Modificações na produtividade e nas características físicas e químicas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis causadas pela adubação com lodo de esgoto tratado

O Eucalyptus grandis é uma das espécies mais cultivadas no Brasil devido à sua produtividade e qualidade da madeira. Avaliaram-se o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto tratado (0 a 40 t ha-1 base seca) e uma dose de adubo mineral nos atributos físicos e químicos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis de árvores com cinco anos de idade, no Município de Itatinga, São Paulo, Brasil. O tipo de solo foi caracterizado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico (argila = 120 g kg-1 na camada de 0-20 cm) e o clima, como mesotérmico úmido (Cwa), segundo a classificação de Köeppen. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. O diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), a altura das árvores e o volume de madeira foram obtidos em todas as parcelas de oito árvores com DAP na classe de maior freqüência. As caracterizações físicas e químicas da madeira foram realizadas de acordo com as normas da ABTCP, TAPPI e ABNT. O lodo de esgoto diminuiu a densidade básica da madeira, mas não afetou os teores de celulose, lignina, extrativos e o poder calorífico da madeira. O decréscimo de densidade da madeira pela adubação com lodo de esgoto foi compensado pela maior produtividade de madeira.

CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE AS SUPPORT MATERIAL SUPPLY WATER FILTRATION

This study shows a possibility of using municipal sewage sludge after thermal treatment in the production of a filtering material to water treatment. Due to the fast urbanization and implementation of high standards for effluent in many countries in recent years, the sewage sludge is being produced in an ever increasing amount. Therefore, the use of sludge is a suitable solution for the expected large quantity of sludge. Dehydration of sludge was performed by controlled heating at temperatures of 1100 degrees C, 850 degrees C, 650 degrees C, 350 degrees C for 3 hours. After thermal treatment the sludge was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, TG/DTG/DTA, residue solubilization and residue lixiviation tests. The aim of the present work was to observe, thought the characterization techniques, if the treated sewage sludge is or not adequate to be used as filter material to water treatment. It will be verified which treatment temperature of the sludge offer possibility to its use in water treatment without carrying pollutants in concentrations out of the standards.

COMBUSTION and PYROLYSIS of A SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

The possibility of thermal treatment plants of municipal wastewater is an alternative solution for the final disposition of the sludge produced on small cities as Barueri, a small town of São Paulo State, Brazil. Combustion and pyrolysis of that municipal waste, occurring respectively in air and nitrogen, have been studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The main steps of each case were analyzed and Kissinger plots were used to estimate respective activation energies. DTG peaks are more indicated to represent the condition of maximum reaction rates than DTA peaks.

Sintered Sewage Sludge As Support Material Used In Drinking Water Filtration

The processing of industry and domestic effluents in wastewater treatment plants reduces the amount of polluted material and forms reusable water and dehydrated sludge. the generation of hazardous municipal sludge can be decreased, as well as the impact on surface and underground water and the risk to human health. The aim this study is to verify the possibility to use sintered sewage sludge as support material after thermal treatment in the production of a filtering material to water supply systems. After thermal treatment the sewage sludge ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), leaching test and water solubilization. Dehydration of sludge was performed by controlled heating at temperatures of 180 degrees C, 350 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 850 degrees C and 1000 degrees C for 3 hours.

Use of Sludge as Ceramic Materials

Nowadays, with increase amounts of sludge derived from the treatment of domestic sewage put pressure into research on systems for the adequate use of these materials. The aim of the present work is to study the use of sludge ash, from sintering and calcinated process, as a raw material for the ceramic industry. Using the sewage sludge ashes as ceramic raw material there will be no contamination of soil and underground water. Metals and toxic compounds like Al, Fe, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn oxides were analyzed and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The leached material was chemically analyzed where the integration of oxides into the ceramic matrix of sludge ash was observed. Residual decomposition was analyzed by TG, DTG and DTA curves.

Artificial fertilization of oocytes and sperm activation in pacu: effects of the spermatozoa:oocyte ratio, water volume, and in natura semen preservation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effects of the spermatozoa: oocyte ratio, water volume and water temperature on artificial fertilization and sperm activation of cascudo-preto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water volume and water temperature on the sperm motility duration and the number of spermatozoa, and the water volume on the fertilization rates of oocytes of Rhinelepis aspera. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of semen dilutions (1.74×10-5, 1.74×10-4, 1.74×10-3, 1.74×10-2, 1.74×10-1 and 1.00 mL of sperm.mL-1 of water) and water temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 ºC) on spermatozoa motility duration. In addition, the effects of insemination dose (7×10³, 7×10(4), 7×10(5), 7×10(6) and 7×10(7) spermatozoa.oocyte-1) and water volume (1.0, 30.0, 60.0, 90.0 and 120.0 mL water.2.0 mL-1 oocytes) on the artificial fertilization rates of oocytes were evaluated. The longest sperm motility duration were observed for the semen dilution of 1.74×10-5 mL semen.mL-1 water and in water at 5 ºC. The highest fertilization rates were obtained for insemination doses between 7.00×10³ and 1.23×10(7) spermatozoa. oocyte-1 and water volume of 28.11 mL water.2.0 mL-1 oocytes.

Avaliação dos teores de metais pesados no solo e na planta de cana-de-açúcar sob adubação com lodo de esgoto e vinhaça

The objective of this work was to evaluate Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb total contents in soil and sugar cane after four annual applications of sewage sludge and vinasse to supply all N and all K required by the crop. A field experiment was carried out on clayey Typic Haplustox. It was used a randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted in: (i) rate of sewage sludge to supply 100% of the N required by the crop; (ii) rate of sewage sludge to supply 200% of the N required; (iii) rate of vinasse to supply 100% of the K required; (iv) rate of vinasse to supply 200% of the K required; ( v) combination of the treatments ( i) and ( iii); ( vi) combination of the treatments ( ii) e ( iv); (vii) control ( mineral fertilization). The contents of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in sewage sludge reached maximum values of 1.58, 41.66, 35.17 and 45.25 mg kg(-1), respectively. These metals were not detected in vinasse. The residues were applied annually for four years. At the end of this period, sewage sludge and vinasse accumulated rates, that get up to 51 t ha(-1) and 762 m(3) ha(-1), respectively, did not cause alteration in Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb total contents in soil, up to 50 cm of depth, and in plant. Sewage sludge and vinasse application to supply N and K for sugar cane did not offer soil pollution risk by heavy metals.

Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Transition metal rates in latosol twice treated with sewage sludge

A reciclagem agrícola do lodo de esgoto tem provocado o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo e na água, podendo atingir níveis tóxicos e causar danos às plantas cultivadas, aos animais e ao homem, por meio da cadeia trófica. Neste intuito foi desenvolvido o presente experimento, em condições de campo, entre 2000 e 2002, onde foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto por dois anos, sobre a extração de metais de transição (essenciais e não) pelo extrator DTPA em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) de textura média. As concentrações dos elementos metálicos: Mn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Co, Pb e Cr não foram detectados pelo método da absorção atômica na solução obtida com o extrator DTPA. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto causou inicialmente pequena elevação no pH do solo, posteriormente a diminuição do mesmo, e manteve-se próximo ao original. Foi possível concluir que, com a aplicação consecutiva do lodo, os teores extraíveis de Fe e Mn nas amostras de solos aumentaram gradativamente nos dois anos agrícolas, com as doses do lodo de esgoto aplicado, época de amostragens, e foram superiores ao tratamento testemunha. O extrator apresentou capacidade restrita para avaliação da fitodisponibilidade dos metais pesados decorrentes das baixas concentrações nas amostras de solo.

Nitrogen fertilization on intercropping of lettuce and rocket

O trabalho foi conduzido na UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, de setembro a dezembro de 2006, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada em consórcio de alface e rúcula. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1), mais dois tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes aos monocultivos de alface e rúcula. As cultivares utilizadas foram Verônica (alface) e Folha Larga (rúcula). O aumento da dose de N para ambas as culturas, em consórcio, proporcionou incrementos na massa fresca e produtividade de alface e da rúcula e maximizou o índice de eficiência de uso da área (1,84) na dose 127 kg ha-1 de N para a alface e 195 kg ha-1 de N para rúcula.

Lima beans production and economic revenue as function of organic and mineral fertilization

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Chemical properties and enzyme activity in a sewage sludge-treated soil

A soil sample was taken from the top 0-20cm at Jaboticabal county, São Paulo State, Brazil, air dried, sieved to 5mm, and placed into pots (2700g per pot). Sewage sludge was air-dried, ground to 2mm, and thoroughly mixed to the top 0-10cm soil of each pot, which were irrigated with distilled water in a total volume equivalent to the last 30years average rainfall in the region. Sorghum was sowed 120days after sewage sludge incorporation and then the irrigation was made according to the plants' requirement. When the plants were about 10 cm high, they were thinned to two per pot. Soil samples (0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm depth) were obtained immediately after the incorporation of sewage sludge and at 30, 60, 120, and 170 days after, air dried, sieved to 2 mm and analyzed for organic matter (OM), pH (0,01 mol L-1 CaCl2), extractable P (resin), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), amylase and cellulase activity. Sewage sludge increased soil OM, pH, extractable phosphorus (P), K. Ca. amylase and cellulase activity, especially at the rate 16 t ha(-1). Organic matter, extractable P, K, Ca, Mg. and amylase activity were higher in the top 0-10cm, while pH was higher in the 20-30cm layer. Amylase activity was not affected by sampling depth. Organic matter, pH, extractable P. K, Ca, and Mg decreased during the experimental period. Amylase activity decreased until sorghum was sowed and increased afterwards. Cellulase activity increased until 90 days after sewage sludge application and then decreased. Sewage sludge used in the experiment should already contain some amylase activity or a substance that was a soil enzyme activator and also a substance that was an inhibitor of soil cellulase inhibitor. Sonic of the plant nutrients contained in sewage sludge, mainly P, did not migrate down the soil column. an indication that sewage sludge should be incorporated into the soil to improve nutrient bioavailability. Sorghum roots increased amylase activity but did not affect cellulase activity.

Soil compaction and fertilization in soybean productivity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Balancing guava nutrition with liming and fertilization

A resposta da goiabeira à calagem e à adubação pode ser monitorada por análises de tecido vegetal. O perfil nutricional é definido em relação a padrões de teores de nutrientes. No entanto, os teores de nutrientes-padrão são constantemente criticados por não considerarem as interações que ocorrem entre nutrientes e por gerarem tendências numéricas, decorrentes da redundância dos dados, da dependência de escala e da distribuição não normal. As técnicas de análise composicional de dados podem controlar esses dados tendenciosos, equilibrando os grupos de nutrientes, tais como os envolvidos na calagem e na adubação. A utilização das relações log isométricas (ilr) ortonormais, sequencialmente dispostas, evita tendências numéricas inerentes aos dados de composição. Os objetivos do trabalho foram relacionar o balanço de nutrientes dos tecidos vegetais com a produção de goiabeiras em pomares de 'Paluma' diferentemente corrigidos e adubados, e ajustar os atuais padrões de nutrientes com a faixa de equilíbrio das goiabeiras mais produtivas. Um experimento de calagem de sete anos e três, experimentos de três anos com doses de N, P2O5 e K2O, foram conduzidos em pomares de goiabeiras 'Paluma' em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na planta foram monitorados anualmente. Selecionaram-se os balanços [N, P, K | Ca, Mg], [N, P | K], [N | P] e [Ca | Mg] para separar os efeitos da calagem (Ca-Mg) e dos fertilizantes (N-K) nos balanços de macronutrientes. Os balanços foram mais influenciados pela calagem do que pela fertilização. A produtividade das goiabeiras e seu balanço nutricional permitiram a definição de faixas de equilíbrio de nutrientes e sua validação com as faixas de concentrações críticas atualmente utilizadas no Brasil e combinadas em coordenadas ilr.