Consistência hidrológica de modelos digitais de elevação (MDE) para definição da rede de drenagem na sub-bacia do horto florestal Terra Dura, Eldorado do Sul, RS

O desenvolvimento da erosão hídrica ocorre em resposta ao modo como a água se move através e sobre uma determinada paisagem. O modelo digital de elevação (MDE) deve, portanto, ser o mais preciso possível, uma vez que constitui a base para a análise do relevo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo definir um modelo digital de elevação hidrologicamente consistente (MDEHC) e o método de direção de fluxo mais adequado para a definição da rede de drenagem na sub-bacia do horto florestal Terra Dura, município de Eldorado do Sul, RS. Foram testados os modelos gerados com os interpoladores Topogrid e redes triangulares irregulares (Triangulated Irregular Network -TIN) linear (TIN L) e TIN natural neighbor (TIN NN). A qualidade em relação às análises hidrológicas foi avaliada por meio da comparação das curvas de nível geradas pelos modelos testados com as curvas originais da sub-bacia (escala 1:10.000); da avaliação da quantidade de áreas planas; e da comparação da drenagem gerada pelos modelos a partir dos métodos de direção de fluxo Deterministic (D8) e Deterministic infinity (D∞ ou D infinito) com a drenagem original. Entre os modelos avaliados, o Topogrid apresentou maior consistência hidrológica, verificada na melhor continuidade das curvas de nível (menos arestas) e maior detalhamento da área de drenagem e divisores, acarretando menor quantidade de áreas planas e caminhos de fluxo mais detalhados, independentemente do método de direção de fluxo utilizado. Em relação à rede de drenagem, o método distribuído D∞ obteve melhor desempenho na descrição dos caminhos de fluxo, comparado ao método de direção única D8. O MDEHC Topogrid associado ao método D∞ proporcionou a identificação mais precisa dos caminhos preferenciais do fluxo que formam a rede de drenagem.

Caractérisation des taxons du genre Ornithogalum, sous-genre Heliocharmos (Hyacinthaceae), en Afrique du Nord et en France : analyse morphologique et biogéographique

Two species of Ornithogalum subg. Heliocharmos are present in North Africa: O. algeriense and O. kochii. These are often confused with O. umbellatum from Europe. Several populations covering the spread of variation of these species were studied biometrically using macromorphological characters. Multivariate analysis results suggest that O. kochii is close to the diploid cytotype of O. umbellatum. The diploid cytotypes are closer to the popyploid series of O. umbellatum than to O. algeriense. These results are discussed in relation to biogeography and evolution.

HIV disclosure and nondisclosure among migrant women from sub-Saharan Africa living in Switzerland.

No study to date has focused specifically on the reasons for and against disclosure of HIV-positive status among sub-Saharan migrant women. Thirty HIV-positive women from 11 sub-Saharan countries living in French-speaking Switzerland participated in semi-structured individual interviews. The reasons women reported for disclosure or nondisclosure of their HIV serostatus were classified into three categories: social, medical, and ethical. The women identified the stigma associated with HIV as a major social reason for nondisclosure. However, this study identifies new trends related to disclosure for medical and ethical reasons. Being undetectable played an important role in the life of sub-Saharan migrant women, and analysis revealed their medical reasons for both disclosure and nondisclosure. Disclosure to new sexual partners occurred when women had a more positive perception about HIV and when they believed themselves to be in a long-term relationship. Women reported nondisclosure to family members when they did not need help outside the support provided by the medical and social fields. The results on ethical reasons suggested that challenging stigma was a reason for disclosure. Since the women' perceptions on HIV changed when they came to see it as a chronic disease, disclosure occurred in an attempt to normalize life with HIV in their communities in migration and to challenge racism and discrimination. Our findings can help health providers better understand the communication needs of sub-Saharan migrant women with respect to HIV/AIDS and sexuality and offer them adequate disclosure advice that takes into account migration and gender issues.

Vortex state and effect of anisotropy in sub-100 nm magnetic nanodots

Magnetic properties of Fe nanodots are simulated using a scaling technique and Monte Carlo method, in good agreement with experimental results. For the 20-nm-thick dots with diameters larger than 60¿nm, the magnetization reversal via vortex state is observed. The role of magnetic interaction between dots in arrays in the reversal process is studied as a function of nanometric center-to-center distance. When this distance is more than twice the dot diameter, the interaction can be neglected and the magnetic properties of the entire array are determined by the magnetic configuration of the individual dots. The effect of crystalline anisotropy on the vortex state is investigated. For arrays of noninteracting dots, the anisotropy strongly affects the vortex nucleation field and coercivity, and only slightly affects the vortex annihilation field

Different behaviour of mouse-human chimeric antibody F(ab')2 fragments of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 sub-class in vivo.

Mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of 3 different human IgG sub-classes directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been produced in SP-0 cells transfected with genomic chimeric DNA. F(ab')2 fragments were obtained by pepsin digestion of the purified chimeric MAbs of human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 sub-class and of parental mouse MAb IgG1. The 4 F(ab')2 fragments exhibit similar molecular weight by SDS-PAGE. They were labelled with 125I or 131I and high binding (80 to 87%) to purified unsolubilized CEA was observed. In vivo, double labelling experiments indicate that the longest biological half-life and the highest tumour-localization capacity is obtained with F(ab')2 from chimeric MAb of human IgG2 sub-class, whereas F(ab')2 from chimeric MAb IgG4 give very low values for these 2 parameters. F(ab')2 from chimeric MAb IgG1 and from parental mouse MAb yield intermediate results in vivo. Our findings should help to select the appropriate human IgG sub-class to produce chimeric or reshaped MAb F(ab')2 to be used for tumour detection by immunoscintigraphy and for radioimmunotherapy.

Contribution of (sub)domains of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein to the proinflammatory and procoagulant response of human vascular endothelial cells.

The Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin (Fn) -binding protein A (FnBPA) is involved in bacterium-endothelium interactions which is one of the crucial events leading to infective endocarditis (IE). We previously showed that the sole expression of S. aureus FnBPA was sufficient to confer to non-invasive Lactococcus lactis bacteria the capacity to invade human endothelial cells (ECs) and to launch the typical endothelial proinflammatory and procoagulant responses that characterize IE. In the present study we further questioned whether these bacterium-EC interactions could be reproduced by single or combined FnBPA sub-domains (A, B, C or D) using a large library of truncated FnBPA constructs expressed in L. lactis. Significant invasion of cultured ECs was found for L. lactis expressing the FnBPA subdomains CD (aa 604-877) or A4(+16) (aa 432-559). Moreover, this correlates with the capacity of these fragments to elicit in vitro a marked increase in EC surface expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and secretion of the CXCL8 chemokine and finally to induce a tissue factor-dependent endothelial coagulation response. We thus conclude that (sub)domains of the staphylococcal FnBPA molecule that express Fn-binding modules, alone or in combination, are sufficient to evoke an endothelial proinflammatory as well as a procoagulant response and thus account for IE severity.

Les interventions des institutions de Bretton Woods dans la sous-région d'Afrique Centrale : les exemples du Cameroun et du Gabon (1987-2007)

RESUME DE LA THESE Le but de cette thèse est d'analyser la réforme générale de l'Etat au Cameroun et au Gabon par les institutions de Bretton Woods sur une période de vingt ans (1987-2007). Pour ce faire, mon travail consiste à étudier le rôle majeur joué par les différentes mesures économiques impulsées dans les pays par le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) et la Banque Mondiale. Il s'agit de voir si les différentes réformes d'ajustement que ces institutions ont imposé au Cameroun et au Gabon ont produit des effets positifs en vue de solution la crise économique qui s'y installait durablement et remettre ces Etats sur le sentier de la croissance et du développement. L'avènement de la crise économique qui sévissait dans les pays au milieu des années 1980 montrait que le modèle développementaliste expérimenté par ces Etats n'avait expérimenté contribué qu'à provoquer la paralysie de l'appareil de production. Les causes profondes résidaient dans l'omniprésence de l'Etat qui privilégiait une logique administrative au dépend de celle de production au point de nuire gravement aux politiques interventionnistes étatiques. A cela, s'ajoutaient d'autres facteurs endogènes et exogènes aux Etats comme la mauvaise gestion couplée à la forte corruption et au clientélisme politique, la contrebande et le dumping, l'effritement du secteur agricole dû au vieillissement des plantations et à la sous-mécanisation, l'explosion démographique, la détérioration des termes de l'échange, le chômage endémique et galopant, etc. En ayant recours aux réformes d'ajustement structurel du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, les gouvernements camerounais et gabonais entendaient lutter contre les rigidités institutionnelles et les distorsions structurelles qui empêchaient leurs économies de répondre aux signaux du marché et d'accroître l'offre d'une part. Et, d'autre part, les réformes d'ajustement devaient permettre de renforcer la concurrence des produits sur les marchés, accroître les capacités d'adaptation des marchés de facteurs et améliorer l'efficacité et l'efficience du secteur public. Mais avant d'analyser les réformes d'ajustement dans les pays j'ai d'abord présenté dans une première partie, l'évolution sociopolitique et économique des deux pays. Cette partie donne à l'analyse une profondeur historique indispensable et rend compte de l'évolution des politiques sectorielles des Etats marquée par une phase de croissance (1960-1984), puis par une phase de décroissance ou de crise qui commence à partir de 1985. La seconde partie met en évidence les politiques d'ajustement structurelle principalement axées sur la régulation monétaire, financière et budgétaire, la réforme de la fonction publique, la réforme agricole, le désengagement de l'Etat du secteur productif national et les privatisations. Je termine cette seconde partie par un bilan contrasté que je dresse de l'impact de ces réformes dans les économies camerounaises et gabonaises. La troisième partie met en évidence les nouvelles orientations stratégiques des institutions de Bretton Woods en partant de l'agenda politique des réformes au Cameroun et au Gabon. Elle fait intervenir une batterie de réformes portant sur l'initiative Pays Pauvres Très Endettés (PPTE), les Documents de Stratégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), l'Evaluation Politique et Institutionnelle du Pays (EPIP) et la «Bonne Gouvernance». Cette thèse s'achève par une conclusion exhaustive mettant en évidence les insuffisances des modèles théoriques et conceptuels fondant l'ajustement structurel et la remise en cause des nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté impulsées par le FMI et la Banque Mondiale dans les pays d'une part. D'autre part, j'observe une faiblesse institutionnelle de l'Etat dans ces pays qui se résume à la mauvaise gouvernance ; à l'absence d'un cadre et des outils appropriés pour la gestion économique et stratégique du développement à long terme ; à l'impunité généralisée et à l'inefficacité des mesures de lutte contre la pauvreté ; à l'absence d'un Etat de droit et à l'autoritarisme des régimes en place.

Sub-inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin prevent quinolone-resistance in a penicillin-resistant isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

BACKGROUND: The continuous spread of penicillin-resistant pneumococci represents a permanent threat in the treatment of pneumococcal infections, especially when strains show additional resistance to quinolones. The main objective of this study was to determine a treatment modality impeding the emergence of quinolone resistance. RESULTS: Exposure of a penicillin-resistant pneumococcus to increasing concentrations of trovafloxacin or ciprofloxacin selected for mutants resistant to these drugs. In the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin, development of trovafloxacin-resistance and high-level ciprofloxacin-resistance were prevented. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the risk of quinolone-resistance in pneumococci, the observation might be of clinical importance.