Solos do topo da Serra São José (Minas Gerais) e suas relações com o paleoclima no Sudeste do Brasil

A diversidade de ecossistemas do sudeste do Brasil nem sempre pode ser relacionada com fatores edáficos, geomorfológicos ou hidrológicos. Topos de elevações, onde os solos são caracterizados pela unicidade de material de origem, podem constituir ambiente especial para estudos de gênese de solos e datações de eventos cíclicos relacionados com a dinâmica do clima regional. Depois de um levantamento detalhado de solos no topo da Serra São José (Prados - Minas Gerais), dois perfis de solo (P1 e P2), originados de metarenitos da Formação Tiradentes e caracterizados por deposições sucessivas de camadas arenosas alternadas com camadas arenosas enriquecidas com matéria orgânica, foram estudados, com intuito de encontrar testemunhos de paleoambientes. O pequeno platô localiza-se a 1.350 m acima do nível de mar e 350 m acima do nível topográfico regional dominante. No P1, foram identificadas trinta e três camadas enriquecidas com matéria orgânica, alternadas com camadas de areia. Três camadas no P1 (20-30, 70-80 e 100-110 cm), com conteúdo de C orgânico respectivamente de 0.5, 7 e 1 dag kg-1, apresentam idades radiocarbônicas < 40, 180 ± 60 e 350 ± 80 anos AP, respectivamente, e taxas de deposição de 0,177 cm ano-1 entre 110 e 70 cm e de 0,357 cm ano-1 entre 70 e 20 cm de profundidade. No P2, as camadas enriquecidas com matéria orgânica são mais espessas (entre 10 e 130 mm) e apresentam descontinuidades abruptas. Situam-se entre 20-30, 80-90, 110-120 e 170-180 cm de profundidade, têm um conteúdo de C orgânico de 3, 2.5, 21 e 1.5 dag kg-1 e idade radiocarbônica de 3580 ± 80, 3750 ± 80, 21210 ± 180 e 24060 ± 130 anos AP, respectivamente. Suas taxas de deposição são de 0,352 cm ano-1, entre 20 e 80 cm; de 0,002 cm ano-1, entre 80 e 110 cm, e de 0,021 cm ano-1, entre 110 e 170 cm de profundidade. Nos dois perfis, a relação C/N aumenta com a profundidade e com a idade das camadas. Os teores de Ti e Zr, elementos de baixa mobilidade, são mais elevados nas camadas mais antigas dos perfis, enquanto o Cu e o Pb concentram-se nas camadas mais ricas em matéria orgânica. Um fragmento de planta de 5 cm de diâmetro e 62 cm de comprimento, situado na base de P2, foi datado de 32220 ± 290 anos AP e relacionado com o início da gênese deste perfil. Os solos do topo da Serra São José são formados a partir de metarenitos da Formação Tiradentes, sem aporte de materiais de outra litologia. A água pluvial é o principal fator que adiciona energia a este ambiente, relacionando os atributos dos solos com o clima. P1 é um solo holocênico (Neossolo Flúvico Psamítico típico), formado a partir de deposições episódicas de areia, alternadas com material enriquecido com matéria orgânica. A formação de P2 (Paleossolo) iniciou-se no Pleistoceno, prolongou-se até o Holoceno e a morfologia de suas camadas enterradas de turfa relaciona-se com a oscilação do espelho d'água de uma lagoa, decorrente de fases mais secas e mais úmidas do clima. As idades radiocarbônicas encontradas estão relacionadas com alternâncias climáticas pleistocênicas e holocênicas em P2 e holocênicas em P1. O perfil P2 está situado em um local propício para realização de estudos palinológicos, com intuito de identificar ecótipos que ocuparam a área a partir do Pleistoceno tardio, relacionando-os com os paleoclimas.

Pansements bioactifs [Bioactive dressings]

Wound healing is a complex process involving several cell types (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, etc.) as well as many growth factors (PDGF, TGF-betas, FGFs, VEGF, etc.). It can be challenging when wounds are deep or very large (third degree burn, ulceration after cutaneous tumor resection) or in presence of peripheral vascular disease, metabolic disturbances or peripheral neuropathy (chronic vascular or diabetic wounds). In order to promote skin regeneration, numerous bioactive dressings combining cells, matrices and growth factors are available on the market. This article provides a general overview of the various product categories and presents their main indications. The principal axes of the biomedical research in this area are also discussed.

Encapsulation of packaging cell line results in successful retroviral-mediated transfer of a suicide gene in vivo in an experimental model of glioblastoma.

AIMS: Retroviral-mediated gene therapy has been proposed as a primary or adjuvant treatment for advanced cancer, because retroviruses selectively infect dividing cells. Efficacy of retroviral-mediated gene transfer, however, is limited in vivo. Although packaging cell lines can produce viral vectors continuously, such allo- or xenogeneic cells are normally rejected when used in vivo. Encapsulation using microporous membranes can protect the packaging cells from rejection. In this study, we used an encapsulated murine packaging cell line to test the effects of in situ delivery of a retrovirus bearing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase suicide gene in a rat model of orthotopic glioblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To test gene transfer in vitro, encapsulated murine psi2-VIK packaging cells were co-cultured with baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, and the percentage of transfected BHK cells was determined. For in vivo experiments, orthotopic C6 glioblastomas were established in Wistar rats. Capsules containing psi2-VIK cells were stereotaxically implanted into these tumours and the animals were treated with ganciclovir (GCV). Tumours were harvested 14 days after initiation of GCV therapy for morphometric analysis. RESULTS: Encapsulation of psi2-VIK cells increased transfection rates of BHK target cells significantly in vitro compared to psi2-VIK conditioned medium (3 x 10(6) vs 2.3 x 10(4) cells; P<0.001). In vivo treatment with encapsulated packaging cells resulted in 3% to 5% of C6 tumour cells transduced and 45% of tumour volume replaced by necrosis after GCV (P<0.01 compared to controls). CONCLUSION: In this experimental model of glioblastoma, encapsulation of a xenogeneic packaging cell line increased half-life and transduction efficacy of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and caused significant tumour necrosis.

Mobilidade de potássio em solos decorrente da adição de doses de cloreto de potássio

Em solos recentemente fertilizados, as plantas absorvem os nutrientes que estão principalmente nas adjacências dos grânulos, cuja composição química é pouco conhecida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o gradiente de concentração de K e a concentração eletrolítica a partir da região fertilizada com KCl em cinco solos, que tinham quantidades variáveis de argila (95 a 569 g kg-1) e de matéria orgânica (13 a 54 g kg-1). Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de KCl equivalentes a 0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de K2O. Para obter as quantidades a serem aplicadas, considerou-se que essas doses seriam adicionadas sobre a superfície do solo, em linhas distanciadas de 0,70 m, e atingiria uma faixa de 2,5 cm, ou seja, entrariam em contato com 357 m² ha-1 de solo. Cada unidade experimental foi formada pela união de dois tubos horizontais de PVC, cada um com 7,0 cm de diâmetro e 9,0 cm de comprimento, preenchida com solo. Os grânulos de KCl foram distribuídos uniformemente entre duas folhas circulares de papel-filtro (7,0 cm de diâmetro), que foram colocadas na superfície de junção dos dois tubos. O gradiente de concentração de K nos solos foi quantificado por meio da concentração do K trocável (Mehlich-1) em diferentes distâncias a partir do local de aplicação dos grânulos. A movimentação de K variou com o tipo de solo, aumentou com a dose de KCl e foi menor no solo que tinha mais areia e menos matéria orgânica. Após 7 dias, com a maior dose de KCl aplicada (200 mg kg-1 K2O), a movimentação de K foi maior no Cambissolo Húmico léptico CHat (8,4 cm) e menor no Latossolo Vermelho distrófico LVd (6,4 cm). A amplitude de concentração de K no centímetro mais próximo do adubo variou de 9.800 a 16.475 mg kg-1; na camada distante de 4,0 a 5,0 cm dos grânulos, o K variou de 244 a 2.254 mg kg-1. A condutividade elétrica não atingiu valores prejudiciais ao processo germinativo de espécies com média tolerância a sais, mesmo no centímetro mais próximo do fertilizante. O movimento do K nos solos aconteceu em poucos dias, porém a movimentação máxima em cada dose de KCl não teve correlação com nenhum atributo de solo.

Risque thrombotique sous procréation médicalement assistée [Thrombotic risk in assisted reproductive technology].

Use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is increasing in many developed countries. Arterial and venous thromboembolic complications are reported during ART with an incidence of 0.1%. The development of these events has been mainly ascribed to the presence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Precise mechanisms by which OHSS and exogenous hormonal stimulation used in ART induce thromboembolic events remain unclear. However, vascular endothelial growth factor secreted during OHSS, high estradiol concentrations, and blood hyperviscosity play a major role in inducing a prothrombotic state. Therefore, before planning an ART, individual thromboembolic risk should be assessed and thromboprophylaxis offered to high risk patients. Prophylaxis should be initiated in women who develop moderate-to-severe OHSS.

Brief DISCERN, six questions for the evaluation of evidence-based content of health-related websites.

OBJECTIVE: To extract and to validate a brief version of the DISCERN which could identify mental health-related websites with good content quality. METHOD: The present study is based on the analysis of data issued from six previous studies which used DISCERN and a standardized tool for the evaluation of content quality (evidence-based health information) of 388 mental health-related websites. After extracting the Brief DISCERN, several psychometric properties (content validity through a Factor analysis, internal consistency by the Cronbach's alpha index, predictive validity through the diagnostic tests, concurrent validity by the strength of association between the Brief DISCERN and the original DISCERN scores) were investigated to ascertain its general applicability. RESULTS: A Brief DISCERN composed of two factors and six items was extracted from the original 16 items version of the DISCERN. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were more than acceptable for the complete questionnaire (alpha=0.74) and for the two distinct domains: treatments information (alpha=0.87) and reliability (alpha=0.83). Sensibility and specificity of the Brief DISCERN cut-off score > or =16 in the detection of good content quality websites were 0.357 and 0.945, respectively. Its predictive positive and negative values were 0.98 and 0.83, respectively. A statistically significant linear correlation was found between the total scores of the Brief DISCERN and those of the original DISCERN (r=0.84 and p<0.0005). CONCLUSION: The Brief DISCERN seems to be a reliable and valid instrument able to discriminate between websites with good and poor content quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The Brief DISCERN is a simple tool which could facilitate the identification of good information on the web by patients and general consumers.

The TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP) is a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation.

The TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP/TRAIP) is a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB activation. TRIP ablation results in early embryonic lethality in mice. To investigate TRIP function in epidermis, we examined its expression and the effect of TRIP knockdown (KD) in keratinocytes. TRIP mRNA expression was strongly downregulated in primary human keratinocytes undergoing differentiation triggered by high cell density or high calcium. Short-term phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) treatment or inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling in proliferative keratinocytes suppressed TRIP transcription. Inhibition by TPA was protein kinase C dependent. Keratinocytes undergoing KD of TRIP expression by lentiviral short-hairpin RNA (shRNA; T4 and T5) had strongly reduced proliferation rates compared with control shRNA. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that TRIP-KD caused growth arrest in the G1/S phase. Keratinocytes with TRIP-KD resembled differentiated cells consistent with the augmented expression of differentiation markers keratin 1 and filaggrin. Luciferase-based reporter assays showed no increase in NF-κB activity in TRIP-KD keratinocytes, indicating that NF-κB activity in keratinocytes is not regulated by TRIP. TRIP expression was increased by ∼2-fold in basal cell carcinomas compared with normal skin. These results underline the important role of TRIP in the regulation of cell cycle progression and the tight linkage of its expression to keratinocyte proliferation.

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Physical quality of an Oxisol under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system in the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil physical quality is an important factor for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and soil organic carbon in a Typic Acrudox under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system. The experiment was carried out in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Treatments consisted of seven systems: integrated crop-livestock-forest, with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF357-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF357-45); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF227-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF227-45); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 30 cm (CL30); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 45 cm (CL45) and native vegetation (NV). Soil properties were evaluated for the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. All grazing treatments increased bulk density (r b) and penetration resistance (PR), and decreased total porosity (¦t) and macroporosity (¦ma), compared to NV. The values of r b (1.18-1.47 Mg m-3), ¦ma (0.14-0.17 m³ m-3) and PR (0.62-0.81 MPa) at the 0-10 cm depth were not restrictive to plant growth. The change in land use from NV to CL or CLF decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) and the soil organic carbon pool (SOCpool). All grazing treatments had a similar SOCpool at the 0-10 cm depth and were lower than that for NV (17.58 Mg ha-1).

Quality of surface water related to land use: a case study in a catchment with small farms and intensive vegetable crop production in southern Brazil

Water degradation is strongly related to agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of land use and some environmental components on surface water quality in the Campestre catchment, located in Colombo, state of Parana, Brazil. Physical and chemical attributes were analyzed (total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, total solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen). Monthly samples of the river water were taken over one year at eight monitoring sites, distributed over three sub-basins. Overall, water quality was worse in the sub-basin with a higher percentage of agriculture, and was also affected by a lower percentage of native forest and permanent preservation area, and a larger drainage area. Water quality was also negatively affected by the presence of agriculture in the riparian zone. In the summer season, probably due to higher rainfall and intensive soil use, a higher concentration of total nitrogen and particulate nitrogen was observed, as well as higher electrical conductivity, pH and turbidity. All attributes, except for total phosphorus, were in compliance with Brazilian Conama Resolution Nº 357/2005 for freshwater class 1. However, it should be noted that these results referred to the base flow and did not represent a discharge condition since most of the water samples were not collected at or near the rainfall event.