海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜的遗传分析

利用AFLP标记对海带在太平洋西北沿岸的6个主要栽培品系和6个野生地理隔离种群进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。通过10对选择性引物总共检测到547个位点。在品系和种群水平，多态性位点比例（P），基因多样性（H）和香农指数（I）在大连野生种群中最高（P: 59.05%; H: 0.2057; I: 0.3062），而在连江栽培品系中最低（P: 9.87%; H: 0.0331; I: 0.0497）。在物种水平（即对所有品系和种群来说），P, H 和I 的值分别是85.01%，0.1948和0.3096。以个体间的相似系数（Dice）和种群间的遗传距离为基础，用非加权类平均法（UPGMA）分别构建个体和种群间的系统树图。AMOVA分析显示，大部分的遗传变异（60.21%）存在于品系和种群间，少部分（39.79%）存在于品系或种群内。遗传分化系数GST的值是0.6226，与FST的值（0.6021）非常接近，基因流（Nm）的值是0.1515，这三个值表明种群（品系）间存在高度的遗传分化。Mantel检验发现6个野生种群的遗传距离或遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关性（相关系数分别是r=0.8870, P=0.007 和 r=0.7962, P=0.011），符合“距离隔离（isolation by distance, IBD）”模型。总体来说，种群（品系）内的遗传多样性处于低到中等水平（大连种群除外），而它们之间的遗传分化程度非常高。 用AFLP和微卫星标记对裙带菜配子体克隆单一交配组合的孢子体后代的遗传一致性进行分析。在这项研究中，建立了2个配子体克隆单一交配系（M1和M2），2个自交系（S1和S2）并采集1个野生种群（W）。11组AFLP引物总共检测到318个位点。M1, M2, S1, S2 和W的多态性位点比例分别是4.7%，0.3%，17.9%，16.4%和36.5%。M1和M2个体间的遗传相似度（95.6-100%）要高于S1和S2（87.7-98.4%）以及W（81.5-92.1%）。在微卫星分析中，用了6个位点。M1在其中的5个位点基因型一致，而在Up-AC-2B2位点显示出不同的基因型。M2在所有6个微卫星位点的基因型都一致。而S1, S2和W都在2个以上的位点检测到不同的基因型。总之，AFLP与微卫星的分析结果一致，即配子体克隆单一交配组合的孢子体后代呈现高度遗传相似性，但也存在细微的差异。 对中国羊栖菜主产区浙江省洞头县的12个羊栖菜养殖品系的重要形态特征进行了比较研究，并利用AFLP技术对一个典型养殖种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示，这12个品系在全长、全湿质量、侧枝长、侧枝湿质量、侧枝密度等方面存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）。8组AFLP引物在这个典型养殖种群中扩增出198个片段，其中多态性片段为166个，多态性位点比例为83.8%。根据个体间的遗传距离，以UPGMA法构建了个体间的系统树图，27个羊栖菜个体聚为一枝，作为对照的铜藻为另一枝。本研究从形态和DNA分子水平说明了浙江洞头羊栖菜养殖种群具有高度遗传多样性。

碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石的矿物学特征、结晶和演化

本文样品产自辽宁宽甸黄椅山产出的巨晶单斜辉石。作者在一般矿物学、矿物谱学、晶体结构和晶体化学、结晶动力学和出熔结构等诸多方面对它们进行了较详实的研究。巨晶的矿物成分为铝质普通辉石。样品中可含不透明的硫化物包体、裂隙矿物和出溶相等杂质。绝大多数巨晶都具有不尽相同的反应边。除此以处，多项实验观察结果均表明巨晶内部的成分和结构基本均一。晶体结构修正结果表明，本文巨晶的晶体结构中出现了明显的M2晶位分裂，即分出了由较小阳离子占据的M2`位置。作者分析了该现象所蕴含的重要矿物学意义。单晶薄片红外光谱实验得到很有意义的结果：巨晶单斜辉石结构中含有OH。这种名义上不含水的矿物中的OH极有可能代表着地幔大部分地区水之储存方式，因此对深源或幔源无水矿物进行结构OH的研究具有重要意义。巨晶单斜辉石的穆斯堡尔谱出现四对双峰，此即所谓单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”。本文给出谱图归属，重点阐明CC'系由M1位置的Fe~(2+)的次邻近效应所致。作者得出关系式：M2分裂 → M1次邻近构型的多样化 → “异常 穆斯堡尔谱”，从而圆满解释了一直存在疑义的单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”的成因，此外，分析了Fe的结构态及穆斯堡尔谱的可用性。巨晶具有较高的Fe~(3+)/ΣFe反映其曾有一个相当氧化的结晶环境。应用火成岩中矿物的结晶动力学原理，本文首次对巨晶的结晶动力学及有关物理环境进行研究。通过对P与粘度η和扩散系数D的关系以及η与成核速率I和生长速率Y的关系的综合理论分析，本文证明：高压下η增大从而T和Y会减小，但变化的幅度不会超出一个数量级（就有关的压力范围）。根据硅酸盐熔体中成核理论，本文得出碱性玄武岩中主要硅酸盐矿物巨晶的成核次序（由早到晚）：Grt → Cpx → An。分析了熔体的运动及其对巨晶结晶的影响，并由此指出巨晶结晶环境的相对稳定。通过详细的光学显微观察、电子探针对TEM分析，作者确认碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石可以具有比较复杂的出溶结构。根据观察结果本文进行了全方位的讨论：解释了多种出溶相的共存、普通辉石出溶普通辉石（或透辉石）以及不同的出溶相尺寸。同时纠正了前人某些欠妥的认识，诠释了有关的疑惑。无论是出溶相的成分特征还是出溶相的尺寸都表明出溶事件延续了一段相当长的时间。出溶事件不一定只与一个滞留区有关。根据巨晶单斜辉石普遍具有反应边的事实，本文分析得出一些能够反映巨晶及其寄主岩浆演化的信息。

吗啡奖赏效应及其敏化与空间学习能力的关系

Rewarding experience after drug use is one of the mechanisms of substance abuse. Previous evidence indicated that rewarding experience was closely related to learning processes. Neuroscience studies have already established multiple-mode learning model. Reference memory system and habit memory are associated with hippocampus and dorsa striatum respectively, which are also involved in the rewarding effect of morphine. However, the relationship between spatial/habit learning and morphine reward property is still unclear. After drug use, with sensitization to rewarding effect, spatial learning is also changed. To study the mechanism of increment of spatial learning would provide new perspective about reward learning. Based on the individual difference between spatial learning and reward learning, the experiments studied relationship between the two leaning abilities and tested the function of dorsal hippocampus and dorsal striatum in morphine-induced CPP. The results were summarized below： 1 In a single－rule learning water maze task, subjects better in spatial learning also excelled in rewarding learning. In a multi-rule learning task, morphine administration was more rewarding to subjects of use place strategy. 2 Treatment potentiating the rewarding effect of morphine also increased place-rule learning, with no significant improvement in habit learning. 3 Intracranial injections into CA1 of hippocampus or dorsal striatum of M1 antagonist, Pirenzepine, could block the establishment of morphine CPP after three days morphine treatment. In contrast, the antagonist of D1 receptor SCH23390 had no blocking effect. Both Pirenzepine and SCH23390 blocked the locomotor-stimulating effect of morphine. In summary, spatial learning stimulated the behavioral expression of morphine’s rewarding effect, in which CA1 of hippocampus was critically involved. On the other side, a pretreatment schedule of morphine, while increased the rewarding effect, improved place-rule learning, indicating that spatial learning might be one chain of sensitization to drug rewards effects

慢性海洛因成瘾者的冲动性和行为抑制缺陷脑机制

In recent years, the deficit of inhibition has become an important reason for explaining addiction. Response inhibition resembles the compulsive drug seeking behavior and it is the basement of addiction inhibition deficits. However, there were no enough evidence for the relationship between addiction and response inhibition deficits and the results of the neuro mechanisms studies remains unclear. Few studies has focused on the exploring the heroin users. Among those paradigms for study response inhibition deficits, stop signal is a very suitable model for the representation of compulsive drug seeking, but only a few researches has worked on this paradigm. In this study, we selected about 100 heroin abusers and had behaviour and neuro imaging scannings for investigating the response inhibition deficits. The behaviour researches found: first, the chronic heroin users had longer reaction time than control group and this reaction time were not affected by stop signals in heroin users. Second, heroin users had less waiting time than control group and they were more impulsive but less flexibility. Their erro monitoring and flexibale adjustment ability decreased. Third, the SSRT of heroin users was significantly longer than control group. These results suggested that the inhibition of heroin users were impaired. Further investigation showed that the SSRT of heroin users had positive correlation of four factor scores of ASI and the macro correlation coefficient was factor three of drug use. This correlation suggested that drug use was the main reason of inhibition deficits. fMRI results mainly focused on the ANOVA analysis for group difference. First, there was no intensity difference in M1 and SMA brain areas between the two groups. Second, heroin users had less activation in right dorsalateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulated cortex, while in bilateral striatum and amygdala, heroin users had more activation than control group. The right prefrontal cortex was indentified as the main inhibition brain area. The anterior cingulated cortex has relationship with erro monitoring and amygdale was an important brain area for impulsivity and emotion control. The network of these brain areas was envovled in impulsivity and inhibition and it was suggested the mainly damaged network for heroin users’ disinhibition. We also investigated the gray matter changes of heroin users and found that chonic heroin use made their gray matter density decreased in prefrontal cortex (including bilateral dorsalateral prefrontal cortex, obital frontal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex) and anterior cingulated cortex. The gray matter density in these brain regions had negative correlation with drug use duration. In conclusion, we indentified the disinhibition of heroin users and its neuro mechanism. Their compulsivity brain areas had more activation than control group and their inhibition brain areas had less activation than normal control. On the other side, the biological mechanism of this activation changes was the gray matter density decrease in these brain areas.

Recognition by Linear Combinations of Models

Visual object recognition requires the matching of an image with a set of models stored in memory. In this paper we propose an approach to recognition in which a 3-D object is represented by the linear combination of 2-D images of the object. If M = {M1,...Mk} is the set of pictures representing a given object, and P is the 2-D image of an object to be recognized, then P is considered an instance of M if P = Eki=aiMi for some constants ai. We show that this approach handles correctly rigid 3-D transformations of objects with sharp as well as smooth boundaries, and can also handle non-rigid transformations. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part we show that the variety of views depicting the same object under different transformations can often be expressed as the linear combinations of a small number of views. In the second part we suggest how this linear combinatino property may be used in the recognition process.

Evidence for the Flare Trigger Site and Three-Dimensional Reconnection in Multiwavelength Observations of a Solar Flare

Fletcher, L., Metcalf, T.R., Alexander, D., Brown, D.S. and Ryder, L.A., 2001, Evidence for the flare trigger site and 3D reconnection in multi-wavelength observations of a solar flare, Astrophysical Journal, 554, 451-463.

Immunomodulatory effects exerted by Lactobacillus salivarius strains on innate immune cells

Despite increased application of commensal bacteria for attempting to improve the symptoms of a variety of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases, diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome, therapeutic approaches that involve live bacteria are hampered by a limited understanding of bacterium-host interactions. Lactobacilli are natural inhabitants of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and many lactobacilli are regarded as probiotics meaning that they exert a beneficial influence on the health status of their consumers. Modulation of immune responses is a plausible mechanism underlying these beneficial effects. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of 33 Lactobacillus salivarius strains on the production of inflammatory cytokines from a variety of human and mouse immune cells. Induction of immune responses in vitro was shown to be bacterial- and mouse strain-dependent, cell type-dependent, blood donor-dependent and bacterial cell number-dependent. Collectively, these data suggest the importance of a case-by-case selection of candidate strains for their potential therapeutic application. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and play a critical role in shaping microbial-specific innate and adaptive immune responses. Following ligand engagement, TLRs trigger a complex network of signalling that culminate in the production of inflammatory mediators. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the Lb. salivarius-host interaction resulted in the identification of a novel role for TLR2 in negatively regulating TLR4 signalling originated from subcellular compartments within macrophages. Notably, sustained activation of JAK/STAT cascade and M1-signature genes in TLR2-/- macrophages was ablated by selective TLR4 and JAK inhibitors and by absence of TLR4 in TLR2/4-/- cells. In addition, other negative regulators of TLR signalling triggered by Lb. salivarius strains were found to be the adapter molecules TIRAP and TRIF. Understanding negative regulation of TLR signalling may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics to limit inflammation in multiple diseases.

Spectral structure of the pygmy dipole resonance.

High-sensitivity studies of E1 and M1 transitions observed in the reaction 138Ba(gamma,gamma{'}) at energies below the one-neutron separation energy have been performed using the nearly monoenergetic and 100% linearly polarized photon beams of the HIgammaS facility. The electric dipole character of the so-called "pygmy" dipole resonance was experimentally verified for excitations from 4.0 to 8.6 MeV. The fine structure of the M1 "spin-flip" mode was observed for the first time in N=82 nuclei.

The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds.

Significance: This review article provides an overview of the critical roles of the innate immune system to wound healing. It explores aspects of dysregulation of individual innate immune elements known to compromise wound repair and promote nonhealing wounds. Understanding the key mechanisms whereby wound healing fails will provide seed concepts for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Our understanding of the complex interactions of the innate immune system in wound healing has significantly improved, particularly in our understanding of the role of antimicrobials and peptides and the nature of the switch from inflammatory to reparative processes. This takes place against an emerging understanding of the relationship between human cells and commensal bacteria in the skin. Critical Issues: It is well established and accepted that early local inflammatory mediators in the wound bed function as an immunological vehicle to facilitate immune cell infiltration and microbial clearance upon injury to the skin barrier. Both impaired and excessive innate immune responses can promote nonhealing wounds. It appears that the switch from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase is tightly regulated and mediated, at least in part, by a change in macrophages. Defining the factors that initiate the switch in such macrophage phenotypes and functions is the subject of multiple investigations. Future Directions: The review highlights processes that may be useful targets for further investigation, particularly the switch from M1 to M2 macrophages that appears to be critical as dysregulation of this switch occurs during defective wound healing.

Expression of galectin-3 in the tumor immune response in colon cancer.

The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is controversial. Although most studies on different cancer types associate them with a poorer prognosis, interestingly in colon cancer, most articles indicate that TAMs prevent tumor development; patients with high TAMs have better prognosis and survival rate. M1-polarized macrophages produce high level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta or reactive oxygen species, which can effectively kill susceptible tumor cells. In contrast, M2-polarized macrophages can secrete different factors that promote tumor cell growth and survival or favor angiogenesis and tissue invasion. Considering the beneficial role of TAMs in colon cancer, we speculated that they may not display the M2 polarization commonly observed in tumor microenvironment, but rather develop M1 properties. Therefore, we used an in vitro model to analyze the effects of supernatants from M1-polarized macrophages on DLD-1 colon cancer cells. Our data indicate that the conditioned medium from LPS-activated macrophages (CM-LAM) contains a high level of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukins-1 beta, -6, -8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and that it exerts a marked growth inhibitory activity on DLD-1 cells. Prolonged exposure to CM-LAM results in cell death by apoptosis. Such exposure to CM-LAM leads to the modulation of gal-3 expression: we observed a marked downregulation of gal-3 mRNA and protein expression following CM-LAM treatment. We also describe that the knockdown of gal-3 sensitizes DLD-1 cells to CM-LAM. These data suggest an involvement of gal-3 in the response of colon cancer cells to proinflammatory stimuli, such as the conditioned medium from activated macrophages.

A heuristic algorithm for two-machine re-entrant shop scheduling

This paper considers the problem of sequencing n jobs in a two‐machine re‐entrant shopwith the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time. The shop consists of twomachines, M1 and M2 , and each job has the processing route (M1 , M2 , M1 ). An O(n log n)time heuristic is presented which generates a schedule with length at most 4/3 times that ofan optimal schedule, thereby improving the best previously available worst‐case performanceratio of 3/2.

Three-machine shop scheduling with partially ordered processing routes

This paper considers the problem of sequencing n jobs in a three-machine shop with the objective of minimising the maximum completion time. The shop consists of three machines, M1,M2 and M_{3}. A job is first processed on M1 and then is assigned either the route (M2,M_{3}) or the route (M_{3},M2). Thus, for our model the processing route is given by a partial order of machines, as opposed to the linear order of machines for a job shop, or to an arbitrary sequence of machines for an open shop. The main result is on O(nlog n) time heuristic, which generates a schedule with the makespan that is at most 5/3 times the optimum value.

Radiative lifetimes of metastable states of negative ions

We present a technique for measuring the radiative lifetimes of metastable states of negative ions that involves the use of a heavy-ion storage ring. The method has been applied to investigate the radiative decay of the np3 2P1/2 levels of Te–(n=5) and Se–(n=4) and the 3p3 2D state of Si– for which the J=3/2 and 5/2 levels were unresolved. All of these states are metastable and decay primarily by emission of E2 and M1 radiation. Multi Configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations of rates for the transitions in Te– and Se– yielded lifetimes of 0.45 s and 4.7 s, respectively. The measured values agree well with these predicted values. In the case of the 2D state of Si–, however, our measurement was only able to set a lower limit on the lifetime. The upper limit of the lifetime that can be measured with our apparatus is set by how long the ions can be stored in the ring, a limit determined by the rate of collisional detachment. Our lower limit of 1 min for the lifetime of the 2D state is consistent with both the calculated lifetimes of 162 s for the 2D3/2 level and 27.3 h for the 2D5/2 level reported by O'Malley and Beck and 14.5 h and 12.5 h, respectively, from our Breit-Pauli calculations.

Electron impact excitation of Ar XVII

Energies for the lowest 49 levels among the 1s(2) and 1snl (n = 2-5) configurations of Ar XVII have been calculated using the GRASP code of Dyall et al. (1989, Comput. Phys. Comm., 55, 424). Additionally, radiative rates, oscillator strengths, and line strengths are calculated for all electric dipole (E1), magnetic dipole (M1), electric quadrupole (E2), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions among these levels. Furthermore, collision strengths have also been calculated for all the 1176 transitions among the above 49 levels using the Dirac Atomic R-matrix Code (DARC) of Norrington & Grant (2005, Comput. Phys. Commun., in preparation), over a wide energy range up to 580 Ryd. Resonances have been resolved in the threshold region, and effective collision strengths have been obtained over a wide temperature range up to log T-e = 7.2 K. Comparisons are made with the limited results available in the literature, and the accuracy of the data is assessed. Our energy levels are estimated to be accurate to better than 0.1%, whereas results for other parameters are probably accurate to better than 20%.

Radiative rates, collision strengths and effective collision strengths for transitions in Mo XXXIV

Radiative rates for electric dipole (E I), electric quadrupole (E2), magnetic dipole (M1), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions among the lowest 60 fine-structure levels of the (1s(2)) 2S(2)2p(5), 2s2p(6), and 2S(2)2p(4)3l configurations of F-like Mo XXXIV have been calculated using the fully relativistic GRASP code. Additionally, collision strengths for transitions among these levels have been computed over a wide energy range below 3200Ry, using the Dirac Atomic R-matrix Code. Resonances have been resolved in a fine energy mesh in order to calculate the effective collision strengths. Results for radiative rates and excitation rates are presented for all transitions, and for collision strengths for transitions from the lowest three levels to the higher lying levels. The accuracy of the present data is assessed to be similar to 20%.