气相CH_5O~+离子的研究碰撞诱导解离谱及量子化学计算

用碰撞诱导解离谱(CID)和MNDO半经验计算方法研究了由两种方式(甲醇质子化以及CH_3~+与H_2O缔合)生成CH_5O~+离子的结构。结果表明两者具有相同结构即CH_3OH_2~+。理论计算和实验测定CH_3OH_2~+脱氢反应的动能释放吻合得很好,并讨论了该反应的过渡态。

广义a_N指数及其应用——Ⅱ.中性磷萃取剂的广义a_N指数与其物理性质的相关分析

前文提出了一般有机分子的广义α_N指数的概念,建立了计算分子广义α_N指数的方案.在此基础上,本文将中性磷萃取剂的广义α_N指数用于其密度、折光率、纸上层析比移值以及磷氧键红外特征频率等物理性质的研究,取得了满意的相关结果,说明这种能分辨有微小结构差异的广义α_N指数是反映分子性质的一个良好的拓扑指数.

化学修饰电极的研究在电化学聚合的钴原卟啉薄膜电极上氧还原反应的电催化和动力学

用循环伏安法(CV),旋转圆盘和环盘电极(RDE和RRDE)研究了电化学聚合的钴原卟啉二甲酯薄膜玻碳电极〔聚(CoPP)/GC〕对氧还原反应的电催化和动力学。在不同pH缓冲溶液中,在聚(CoPP)/GC电极上氧的还原反应主要为二电子还原为H_2O_2的过程。实验表明,当聚(CoPP)薄膜在玻碳(GC)表面的覆盖度(Γ)大于6×10~(10)mol/cm~2时,催化反应受聚(CoPP)薄膜内电荷传输过程控制;当Γ值小于6×10~(-10)mol/cm~2时,受聚(CoPP)与氧分子间的催化反应速率控制。随电位负移,i_k,ΚΓ,n和K值均增加;随Γ值或溶液pH增加,i_k,ΚΓ和K值减小,而n值略有增加。

不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖Mark-Houwink方程的订定

通过多步脱乙酰基反应和溶液超声波降解制备了脱乙酰度D.D在49—100％(wt),重均分子量在1.94—25.1×10~5的系列壳聚糖样品,在0.1mol/L CH_3COONa+0.2mol/L CH_3COOH溶剂中和30℃下,用光散射法首次订定出了不同D.D壳聚糖的M-H方程常数K和α值,结果如下:D.D(wt％) K×10~3(ml·g~(-)1) α69 0.104 1.1284 1.424 0.9691 6.589 0.88100 16.800 0.81导致K和α值差别的主要原因是由于壳聚糖大分子链上的胺基(—NH_2)被酸质子化后,失去了形成分子内氢键的能力,减弱了内旋转受阻程度,同时,质子化后形成的阳离子聚电解质分子链链段间以及链段与溶剂之间的相互作用增强,有效电荷密度的增加使得聚电解质溶液粘度增大。

聚醋酸乙烯酯/聚丙烯酸甲酯互穿网络聚合物的研究——4.橡胶态模量和网络间的互穿缠结

用动态粘弹谱仪测定了分步法互穿网络聚合物,聚醋酸乙烯酯/聚丙烯酸甲酯(PVAc/PMA-IPN)的橡胶态模量。实验值与从方程E_R=φ_Ⅰ~1/3·E_(R,Ⅰ)~0+φ_(Ⅱ)E_(R,Ⅱ)~0所得理论值的比较,表明网络问有明显的互穿缠结,网络Ⅰ交联程度对其的影响大于网络Ⅱ。并结合实验结果对Binder-Frisch理论中,ΔS_(ent)∝N_(c,Ⅰ)~(-1)·N_(c,Ⅱ)~(-1/2)关系的合理性进行了讨论。

Protective immunity induced by CpG ODNs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) via intermediation of virus replication indirectly in Litopenaeus vannamei

The worldwide shrimp culture is beset with diseases mainly caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and suffered huge economic losses, which bring out an urgent need to develop the novel strategies to better protect shrimps against WSSV. In the present study, CpG-rich plasmid pUC57-CpG, plasmid pUC57 and PBS were employed to pretreat shrimps comparatively to evaluate the protective effects of CpG ODNs on shrimps against WSSV. The survival rates, WSSV copy numbers, and antiviral associated factors (Dicer, Argonaute, STAT and ROS) were detected in Litopenaeus vannamei. There were higher survival proportion, lower WSSV copy numbers, and higher mRNA expression of Dicer and STAT in pUC57-CpG-pretreatment shrimps than those in pUC57- and PBS-pretreatment shrimps after WSSV infection. The Argonaute mRNA expression in pUC57-CpG-, pUC57- and PBS-pretreatment shrimps after WSSV infection was significantly higher than that of shrimps post PBS stimulation on the first day. The ROS levels in pUC57-CpG-pretreatment shrimps post secondary stimulation of PBS were significantly higher than those post WSSV infection on the first day. These results together demonstrated that pUC57-CpG induced partial protective immunity in shrimps against WSSV via intermediation of virus replication indirectly and could be used as a potential candidate in the development of therapeutic agents for disease control of WSSV in L. vannamei. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A NOVEL SHELL COLOR VARIANT OF THE PACIFIC ABALONE HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO SUBJECT TO GENETIC CONTROL AND DIETARY INFLUENCE

Molluscan shells may display a variety of colors, which formation, inheritance, and evolutionary significance are not Well understood. Here we report a new variant of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai that displays a novel orange shell coloration (O-type) that is clearly distinguishable from the Wild green-shelled abalone (G-type). Controlled mating experiments between O- and G-type abalones demonstrated apparent Mendelian segregations (1:1 or 3:1) in shell colors in F-2 families, which support the notion that the O- and G-types are under strict genetic control at a single locus With a recessive o (for orange shell) allele and a dominant G (for green shell) allele. Feeding with different diets caused modifications of shell color within each genotype, ranging from orange to yellow for O-type and green to dark-brown for the G-type, without affecting the distinction between genotypes. A previously described bluish-purple (B-type) shell color was found in one of the putative oo X oG crosses, suggesting that the B-type may be it recessive allele belonging to the same locus. The new O-type variant had no effect on the growth of Pacific abalone on the early seed-stage. This Study demonstrates that shell color in Pacific abalone is subject to genetic control as well as dietary modification, and the latter probably offers selective advantages in camouflage and predator avoidance.

An approach to prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset

In the present paper, correlation between the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset and heat content in the upper layer of the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean is examined using the Scripps Institution of Oceanography dataset for the period of 1955-1998 and an approach to prediction the SCSSM onset is proposed. Correlation showes that there exists interdecadal variability of the SCSSM onset demarcated by 1970 with the largest correlation coefficient in the area west of the center of the warm pool rather than near its centers, implying certain effect from other factors involved besides ENSO. As the correlation is poor for the period before 1970, the heat content anomaly of the warm pool after 1970 is used to indicate early or late onset of the SCSSM beforehand. An ideal representative area (1A degrees x1A degrees) for the warm pool heat content was determined with its center at 3A degrees N/138A degrees E. The nearest TAO (TAO-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean-array) mooring to the center is at 2A degrees N/137A degrees E, and chosen to calculate the heat content for prediction. It is suggested that the TAO mooring at 2A degrees N/137A degrees E could be used to predict the SCSSM onset with the heat content in the upper layer, if the correlation between the SCSSM onset and the heat content of the warm pool runs like that of after 1970. On the other hand, if the situation does like the one before 1970, the representative station is determined at 13A degrees S/74A degrees E with relatively poor correlation, meaning that the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean plays more important role in the SCSSM onset than the Indian Ocean.

微波辐射制备甲壳低聚糖衍生物及抗氧化、杀菌活性研究

微波辐射下的化学合成反应具有反应速度快、产率高、选择性好、产物易控制等优点，还可以节约能源。本文采用微波辐射方法降解壳聚糖制备了不同分子量的甲壳低聚糖，并以甲壳低聚糖为原料，在微波辐射下进行硫酸酯化、羧甲基化、希夫碱化、金属配位等反应，合成了多种新型甲壳低聚糖衍生物，并研究其抗氧化和抗菌机理，为甲壳低聚糖及其衍生物的进一步应用奠定理论基础。 研究微波可控性降解反应，制备了不同分子量的甲壳低聚糖，探讨反应介质、氧化剂与壳聚糖配比、辐射功率和辐射时间等因素对降解反应的影响。结果表明：选择不同的反应条件，微波辐射1-10min就可制备出相对分子量在0.3-10万之间不同分子量大小的甲壳低聚糖，且反应产率高、重复性好。研究了氯化钠等电解质对微波降解的影响，通过改变反应时间和微波功率，添加电解质可加速微波场中壳聚糖的降解。 在微波辐射下进行甲壳低聚糖的羧甲基化反应，制备羧甲基低聚糖。在此基础上，不同分子量的低聚糖及羧甲基低聚糖与金属盐溶液在微波场中反应制备甲壳低聚糖基金属衍生物。采用紫外、红外等分析手段对配位基团和配位方式进行了分析。 甲壳低聚糖及其铜、锌配合物首次在微波辐射下进行硫酸酯化修饰，合成新型甲壳低聚糖硫酸酯金属衍生物，产物具有良好的水溶性、硫酸基含量在30%以上。研究了微波促进希夫碱化反应，合成了5种羟丙基甲壳低聚糖希夫碱，并对其结构进行了分析确定。 对上述四类甲壳低聚糖衍生物进行了抗氧化和抗菌活性筛选，结果发现四类衍生物对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基均具有较好的清除作用，对几种常见农作物病原菌也具有明显的抑制活性。证明接入的活性基团、金属离子等对其衍生物的生物活性起到一定促进作用，具有加合性和增效性。为今后进一步研究和应用奠定了基础。

The possibility analysis of habitats, origin and reappearance of bloom green alga (Enteromorpha prolifera) on inshore of western Yellow Sea

Combining some information from field investigation of algae along the coastal areas in China and a few pictures materialized from the western Yellow Sea in 2008, authors analyze the necessary conditions and possible water area in China producing a large biomass, some reasons for firestorm, and the possibility of the reappearance of marine bloom green alga Enteromorpha prolifera. The change of habitats and the increase of nutritional levels related to the water area could be considered as direct reasons. It was transferred northward by the combination of the flow of rainwater, wind and alongshore marine current. The original region of large biomass produced is possibly located in the southwestern Yellow sea. It will possibly be appearing again in the coming years or in the future. A summary is also given referring to its reproduction, development and distribution worldwide.

A set of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians

The method of creating enriched microsatellite libraries can supply an abundant source of microsatellite sequences at a considerably reduced cost. Here we report the development of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, using enrichment protocol. Polymorphism was assessed in a sample of hatchery population (n = 38) revealing three to seven alleles per locus. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.198 to 0.813 and from 0.083 to 0.833, respectively. These markers will be useful for genetic variation monitoring and parentage analysis.

Mechanism for Giycinebetaine to Improve Plant Salt Resistance and Its Research Advances in Genetic Engineering

The paper systematically discusses the mechanism for glycinebetaine to improve plant salt resistance and its research advances in genetic engineering at home and abroad as well as summarizing the research progresses about the key enzymes and their genetic engineering in glycinebetaine biosynthesis. It suggests that on the basis of further understanding the mechanism for glycinebetaine to improve plant salt resistance,the transformation of the genes relating to glycinebetaine biosynthesis should be carried out in major crops so that new plant varieties resistant to salt can be obtained.

西藏鱼类染色体多样性的研究

报道了西藏鱼类染色体多样性的研究结果。黑斑原■的染色体数目2n = 48 ,核型公式为20 m + 12sm + 10 st + 6 t；同时还存在2n = 42 与2 n = 44 两种类型,并据此认为黑斑原■不应是■科鱼类中的最特化种。西藏高原鳅、尖裸鲤、拉萨裸裂尻鱼、异齿裂腹鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼的染色体数目与核型公式分别为2n = 50 = 14 m + 4sm + 22 st + 10 t，2n = 86 = 24 m + 12 sm + 22 st + 18 t，2n = 94 = 22 m + 8 sm + 46 st + 18 t ，2n = 106 = 24 m + 26 sm +30 st + 26 t ，2n = 112 = 26 m + 24 sm + 28 st + 34 t ，在数目和核型或图像上有别于前人的报道。首次报道小眼高原鳅、高原裸鲤的染色体数目、核型及巨须裂腹鱼的核型公式,依次为2n = 50 = 16 m + 12 sm + 12 st + 10 t，2n = 94 =24 m + 14 sm + 22 sm + 34 t，2n = 102 = 20 m + 28 sm + 22 st + 16 t 。佩枯湖裸鲤的染色体数目2n = 66，是裂腹鱼类中最少的。双须叶须鱼染色体的数目则极多，2n = 424～432，甚为罕见,两者都有待进一步研究。 西藏鱼类的染色体多样性十分丰富, 表现出裂腹鱼类、鳅科和■科鱼类各属、种之间的差别以及种内不同居群甚至同一个体的细胞之间的差异。该特点可能与鱼类物种形成所处的不稳定环境有关。在探讨鱼类分类地位和演化关系时, 染色体组型有一定的可信度, 但只有当一个类群或属或种的染色体组型完全稳定时才可作为依据予以采用。

Molecular systematics and biogeography of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences

Background and Aims The systematic position of the genus Metagentiana and its phylogenetic relationships with Crawfurdia, Gentiana and Tripterospermum have not been explicitly addressed. These four genera belong to one of two subtribes (Gentianinae) of Gentianeae. The aim of this paper is to examine the systematic position of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum and to clarify their phylogenetic affinities more clearly using ITS and trnL intron sequences.Methods Nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the plastid DNA trnL (UAA) intron were analysed phylogenetically. Ten of fourteen Metagentiana species were sampled, together with 40 species of other genera in the subtribe Gentianinae.Key Results The data support several previously published conclusions relating to the separation of Metagentiana from Gentiana and its closer relationships to Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum based on studies of gross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, embryology and previous molecular data. The molecular clock hypothesis for the tested sequences in subtribe Gentianinae was not supported by the data (P < 0.05), so the clock-independent non-parametric rate smoothing method was used to estimate divergence time. This indicates that the separation of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum from Gentiana occurred about 11.4-21.4 Mya (million years ago), and the current species of these three genera diverged at times ranging from 0.4 to 6.2 Mya.Conclusions The molecular analyses revealed that Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum do not merit status as three separate genera, because sampled species of Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum are embedded within Metagentiana. The speciation and rapid radiation of these three genera is likely to have occurred in western China as a result of upthrust of the Himalayas during the late Miocene and the Pleistocene.

藏东及滇东南新生代钾质岩浆作用及其深部制约

The dissertation focuses on the petrology, geochemistry of the volcanic rocks in east Tibet and southeast Yunnan. It lucubrates the Magmatic process, forming mechanism and the possible tectonic settings of the volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks of Nangqen basin in east Tibet, Qinghai province are mainly Cenozoic intermediate-acid shoshonites. The rocks are LREE enriched and the LREE/HREE = 3～34; (La/Yb)_N = 18.17-53.59, and ΣREE 222～1260μg/g. There are no Eu anomaly, and Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti are markedly depleted. The isotopic composition is ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr = 0.70497～0.70614, ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb = 18.622～18.974, ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb = 38.431～38.996, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb = 15.511～15.613, respectively. K-Ar age of the whole rocks and the single mineral are between 32.0-36.5Ma. Based on the trace elements and isotopic elements, we get the conclusion that the partial melting is one of the dominated forming mechanisms for the volcanic rocks in Naneqen basin. The magma did not experience the crustal contamination en route to the surface; however, the complex mixture took place in the upper mantle before the melt was formed. There are at least two kinds of mixed sources that can be identified. The basalt in southeast Yunnan province is studied. They are distributed in Maguan, Tongguan, and Pingbian County, which is located on the both sides of the Red River belt, and the ultrabasic xenolith are cursory introduced. The volcanic rocks belongs to the alkali series, which can be subdivided into trachybasalt and basanite(Ol normal molecule >5). The volcanic rocks are characteristics by high Ti and low Mg#. According to the magma calculation model, the original rocks of the basalt in southeast Yunnan province are Spinel Lherzolite in Tongguan, Garnet Lherzolite in Pingbian and Maguan, while Togguan undergoes 2-5 percent and percent of partial melting, whereas volcanism in Maguan and Pingbian was so complex to calculate. The fractional crystallization took place during the magma evoltion in southeast Yunnan. The basalt is enriched in LREE with LREE/HREE=9.23-20.19. All of the trace elements display weak Nb, Ta peak, and the depletion of Zr, Hf and Ti in Maguan and pingbian represent the presence of Garnet in the source. The composition of the isotope ratio are ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr = 0.70333-0.70427, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd = 0.512769-0.512940, ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb = 18.104-18.424, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb = 15.483 -15.527; ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb = 37.938-38.560, respectively, which shows the characteristics of the HIMU type OIB. The volcanic rocks of the southwest Yunnan are derived from the enriched, OIB type mantle sources by synthesizing all the data from trace and isotope elements. It is similar to that of the volcanic rocks in Hawaii, a typical kind of the mixtures of the recycled oceanic crust plume and depleted asthenosphere. To sum up, the volcanic rocks in southeast Yunnan are formed by the intraplate hotpot volcanism.