Barreiras e estímulos ao aleitamento materno exclusivo na Província do Uíge, Angola

RESUMO - É recomendado o aleitamento materno exclusivo desde o nascimento até aos 6 meses. Angola apresenta uma situação bastante preocupante, pois é um dos países do mundo com maior taxa de mortalidade infantil: em 2010 era de 114,9 mortes por cada 1000 nascimentos. O desmame precoce, a contaminação dos alimentos e da água potável e a desnutrição criam condições para aparecimento de doenças que causam elevadas mortes em crianças com menos de um ano. Em muitas regiões de África, o parto ainda é um acontecimento marcado por práticas culturais ancestrais que podem prejudicar a saúde e sobrevivência dos recém-nascidos, além de pôr em perigo a vida das mães. Algumas dessas práticas incluem: (i) deitar fora o colostro; e (ii) alimentar os bebés com outros alimentos que não o leite materno. Este estudo é quantitativo com metodologia transversal e pretende identificar, descrever e analisar os fatores que contribuem para o abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo antes dos 6 meses de idade, na província do Uíge, em Angola, bem como indicar formas de intervenção para que os índices de prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo possam aumentar. A população em estudo são mães com filhos até um ano de idade e utilizadoras do centro de saúde materno infantil do município sede da província de Uíge em Angola, da qual será considerada uma amostra de 418 mães. Os dados obtidos através de questionário serão registados em quadros e gráficos para posterior análise estatística através de tabelas de frequências, cálculo de percentagens e taxas de incidência.

Produção de pão com recurso a pré-fermentos Desenvolvimento de produtos numa unidade de panificação

A tendência atual da produção de pães em larga escala é de facilitar o processo em termos de mecanização, uso de melhorantes de farinha e produtos do tipo mix (farinhas combinadas com outros ingredientes e aditivos a que basta adicionar água). Muito embora a produção com estas características possa minimizar custos, proporcionar maior produtividade e aumentar o tempo de validade dos pães, resulta numa variedade reduzida de produtos, em geral pães sem qualquer diferencial e personalidade. A utilização de massas pré-fermentadas (iscos) na elaboração de pães é uma prática ancestral que contribui para um maior desenvolvimento de sabor e uma crosta mais estaladiça. Porém o seu uso é bastante restrito, verificando-se particularmente no âmbito da produção artesanal de pães de qualidade superior, conferindo-lhes uma maior complexidade e profundidade de sabor. O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação teve como objetivo a aquisição de conhecimentos sobre o processo de produção de pão com recurso a iscos. Para tal foi realizado um estágio numa unidade produtora de pão de alta qualidade (Tartine- Padaria & Restaurante), que produz uma vasta gama de pães para uma loja própria, assim como para vários restaurantes e hotéis. Durante o estágio houve oportunidade de contatar com todas as fases do processo de produção de pão e uma grande variedade de ingredientes e técnicas. Uma segunda fase do estágio teve como objetivo a aplicação do conhecimento adquirido para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Foram desenvolvidos em contexto laboral três novos pães - pão integral de forma, pão de mistura com isco de centeio, e pão brasileiro - com o objetivo de atender a necessidades específicas de clientes e oferecer aos mesmos produtos com características inovadoras. A aceitação dos produtos desenvolvidos foi ainda avaliada através de testes de análise sensorial realizados com o recurso a um painel de provadores não treinados.

Impact of chromossomal structure on the evolution of Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoing Mutation Accumulation

Large chromosomal rearrangements are common in natural populations and thought to be involved in speciation events. In this project, we used experimental evolution to determine how the speed of evolution and the type of accumulated mutations depend on the ancestral chromosomal structure and genotype. We utilized two Wild Type strains and a set of genetically engineered Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains, different solely in the presence of a certain type of chromosomal variant (inversions or translocations), along with respective controls. Previous research has shown that these chromosomal variants have different fitness levels in several environments, probably due to changes in the gene expression along the genome. These strains were propagated in the laboratory at very low population sizes, in which we expect natural selection to be less efficient at purging deleterious mutations. We then measured these strains’ changes in fitness throughout this accumulation of deleterious mutations, comparing the evolutionary trajectories in the different rearrangements to understand if the chromosomal structure affected the speed of evolution. We also tested these mutations for possible epistatic effects and estimated their parameters: the number of arising deleterious mutations per generation (Ud) and each one’s mean effect (sd).

Ancient materials and techniques to improve the earthen building durability

A substantial part of the world building heritage has been performed by earthen building. The durability of this existing heritage and mainly of the new buildings built with earth is particularly conditioned by the erosion caused by water action, especially in countries with high levels of rainfall. This research aims to contribute to the increase of knowledge about the ancient building techniques that provide enhanced durability. It is possible to analyse the ancestral practices used to protect the earth material from the water action in order to understand how the old earthen buildings were preserved over the centuries, resisting to harsh weather conditions. Among these techniques are: the incorporation of biopolymers (such as oils or fats from animal or vegetable origin); the addition of some minerals; and the earth stabilization with lime. However, this knowledge seems to be forgotten, probably due to the prejudice related to earthen constructions, which several times are associated with a poor building. This research also focuses on the study of new methods of earth stabilization with lime and biopolymers, adapting the ancient knowledge to improve the durability related to the water action. Therefore, alternative solutions can be obtained to improve the performance of earthen buildings, mainly the resistance of the material in the presence of water, reducing its permeability to water. In addition, with the proposed solutions it is possible to obtain good levels of water vapour permeability, one of the major advantages of the construction with earth.

Ex situ collection of Limonium spp.: cytogenetic and reproductive characterization for the conservation of rare species

Dissertação mestrado em Biologia Molecular, Biotecnologia e Bioempreendedorismo em Plantas

Fine time scaling of purifying selection on human nonsynonymous mtDNA mutations based on the worldwide population tree and mother-child pairs

A high-resolution mtDNA phylogenetic tree allowed us to look backward in time to investigate purifying selection. Purifying selection was very strong in the last 2,500 years, continuously eliminating pathogenic mutations back until the end of the Younger Dryas (∼11,000 years ago), when a large population expansion likely relaxed selection pressure. This was preceded by a phase of stable selection until another relaxation occurred in the out-of-Africa migration. Demography and selection are closely related: expansions led to relaxation of selection and higher pathogenicity mutations significantly decreased the growth of descendants. The only detectible positive selection was the recurrence of highly pathogenic nonsynonymous mutations (m.3394T>C-m.3397A>G-m.3398T>C) at interior branches of the tree, preventing the formation of a dinucleotide STR (TATATA) in the MT-ND1 gene. At the most recent time scale in 124 mother-children transmissions, purifying selection was detectable through the loss of mtDNA variants with high predicted pathogenicity. A few haplogroup-defining sites were also heteroplasmic, agreeing with a significant propensity in 349 positions in the phylogenetic tree to revert back to the ancestral variant. This nonrandom mutation property explains the observation of heteroplasmic mutations at some haplogroup-defining sites in sequencing datasets, which may not indicate poor quality as has been claimed.

Património natural e arquitectónico: plano de intervenção na aldeia de Ermelo

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura (área de especialização em Cidade e Território)

Evolution of the gene regulatory network controlling flower dorsoventral asymmetry

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia de Plantas.

Cardiovascular assessment of patients with Ullrich-Turner's Syndrome on Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cardiovascular features of Ullrich-Turner's syndrome using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, and to correlate them with the phenotype and karyotype of the patients. The diagnostic concordance between the 2 methods was also assessed. METHODS: Fifteen patients with the syndrome were assessed by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac chambers, valves, and aorta). Their ages ranged from 10 to 28 (mean of 16.7) years. The karyotype was analyzed in 11 or 25 metaphases of peripheral blood lymphocytes, or both. RESULTS: The most common phenotypic changes were short stature and spontaneous absence of puberal development (100%); 1 patient had a cardiac murmur. The karyotypes detected were as follows: 45,X (n=7), mosaics (n=5), and deletions (n=3). No echocardiographic changes were observed. In regard to magnetic resonance imaging, coarctation and dilation of the aorta were found in 1 patient, and isolated dilation of the aorta was found in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of coarctation and dilation of the aorta detected on magnetic resonance imaging were similar to those reported in the literature (5.5% to 20%, and 6.3% to 29%, respectively). This confirmed the adjuvant role of magnetic resonance imaging to Doppler echocardiography for diagnosing cardiovascular alterations in patients with Ullrich-Turner's syndrome.

Estudios evolutivos en especies de plantas nativas.

Se indagará principalmente acerca del rol de los procesos neutrales, como la deriva génica, de procesos selectivos, como la selección natural mediada por polinizadores y de procesos históricos (geológicos y climáticos del pasado) en la diversificación floral tanto a escala microevolutiva como macroevolutiva. La heterogeneidad ambiental que se presenta en amplios rangos geográficos puede promover la diferenciación entre poblaciones debido a las diferencias en condiciones físicas y biológicas. De esta manera, especies ampliamente distribuidas ofrecen la oportunidad de explorar la dinámica de los procesos evolutivos que tienen lugar a nivel interpoblacional (Dobzhansky 1970, Thompson 1999). El estudio comparativo entre especies hermanas permite comprender cómo la selección natural (adaptación) y la inercia filogenética (herencia ancestral) han modelado los rasgos de las especies que observamos en la actualidad (Díaz 2002, Schluter 2000, Futuyma 2005). Uno de los usos más importantes de la información filogenética es el de reconstruir la historia del cambio evolutivo en caracteres adaptativos mediante su mapeo en la filogenia y la reconstrucción del estado de estos caracteres en el ancestro. Así, la asociación entre transición de caracteres y transiciones en grupos funcionales es una evidencia directa de la hipótesis adaptativa de que los rasgos son seleccionados por grupos funcionales de polinizadores. Una aproximación filogenética puede permitir identificar la dirección y el tiempo de evolución. Todos estos aspectos señalan la necesidad de adoptar una perspectiva conceptualmente integrada (morfológica, genética, filogenética, filogeográfica y ecológica) en el estudio de la biología evolutiva de las flores. Estudiar como actúan los procesos micro- y macroevolutivos en las interacciones planta-polinizador, en una dimensión espacial y temporal, arrojará resultados importantes tanto en el campo teórico como en el de la conservación. Por una parte, permitirá poner a prueba hipótesis relevantes sobre la adaptación de caracteres, mientras que explorará los procesos evolutivos que subyacen a las tramas de las interacciones planta-polinizador; por otro lado, comprender el rol de los cambios climáticos pasados en la diversificación biológica es interesante tanto desde una aproximación evolutiva como desde la biología de la conservación (Avise 2000; Moritz et al. 2000; Petit et al. 2003; Hewitt 2004). Géneros a ser estudiados en este proyecto: 1- Anarthrophyllum (Fabaceae,15 spp), 2- Monttea (Plantaginaceae, 3 spp), 3- Caleolaria (Calceolariaceae 3 spp), 4- Centris (Apidae, 1 spp), 5- Jaborosa (Solanaceae, 23 spp). Metodología: Mapeado de las poblaciones. Elenco de polinizadores, frecuencia. Obtención y medición de caracteres fenotípicos florales. Néctar: concentración y vol. Aceites (peso); Morfometría geométrica (Zelditch et al. 2005). Éxito reproductivo (Dafni & Kevan 2003). Caracteres genéticos: extracción, amplificación y secuenciación: en Calceolaria se utilizarán 2 genes de cloroplasto trnH-psbA y trnS-trnG y genes anónimos nucleares de copia única (scnADN), para Jaborosa se utilizarán 3 genes de cloroplasto (trnH-psbA, TrnD-trnT y ndhF-rp32) y el gen nuclear GBSSI waxy. Finalmente para Centris cineraria se usaría el tRNA ILE y NADH Deshidrogenada subunidad 2. Análisis filogenéticos de parsimonia (Goloboff et al. 2000, Kitching et al. 1998, Nixon 2002, Farris et al. 1996, Sorenson 1999); Filogeografía: reconstrucción de redes por parsimonia (Clement et al. 2000; Posada et al. 2000), análisis de clados anidados (NCPA). Se usarán las claves de inferencia (Templeton 2004). Para todos estos análisis se utilizarán los siguientes programas: DnaSP, Network, Arlequin, MrBayes, Paup, ModelTest, Beast, TNT, WinClada TCS y GeoDis. Estadística multivariada: Los diferentes rasgos florales mencionados se analizarán utilizando distancias de Gower (datos cualitativos) y euclídeas (datos cuantitativos) mediante la técnica multivariada ACoP.

Búsqueda de nuevos extractos y sus principios activos obtenidos a partir de plantas nativas del centro de Argentina con actividad medicinal.

El uso de plantas para tratar diferentes patologías es tan ancestral como la humanidad misma y es un fuerte argumento para el sostenimiento y avance de la fitomedicina. Actualmente, se estima que un 25% del total de las drogas utilizadas en la clínica corresponden a principios activos aislados de plantas superiores y a drogas semi-sintéticas obtenidas a partir de estos precursores naturales. Sin embargo, a pesar de contar con un importante número de estas entidades farmacológicas al cual se le suman las moléculas sintéticas, aún no se dispone de medicamentos que satisfagan las actuales demandas de la terapéutica relacionadas a lograr simultáneamente efectividad, selectividad y mínimo impacto en el desarrollo de resistencia. Esta ausencia se torna crítica en lo que respecta al tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades. El hecho de que menos del 20% de las plantas existentes hayan sido investigadas con profundidad y que la cantidad real de metabolitos presentes en estas exceda las 100.000 estructuras, incentiva la búsqueda de sustancias con las características terapéuticas arriba mencionadas a partir de los vegetales, en especial, de aquellas derivadas de especies de nuestra región. En este contexto, el objetivo general del proyecto es encontrar fármacos a partir de metabolitos obtenidos en nuestro laboratorio de plantas pertenecientes a la flora nativa y naturalizada de la región central de Argentina. En particular, los trabajos apuntarán a determinar la capacidad de extractos y de los compuestos aislados a partir de ellos para inhibir enzimas asociadas a patologías como acetilcolinesterasa y tirosinasa, bacterias patógenas y bombas de resistencia a multidrogas (MDR), así como regular procesos intracelulares involucrados en proliferación y muerte celular como por ejemplo la vía de las MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). Es importante subrayar, que las sustancias encontradas podrán surgir en el futuro como drogas alternativas per se o como líderes para la síntesis o semi-síntesis de análogos a los fines de ser utilizadas en los tratamientos clínicos o veterinarios. Estos tópicos son de alta prioridad en el campo de la investigación, lo cual se desprende no sólo por el importante número de publicaciones relacionadas, sino también por la urgente necesidad de nuevos fármacos.

Nota prévia sôbre a meiose de Corizus (Liorhyssus) hyalinus (Fabr.) (Hemiptera-Corizidae)

The main facts presented in this paper may be summarized as follows: 1) Corizus (Liorhyssus) hyalinus (Fabr.) has primary spermatocytes provided with 6 autosomal tetrads, one pair of microchromosomes and one sex chromosome. 2) The two microchromosomes present in this species sometimes appear at the primary metaphase as an unequal pair of minute elements. In the secondary spermatocytes the unique microchromosome present may be in the limit of visibility or entirely invisible. This invisibility may be partly due to a loss of colourability. 3) The sex chromosome divides transversely in the first division of the spermatocyte, passing undivided to one pole in the second one. In the latter it becomes fusiform in the beginning of anaphase revealing in this manner its dicentricity. In late anaphase it finishes by passing to one pole leaving in the other pole one of its kinetochores sometimes accompanied by a chromosomal fragment. 4) All the chromosomes divide transversely in both divisions, a diagram being enclosed to elucidate the question. 5) Spermatogonial chromosomes are provided with one kinetochore at each end, being curved toward the poles since the most beginning anaphase. 6) The following hypothesis is presented as an essay to explain the origin of microchromosomes: Since microchromosomes parallel sex chromosomes in most respects, as for instances in heteropycnosis and pairing modus, it seems highly probable that they originate from sex chromosomes. One may suppose that the ancestral form of a given species had a sex chromosome which used to lose a small centric fragment when it divided during meiosis. This fragment might well be at first an unstable one. Later, to compensate the effects of such a deficiency a mechanism arose through evolution which produced two useful results : a) the establishment of the fragment as a permanent structure of the cell nucleus and b) the acquirement by the sex chromosome of the faculty of passing to one pole without losing any of its ends.

Molecular phylogenies, chromosomes and dispersion in Brazilian akodontines (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae)

A new molecular phylogeny for akodontine rodents from Brazil was proposed. The phylogenetic tree was enriched with the area of occurrence and with information on the karyotype of the samples. Based on this enriched tree, and with a described methodology, hypotheses were proposed on the karyotype and area of occurrence of the ancestors of each Clade. Thus it was possible to discuss hypotheses on chromosome evolution of the group, and on dispersion events from the "area of original differentiation" of akodontines in the Andes. Chromosome evolution started with high diploid numbers (2n=52) and showed a tendency to reduction (until 2n=14 in more recent clades). Independent side-branches of the tree showed 2n reduction and in one case the 2n increased. At least four dispersion events from the Andes down to South-eastern Brazil were proposed. The results should suggest the direction of new studies on comparative karyology.

Cytogenetic study in natural hybrids of Callithrix (Callitrichidae: Primates) in the Atlantic forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro, Callithrix aurita (É. Geoffroy in Humboldt, 1812) is a native species vulnerable to extinction and C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) are invasive species. The major threats to the native species are habitat degradation and hybridization, although there are currently no genetic data about natural hybrids available. Previous studies have revealed that species of the Callithrix genus are extremely homogeneous in their karyotypes with the exceptions of the morphology and size of the Y chromosome and its nucleolar organizer region (NOR) banding pattern. Three male marmosets captured in the wild in Guapimirim municipality, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, considered as possible hybrids between C. aurita and C. jacchus or C. penicillata on the basis of pelage pattern, were cytogenetically studied. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained by using short-term lymphocyte cultures and Ag-NOR staining was performed. The hybrids karyotypes were 2n=46, 14 uni- and 30 bi-armed autosomes, a median size submetacentric X and NOR bearing autosomes, being compatible with that observed for the genus. In the three individuals studied, Y chromosomes were similar to those found for C. aurita, without NORs. The data obtained suggest the involvement of C. aurita in natural hybridization with one of the invasive species. We discuss the possible consequences of this hybridization.

Comparative cytogenetics in different populations of the cavernicolous diplopod Pseudonannolene strinatii (Diplopoda, Pseudonannolenidae)

Different populations of Pseudonannolene strinatii Mauriès, 1974 collected from three caves in Iporanga, state of São Paulo, were cytogenetically compared using techniques of conventional coloration, C-banding and silver nitrate impregnation. Specimens were morphologically similar and small cytogenetic differences were observed between the populations with relation to the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin.