus, the identified urinary steroids prime the female endocrine system to accelerate oocyte maturation and possibly promote spawning synchrony. Tilapia are globally important as a food source but are also invasive species, with devastating impact on local freshwater ecosystems [7, 8]. Identifying the chemical cues that mediate reproduction may lead to the development of tools for population control [9–11].

Characterization of PPP1 interacting proteins in male reproduction

A fosforilação reversível de proteínas é um importante mecanismo de controlo em eucariotas. A fosfoproteína fosfatase 1 (PPP1) é uma fosfatase de serina/treonina envolvida em vários processos celulares. Existem três isoformas da subunidade catalítica (α/CA, δ/β/CB e γ/CC) com pequenas diferenças nos terminais amino e carboxílico. O gene PPP1CC sofre ainda splicing alternativo para produzir duas isoformas, a PPP1CC1 ubíqua e a PPP1CC2 enriquecida em testículo e específica de esperma. A localização e especificidade de substratos da PPP1 está dependente da formação de complexos oligoméricos com proteínas que interagem com a PPP1 (PIPs). O objetivo principal desta tese foi estudar novas PIPs, específicas de testículo e esperma, a fim de melhor caracterizar o papel desta fosfatase e dos respetivos complexos na reprodução em mamíferos. Com este fim, estudou-se a presença, localização e possíveis funções de uma PIP previamente conhecida, PPP1R2, e de duas novas PIPs, PPP1R2P3 e Tctex1d4. PPP1R2 e PPP1R2P3 estão presentes em esperma humano colocalizando com a PPP1CC2, na cabeça e na cauda. A hipótese é que as holoenzimas localizadas na cabeça terão um papel na reação acrossómica, enquanto que as holoenzimas presentes no axonema são relevantes para o controlo da motilidade flagelar. De seguida foram estudados os pseudogenes da PPP1R2, em termos de história evolutiva e de possíveis funções. Na espécie humana, a PPP1R2 tem 10 pseudogenes, 7 deles específicos de primatas. Estudos de bioinformática e dados de expressão mostram que os PPP1R2P1/P3/P9 são os pseudogenes com maior probabilidade de serem transcritos e traduzidos. Também identificámos o PPP1R2P9 em esperma humano e mostrámos que alguns pseudogenes poderão estar associados a estados fisiopatológicos. Isto indica que o processo de evolução poderá estar ligado á formação de novos genes ou ao controlo do mRNA da PPP1R2. A sobre-expressão da PPP1R2 ou PPP1R2P3 em testículo de ratinho também foi realizada, para caracterizar os mecanismos envolvidas na função dos complexos PPP1R2/PPP1R2P3-PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia dos espermatozoides. A dineína de cadeia leve, Tctex1d4, foi encontrada como interagindo com a PPP1C e como estando presente em testículo de ratinho e em esperma humano. Demonstrámos que a Tctex1d4 e a PPP1 colocalizam no centro organizador de microtúbulos e nos microtúbulos e que o motivo de ligação à PPP1 presente na Tctex1d4 parece ser importante para manter a PPP1 no centro organizador de microtúbulos e/ou para disromper ou atrasar o seu movimento ao longo dos microtúbulos emergentes. Estes resultados abrem novos caminhos para os possíveis papéis do complexo Tctex1d4-PPP1 na dinâmica dos microtúbulos, motilidade do esperma, reação acrossómica e na regulação da barreira hemato-testicular, provavelmente, através da via de sinalização do TGFß. A análise do motivo de ligação à PPP1 mostra que este é altamente conservado entre os mamíferos, com exceção das Pikas, sugerindo que esta perda aconteceu antes da radiação das Pikas, há 6-20 milhões de anos atrás. Através de um rastreio por mutações demonstrámos que a capacidade da Tctex1d4 se ligar à PPP1 é mantida nas Pikas, embora o motivo de ligação à PPP1 esteja disrompido. Este estudo abre portas para novas descobertas na área da reprodução mostrando o papel da PPP1CC2 na espermatogénese e fisiologia do esperma.

Muslims in Public and Media Discourse in Western Europe: The Reproduction of Aporia and Exclusion

This chapter scrutinizes the dominant public discourse in Western Europe. Drawing on examples from the UK, Germany, and France but also from the Netherlands, Denmark and Spain it illustrates the gradual transformation of discourse from an “exotic Islam” to a “threatening Islam” that endangers European values and safety and suggests that the combination of this “securitization” of Islam and the monopoly of the “Muslim voice” by radical Muslim activists leads to a vicious circle of misrecognition and enhancing the aporia of Europe's Muslims.

Rights, Rationality and Reproduction: Balancing Interests in the Abortion Debate

As medical technology has advanced, so too have our attitudes towards the level of control we can or should expect to have over our procreative capacities. This creates a multidimensional problem for the law and family planning services in terms of access to services – whether to avoid conception or terminate a pregnancy – and the negligent provision of these services. These developments go to the heart of our perception of autonomy. Unsurprisingly, these matters also raise a moral dilemma for the law. Distinctively, discourse in this area is dominated by assertions of subjective moral value; in relation to life, to personal choice and to notions of the archetypal family. Against this, I stress that a model of objective morality can answer these challenging questions and resolve the inherent problems of legal regulation. Therefore, I argue that notions of autonomy must be based on a rational, action-based understanding of what it means to be a ‘moral agent’. I claim that from this we might support a legal standard, based on objective rational morality, which can frame our constitutional norms and our conception of justice in these contentious areas. This paper claims that the current regulation of abortion is outdated and requires radical reform. It proposes a scheme that would shift the choice towards the mother (and the father), remove the unnecessarily broad disability ground and involve doctors having a role of counsel (rather than gatekeeper).

An integrated approach to Physcomitrella patens transcriptomics reveals importantclues of the evolutionary development of plant organs and sexual reproduction

Land plant evolution required the generation of a new body plan that could resist the harsher and fluctuating environmental conditions found outside of aquatic environments. Unraveling the genetic basis of plant developmental innovations is not only revealing in terms of an evolutionary point of view, but it is also important for understanding the emergence of agronomically important traits. Comparative genetic studies between basal and modern land plants, both at the genome and trancriptome levels, can help in the generation of hypotheses related to the genetic basis of plant evolutionary development.(...)

Genomic and environmental factors influence Wolbachia-Drosophila symbiosis

Intracellular, vertically transmitted bacteria form complex and intimate relationships with their hosts. Wolbachia, maternally transmitted α- proteobacteria, live within the cells of numerous arthropod species. Wolbachia are famous master manipulators of insect reproduction: to favour their own spread they can induce male killing, parthenogenesis or cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia can also protect various insects from pathogens, which makes them a promising tool for the control of vector-borne diseases. Mosquitoes with Wolbachia have already been released in the wild to eliminate dengue. Yet, how Wolbachia manipulate their hosts remains largely unknown.(...)

Morphologie et reproduction des plantes le long de gradients altitudinaux.

Les communautés végétales sont connues pour changer avec l'altitude. Certains traits morphologiques présents chez les végétaux qui les composent sont adaptés à un type de milieux et y sont représentés préférentiellement. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la variation des traits présents chez les plantes le long du gradient altitudinal. Nous avons ainsi étudié dix transects altitudinaux en milieux ouverts et en forêts dans les Alpes valaisannes, vaudoises et dans le Jura. Par ce biais, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une variation importance de la dominance de certains traits le long de l'altitude. Nous discutons les mécanismes évolutifs ayant modelés les motifs observés.

Role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in the neuroendocrine control of human reproduction.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is critical for a broad range of developmental processes. In 2003, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) was discovered as a novel locus causing both forms of isolate GnRH Deficiency, Kallmann syndrome [KS with anosmia] and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [nIHH] eventually accounting for approximately 10% of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency cases. Such cases are characterized by a broad spectrum of reproductive phenotypes from severe congenital forms of GnRH deficiency to reversal of HH. Additionally, the variable expressivity of both reproductive and non-reproductive phenotypes among patients and family members harboring the identical FGFR1 mutations has pointed to a more complex, oligogenic model for GnRH deficiency. Further, reversal of HH in patients carrying FGFR1 mutations suggests potential gene-environment interactions in human GnRH deficiency disorders.

L'empereur Charles d'Autriche, [son épouse Zita] et ses enfants [Félix, Robert, Otto et Adélaïde, reproduction d'une photographie] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58305

Hindenburg, Ludendorff et son Etat-major devant la villa Imhoff [reproduction réduite d'une photographie prise vers 1917] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58714

Le prince Albert de Schleswig-Holstein [reproduction d'une photographie] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60571