Entre serras e sertões A(s) (trans)formaç(ões) de centralidade(s) da Região Metropolitana do Cariri/CE

This study reviews the spatial configuration from the road network of an urban compound formed by the cities of Crato, Juazeiro do Norte and Barbalha (the Crajubar - core of the Cariri metropolitan region, in the State of Ceará, Brazil), in order to establish nexus (or relations) between different levels of accessibility and the formation/ transformation and specialization of centralities in local and metropolitan scales. Stemming from the Social Logic of Space theoretical and operational apparatus, the study explores modeling possibilities (with axial lines, segments and lines of continuity) which is then confronted to empirical observations concerning movement flows and land use, within a Geographic Information System database. At different scales of analysis, the results suggest evidences of continuity were found in the permanence of intra-urban centres and sub-centres within each town, whereas evidences of change pointed out to the formation of a new centrality of metropolitan magnitude in the neighbourhood referred to as the Triângulo, in the municipality of Juazeiro, where high levels of topological accessibility coincides with the appearance of new business buildings as well as with the emergence of urban equipment of a scale more adequate to meet a regional demand

A configuração urbana do território do Vale do Neiva, Viana do Castelo

A dissertação tem como foco a pesquisa sobre a configuração urbana do estudo de caso, a Unidade Territorial de Vale do Neiva em Viana do Castelo. É um território que contem potencial locativo capaz de promover internamente a fixação industrial, as actividades terciárias e a capacidade em fixar e atrair população. Por outro lado, apresenta dinâmicas e valências económicas em contexto concelhio e regional. A análise configuracional abordada na investigação, através do recurso a técnicas e métodos da Sintaxe Espacial, apura características morfológicas do território permitindo a melhor compreensão do funcionamento e da relação entre forma urbana e relações sociais que a envolvem. Foi abordada a dimensão económica-espacial, nomeadamente, no que diz respeito aos seus componentes e interdependências, visando compreender como se processa a apropriação espacial na malha urbana. A correlação desta abordagem com a metodologia da Sintaxe Espacial possibilitou aumentar conhecimento sobre níveis de acessibilidade das actividade presentes no território. Permitem, adicionalmente, a obtenção de análises mais estruturadas que poderão apoiar decisões tecnicamente mais robustas. Por fim, foi diagnosticado o impacto de algumas acções previstas no Plano Director Municipal de Viana do Castelo, designadamente, as que recaem sobre a rede viária da Unidade Territorial do Vale do Neiva. A análise assentou na simulação e previsão dos efeitos das transformações sobre a configuração urbana. Informa, fundamentadamente, sobre estratégias de planeamento e gestão urbana previstas.

El pulso urbano-industrial de O Porriño

En el planteamiento de la presente disertación, se tienen en consideración las premisas sobre los orígenes de la ciudad, su influencia industrial y su resolución a través de la Teoría de la Lógica Social del Espacio como herramienta de trabajo para los análisis sobre los planes urbanos propuestos para el municipio a estudio, su historia y para la elaboración de propuestas de interacción futuras. Inicialmente, la propuesta surge de la importancia de las vías de comunicación, como elemento creador urbano, es decir, de una determinada infraestructura, la calle-carretera como el “eje” de consolidación de la ciudad, donde se realizan la mayoría de recorridos o flujos en este caso, ejemplificado en la villa de Porriño. El urbanismo pos-moderno, hasta finales de 1970 e inicios de 1980, no abordaba una articulación entre social y técnica, una ciencia de lucha de clases. En este contexto, en 1984, Bill Hillier y Julienne Hanson escriben “La Lógica Social del Espacio” donde argumentan que los movimientos o flujos obedecen a una lógica racional, según la cual, cualquier desplazamiento es llevado a cabo por el menor recorrido y, por tanto, el urbanismo influye en esos flujos. La configuración urbana genera condiciones de accesibilidad y da origen a una diferenciación espacial jerarquizada con conceptos como la conectividad, integración y segregación en un espacio influenciado y construido por la dinámica social. De este modo, la Teoría de la Sintaxis Espacial describe la configuración del trazado urbano y las relaciones entre el espacio público y privado a través de medidas cuantitativas, las cuales permiten entender aspectos importantes del sistema urbano como la accesibilidad y la distribución y usos del suelo consolidado. Por tanto, en la teoría existe una correlación establecida entre las propiedades de los elementos presentados, espacio y sociedad, de modo que cada elemento incumbe al otro y no existiría sin su presencia, siendo fundamental para la definición de la forma. Esta herramienta, Space Syntax, busca la integración del espacio en la ciudad, mediante un análisis y una evaluación a diversas escalas en la red urbana, con una correcta distribución de los espacios, sus usos y las vías de transporte o comunicación necesarios para llegar a los diferentes lugares de la ciudad. La realización de la investigación se centrará en el análisis de la infraestructura viaria en el municipio de Porriño y sus regiones colindantes a lo largo del período histórico analizado, centrándose en tres momentos históricos, 1956, 1986 y la actualidad 2015, debido a los vuelos fotogramétricos de dichas etapas. Así, se obtendrán las respectivas mediciones correspondientes a través del programa informático Depthmap, las cuales se contrarrestarán y compararán entre sí en cada etapa analizada y entre los propios años examinados, para lograr obtener las consideraciones establecidas a lo largo del estudio en cuanto a la influencia comunicativa de los flujos de interacción social en el entorno urbano definido y la respectiva lucha de los sectores industriales y residenciales. En conclusión, se pretende la justificación del origen de la ciudad a través de la comparación sus vías, las cuales fueron fomentadas por el comercio e industria para su creación, dotando así a la industria del dominio del espacio para satisfacer sus necesidades, creando y ampliando su área de intervención, la cual puede ser analizada y tratada no sólo independientemente, sino en el conjunto urbano en el que se sitúa, Porriño.

Chemical and source characterisation of size-segregated urban air particulate matter

Recent epidemiological studies have shown a consistent association of the mass concentration of urban air thoracic (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles with mortality and morbidity among cardiorespiratory patients. However, the chemical characteristics of different particulate size ranges and the biological mechanisms responsible for these adverse health effects are not well known. The principal aims of this thesis were to validate a high volume cascade impactor (HVCI) for the collection of particulate matter for physicochemical and toxicological studies, and to make an in-depth chemical and source characterisation of samples collected during different pollution situations. The particulate samples were collected with the HVCI, virtual impactors and a Berner low pressure impactor in six European cities: Helsinki, Duisburg, Prague, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Athens. The samples were analysed for particle mass, common ions, total and water-soluble elements as well as elemental and organic carbon. Laboratory calibration and field comparisons indicated that the HVCI can provide a unique large capacity, high efficiency sampling of size-segregated aerosol particles. The cutoff sizes of the recommended HVCI configuration were 2.4, 0.9 and 0.2 μm. The HVCI mass concentrations were in a good agreement with the reference methods, but the chemical composition of especially the fine particulate samples showed some differences. This implies that the chemical characterization of the exposure variable in toxicological studies needs to be done from the same HVCI samples as used in cell and animal studies. The data from parallel, low volume reference samplers provide valuable additional information for chemical mass closure and source assessment. The major components of PM2.5 in the virtual impactor samples were carbonaceous compounds, secondary inorganic ions and sea salt, whereas those of coarse particles (PM2.5-10) were soil-derived compounds, carbonaceous compounds, sea salt and nitrate. The major and minor components together accounted for 77-106% and 77-96% of the gravimetrically-measured masses of fine and coarse particles, respectively. Relatively large differences between sampling campaigns were observed in the organic carbon content of the PM2.5 samples as well as the mineral composition of the PM2.5-10 samples. A source assessment based on chemical tracers suggested clear differences in the dominant sources (e.g. traffic, residential heating with solid fuels, metal industry plants, regional or long-range transport) between the sampling campaigns. In summary, the field campaigns exhibited different profiles with regard to particulate sources, size distribution and chemical composition, thus, providing a highly useful setup for toxicological studies on the size-segregated HVCI samples.

Assessing vulnerability at the urban interface

House loss during unplanned bushfires is a complex phenomenon where design, configuration, material and siting, can significantly influence the loss. In collaboration with the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre the CSIRO has developed a tool to assess the vulnerability of a specific house at the urban interface. The tool is based on a spatial profiling of urban assets including their design, material, surrounding objects and their relationship amongst one another. The analysis incorporates both probabilistic and deterministic parameters, and is based on the impact of radiant heat, flame and embers on the surrounding elements and the structure itself. It provides a breakdown of the attributes and design parameters that contribute to the vulnerability level. This paper describes the tool which allows the user to explore the vulnerability of a house to varying levels of bushfire attacks. The tool is aimed at government agencies interested in building design, town planning and community education for bushfire risk mitigation.

The social consequences of broken urban structures: a case study of Belfast

This article explores how the design and layout of the urban environment can have significant social impacts on working class communities whose access to employment and other necessary services depends largely on public transport and safe walk-able streets. It does so by considering a case study of Belfast. Although Belfast has a distinctive recent history as the site of political violence and territorial division, it also has a spatial configuration that emerged out of a modernising roads and redevelopment programme in the 1960s and 1970s. However, an understanding of contemporary Belfast, particularly its urban structure and form, requires n analysis of how the social impacts of such ubiquitous regional and urban planning practices were not addressed. The article argues that a culture of ‘politically safe’ bureaucratic inaction developed during the ‘war years’ has been sustained in the ‘new democracy’. In turn, this has had significant consequences for the functioning of the city. Major areas of derelict land around the city core together with the impediments created by regional road infrastructure have combined to create a doughnut city that, on the one hand, facilitates a commuting middle class, while on the other, discriminates against the poorest inner city communities. The article goes on to examine how an activist urban design group, known as the Forum for Alternative Belfast, has responded to these challenges. It focuses particularly on action-research undertaken during its 2010 Summer School which aimed to address issues of disconnection in inner North Belfast that affect some of the most territorialised and deprived communities in the city.

Exploring the links between urban stucture and air quality

A poluição atmosférica constitui actualmente um grave problema ambiental cujos efeitos se fazem sentir a diversas escalas, desde os efeitos imediatos e de longo termo na saúde humana e nos materiais, até fenómenos regionais, como a acificação, e fenómenos globais que durante este século poderão alterar as condições de vida no globo. Apesar da redução das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos, conseguida através do uso de combustíveis mais limpos e tecnologias mais eficientes, as áreas urbanas continuam a evidenciar sinais de degradação ambiental. Para ser bem sucedida a cidade deve enfrentar as três dimensões da sustentabilidade: social, económica e ambiental. O modo de utilização do solo numa zona urbana é uma característica fundamental da cidade, com influência directa no seu desempenho ambiental e na qualidade de vida que proporciona à população. O presente trabalho explora a ligação entre a estrutura urbana e a qualidade do ar, um dos muitos aspectos do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. A perspectiva histórica sobre o desenvolvimento urbano, a poluição atmosférica e a sua interligação é abordada, bem como o trabalho de investigação que tem vindo a ser conduzido na área. A aplicação de um sistema de modelação atmosférico a um caso de estudo idealizado demonstra a importância da estrutura espacial da cidade na sustentabilidade urbana, mostrando que cidades compactas com usos do solo misturados promovem uma melhor qualidade do ar quando comparadas com cidades dispersas, com baixa densidade populacional. De modo a explorar a relação entre a estrutura urbana e a qualidade do ar numa zona urbana real, a região urbana do Porto é identificada como um caso de estudo adequado, e o processo de crescimento urbano nas últimas décadas é analisado, assim como os níveis de qualidade do ar da região. De modo a definir a configuração do sistema de modelação mais adequada para a região de estudo, são efectuados diversos testes de sensibilidade com o modelo meteorológico. Relativamente ao modelo de qualidade do ar, é descrito e implementado um conjunto de acções de modo a melhorar o desempenho do modelo para a simulação das concentrações de poluentes na atmosfera urbana, no contexto de alterações do uso do solo. Finalmente, são desenvolvidos e testados, através da aplicação do sistema de modelação, dois cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento urbano para a área de estudo. Estes cenários alternativos implicam diferentes emissões de poluentes e diferentes distribuições espaciais dessas emissões, e como consequência, diferentes níveis de qualidade do ar. O estudo permite concluir que alterações nos padrões de uso do solo em áreas urbanas conduzem a alterações na meteorologia, emissões e qualidade do ar. As áreas urbanas dispersas, quando comparadas com estruturas urbanas compactas são responsáveis por temperaturas mais elevadas, emissões de poluentes para a atmosfera mais elevadas e maiores concentrações de poluentes.

La configuration spatiale et la hiérarchie urbaine en Colombie

Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une recherche portant sur cinq villes colombiennes sélectionnées selon leur taille et le nombre d’emplois par secteur économique, d’après les données des recensements du Département Administratif National des Statistiques (DANE) qui s’étalent entre 1985 et 2005. La méthode d'analyse adoptée est de type descriptif et met l'accent sur des facteurs de taille et de nombre d’habitants afin d’évaluer la hiérarchie entre les villes entre 1985 et 2005, et de comprendre, pour la même période, la spécialisation des cinq villes à travers leurs données d’emplois respectives. Cette méthode est complétée par l’utilisation des outils d’évaluation régionale et urbaine pour comprendre le processus de polarisation en Colombie. L’économie colombienne est dominée par les villes de grande taille ou les régions métropolitaines qui constituent les plus grands marchés (économies d'agglomération). Cependant, ces zones (Bogota, Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla et Bucaramanga) ne sont pas intégrées. Par conséquent, la prédominance de ces centres s’est considérablement réduite.

The incidents of housing policies in the process of nesting the urban space (Buenos Aires, 1870-1999)

This article describes the housing policies displayed historically in B.A. that affected the processes of configuration and of giving hierarchy to the urban space. Since the process of modernization of B.A., at the end of the XIXth century, housing measures, urbanistic projects and political decisions have influenced the building of the city and the space distribution of their inhabitants: in this way, they have integrated some people and excluded others. No wonder, that, historically, popular sectors have established themselves in the South of the city (and in outskirt villages). These zones have been disregarded by the state, which has invested less in these areas. We will see how the connection between state housing policies and the population redistribution in the city, confirms the persistence of a strong process of urban and residential segregation that tends to expel the inhabitants of popular sectors and to attract the ones of the middle-class and high class sectors.

Urban heat island and wind flow characteristics of a tropical city

 Urban Heat Island (UHI) has become a growing concern to the quality of densely built urban environments, particularly in tropical cities. Wind speed has widely been reported to have decreased the intensity of heat island effect in urban areas. The cooling effect of the wind helps to mitigate the adverse effects of heat island on the micro climate and human thermal comfort. This paper investigates the existence of heat island in Muar, one of the fast growing cities in southern part of Malaysia and its possible causes, and then examines the effects of different urban geometry on the wind flow. The results of this study indicate that the chaotic development in Muar has caused reduced ventilation in urban canyons. The heat island intensity in the city center was recorded as 4. °C during the day and 3.2. °C during the night. Investigation of various urban geometry modifications showed that step up configuration was the most effective geometry as it can distribute the wind evenly allowing the wind to reach even the leeward side of each building. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Urban heat islands and electrical energy consumption

This study proposes the development of thermal and energy consumption maps to generate useful planning information. A residential neighbourhood in a medium-sized city was selected as the study area. In this area, 40 points were taken as urban reference points where air temperatures at the pedestrian level were collected. At the same time, rural temperatures made available by the city meteorological station were registered. Data of electrical energy consumption of the building units (houses and apartments) were collected through a household survey that was also designed to identify the users' income levels. Then, maps were developed so that the configuration of urban heat islands and electrical energy consumption could be visualised, compared and analysed. The results showed that the income level was the most important variable influencing electrical energy consumption. However, a strong relationship of the consumption with the thermal environment was also observed.

Experimental and numerical analyses about the efficiency of flow through devices for the sediment controll in urban runoff

As land is developed, the impervious surfaces that are created increase the amount of runoff during rainfall events, disrupting the natural hydrologic cycle, with an increment in volume of runoff and in pollutant loadings. Pollutants deposited or derived from an activity on the land surface will likely end up in stormwater runoff in some concentration, such as nutrients, sediment, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, gasoline additives, pathogens, deicers, herbicides and pesticides. Several of these pollutants are particulate-bound, so it appears clear that sediment removal can provide significant water-quality improvements and it appears to be important the knowledge of the ability of stromwater treatment devices to retain particulate matter. For this reason three different units which remove sediments have been tested through laboratory. In particular a roadside gully pot has been tested under steady hydraulic conditions, varying the characteristics of the influent solids (diameter, particle size distribution and specific gravity). The efficiency in terms of particles retained has been evaluated as a function of influent flow rate and particles characteristics; results have been compared to efficiency evaluated applying an overflow rate model. Furthermore the role of particles settling velocity in efficiency determination has been investigated. After the experimental runs on the gully pot, a standard full-scale model of an hydrodynamic separator (HS) has been tested under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results presented in this study illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by operating flow rate, which strongly affects the particles and hydraulic residence time of the system. The efficiency data have been compared to results obtained from a modified overflow rate model; moreover the residence time distribution has been experimentally determined through tracer analyses for several steady flow rates. Finally three testing experiments have been performed for two different configurations of a full-scale model of a clarifier (linear and crenulated) under unsteady influent flow rate condition, and constant solid concentration at the input. The results illustrate that particle separation efficiency of the unit is predominately influenced by the configuration of the unit itself. Turbidity measures have been used to compare turbidity with the suspended sediments concentration, in order to find a correlation between these two values, which can allow to have a measure of the sediments concentration simply installing a turbidity probe.

A projection into the ideas and technologies of "non-place" and "space of flow" in urban context

The meaning of a place has been commonly assigned to the quality of having root (rootedness) or sense of belonging to that setting. While on the contrary, people are nowadays more concerned with the possibilities of free moving and networks of communication. So, the meaning, as well as the materiality of architecture has been dramatically altered with these forces. It is therefore of significance to explore and redefine the sense and the trend of architecture at the age of flow. In this dissertation, initially, we review the gradually changing concept of "place-non-place" and its underlying technological basis. Then we portray the transformation of meaning of architecture as influenced by media and information technology and advanced methods of mobility, in the dawn of 21st century. Against such backdrop, there is a need to sort and analyze architectural practices in response to the triplet of place-non-place and space of flow, which we plan to achieve conclusively. We also trace the concept of flow in the process of formation and transformation of old cities. As a brilliant case study, we look at Persian Bazaar from a socio-architectural point of view. In other word, based on Robert Putnam's theory of social capital, we link social context of the Bazaar with architectural configuration of cities. That is how we believe "cities as flow" are not necessarily a new paradigm.

Review of the ecology of Australian urban fauna: A focus on spatially explicit processes

Cities have a major impact on Australian landscapes, especially in coastal regions, to the detriment of native biodiversity. Areas suitable for urban development often coincide with those areas that support high levels of species diversity and endemism. However, there is a paucity of reliable information available to guide urban conservation planning and management, especially regarding the trade-off between investing in protecting and restoring habitat at the landscape level, and investing in programmes to maintain the condition of remnant vegetation at the local (site) level. We review the literature on Australian urban ecology, focusing on urban terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. We identify four main factors limiting our knowledge of urban fauna: (i) a lack of studies focusing at multiple ecological levels; (ii) a lack of multispecies studies; (iii) an almost total absence of long-term (temporal) studies; and (iv) a need for stronger integration of research outcomes into urban conservation planning and management. We present a set of key principles for the development of a spatially explicit, long-term approach to urban fauna research. This requires an understanding of the importance of local-level habitat quality and condition relative to the composition, configuration and connectivity of habitats within the larger urban landscape. These principles will ultimately strengthen urban fauna management and conservation planning by enabling us to prioritize and allocate limited financial resources to maximize the conservation return.