Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos nas dietas de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de eletrodos modificados com poli ácido glutâmico e sua aplicação na análise de compostos antioxidantes e farmacêuticos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação óptica, ultraestrutural e expressão de proliferação celular da mucosa entérica de frangos de corte suplementados com glutamina e ácido glutâmico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nucleotídeos e ácido glutâmico em dietas de leitões desmamados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Rational design of a (S)-selective-Transaminase for asymmetric synthesis of (1S)-1-(1,1'-biphenyl 2-yl)ethanamine

Amine transaminases offer an environmentally sustainable synthesis route for the production ofpure chiral amines. However, their catalytic efficiency towards bulky ketone substrates isgreatly limited by steric hindrance and therefore presents a great challenge for industrialsynthetic applications. Hereby we report an example of rational transaminase enzyme design tohelp alleviate these challenges. Starting from the Vibrio fluvialis amine transaminase that has nodetectable catalytic activity towards the bulky aromatic ketone 2-acetylbiphenyl, we employed arational design strategy combining in silico and in vitro studies to engineer the transaminaseenzyme with a minimal number of mutations, achieving an high catalytic activity and highenantioselectivity. We found that by introducing two mutations W57G/R415A detectableenzyme activity was achieved. The rationally designed best variant,W57F/R88H/V153S/K163F/I259M/R415A/V422A, showed an improvement in reaction rateby > 1716-fold towards the bulky ketone under study, producing the corresponding enantiomericpure (S)-amine (ee value of > 99%). 

Uso de ácido glutâmico (syncron®) para indução de brotação em macieiras "fuji kiku".

O Brasil figura entre os dez principais países produtores de maçã mundial, produzindo em torno de 1.378.617 milhões de toneladas de maçã (55% da variedade Gala, 40% de Fuji e 5% de outras) na safra 2014/2015 (IBGE, 2016). As cultivares que representa a maior parte da produção brasileira, pertencem basicamente ao grupo ?Gala? e ?Fuji? - que possuem alto requerimento em frio. Porém, suas exigências climáticas não são plenamente atendidas, fazendo com que muitas gemas vegetativas e floríferas permanecem dormentes, mesmo em condições ambientais favoráveis ao crescimento. A falta de brotação nas gemas terminais e laterais tem efeito acumulativo com o passar dos anos, o que pode desencadear uma queda nas produções futuras. Com isso, é necessário o uso de práticas culturais que possam reverter esse quadro e promover a uniformidade de brotação dessas fruteiras. Dentre as práticas mais utilizadas está o uso de produtos químicos. A cianamida hidrogenada é hoje a principal substância utilizada na cadeia produtiva de maçã para induzir a brotação de gemas após o período hibernal. Contudo, a busca de novas alternativas para indução da brotação de gemas faz-se necessária para dispor ao setor produtivo indutores de 23 brotação que agreguem elevada eficiência de brotação de gemas, menor custo de utilização e menor toxidade ao homem e impacto ambiental. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a utilização de diferentes combinações de ácido glutâmico (Sycron® 26 ) para indução de brotação de macieiras 'Fuji Kiku' na região de Vacaria, RS

Intrahippocampal Infusion Of Crotamine Isolated From Crotalus Durissus Terrificus Alters Plasma And Brain Biochemical Parameters.

Crotamine is one of the main constituents of the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Here we sought to investigate the inflammatory and toxicological effects induced by the intrahippocampal administration of crotamine isolated from Crotalus whole venom. Adult rats received an intrahippocampal infusion of crotamine or vehicle and were euthanized 24 h or 21 days after infusion. Plasma and brain tissue were collected for biochemical analysis. Complete blood count, creatinine, urea, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), creatine-kinase (CK), creatine kinase-muscle B (CK-MB) and oxidative parameters (assessed by DNA damage and micronucleus frequency in leukocytes, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in plasma and brain) were quantified. Unpaired and paired t-tests were used for comparisons between saline and crotamine groups, and within groups (24 h vs. 21 days), respectively. After 24 h crotamine infusion promoted an increase of urea, GOT, GPT, CK, and platelets values (p ≤ 0.01), while red blood cells, hematocrit and leukocytes values decreased (p ≤ 0.01). Additionally, 21 days after infusion crotamine group showed increased creatinine, leukocytes, TBARS (plasma and brain), carbonyl (plasma and brain) and micronucleus compared to the saline-group (p ≤ 0.01). Our findings show that crotamine infusion alter hematological parameters and cardiac markers, as well as oxidative parameters, not only in the brain, but also in the blood, indicating a systemic pro-inflammatory and toxicological activity. A further scientific attempt in terms of preserving the beneficial activity over toxicity is required.

Evaluation of the spouted bed dried leaf extract of Bauhinia forficata for the treatment of experimental diabetes in rats

Previously, we have demonstrated that treatment of experimental diabetes with a decoction of Bauhinia forficata leaves is beneficial. In this study, we prepared a two-fold concentrate of this extract and tested its effects on physiological, biochemical and toxicity markers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Dried and ground leaves were extracted with warm 70% hydroethanol and the filtrate concentrated by evaporation at 50 degrees C. This solution was mixed with colloidal silicon dioxide (Tixosil-333 (R)) and dried in a spouted bed (BfT). Rats were treated with water, insulin and Tixosil particles at low or high doses, alone or coated with dried BfT. Animals were periodically weighed and monitored for water and food intake; urinary volume, glucose, urea and protein; blood glucose, serum lipids, liver toxicity markers transaminase and phosphatase and masses of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Insulin treatment gave best rat growth and lowest values for all other markers. No other treatment affected any diabetic marker, but the enzyme activities were changed by diabetes and BfT. Thus, BfT toxicity could arise from secondary products of plant constituents or Tixosil interaction. Therefore, BfT prepared in the spouted bed as described, is unsuitable for treatment of diabetes, which implies that the method of preparation of any medicine is critical for its efficacy and toxicity.

Plasma Superoxide Dismutase-1 as a Surrogate Marker of Vivax Malaria Severity

Background: Severe outcomes have been described for both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections. The identification of sensitive and reliable markers of disease severity is fundamental to improving patient care. An intense pro-inflammatory response with oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species is present in malaria. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and antioxidant agents such as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) are likely candidate biomarkers for disease severity. Here we tested whether plasma levels of SOD-1 could serve as a biomarker of severe vivax malaria. Methodology/Principal Findings: Plasma samples were obtained from residents of the Brazilian Amazon with a high risk for P. vivax transmission. Malaria diagnosis was made by both microscopy and nested PCR. A total of 219 individuals were enrolled: non-infected volunteers (n = 90) and individuals with vivax malaria: asymptomatic (n = 60), mild (n = 50) and severe infection (n = 19). SOD-1 was directly associated with parasitaemia, plasma creatinine and alanine amino-transaminase levels, while TNF-alpha correlated only with the later enzyme. The predictive power of SOD-1 and TNF-alpha levels was compared. SOD-1 protein levels were more effective at predicting vivax malaria severity than TNF-alpha. For discrimination of mild infection, elevated SOD-1 levels showed greater sensitivity than TNF-alpha (76% vs. 30% respectively; p < 0.0001), with higher specificity (100% vs. 97%; p < 0.0001). In predicting severe vivax malaria, SOD-1 levels exhibited higher sensitivity than TNF-alpha (80% vs. 56%, respectively; p < 0.0001; likelihood ratio: 7.45 vs. 3.14; p, 0.0001). Neither SOD-1 nor TNF-alpha could discriminate P. vivax infections from those caused by P. falciparum. Conclusion: SOD-1 is a powerful predictor of disease severity in individuals with different clinical presentations of vivax malaria.

Branched-chain amino acids supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation during endurance exercise after muscle glycogen depletion

Aim. It has been demonstrated that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) transaminase activation occurs simultaneously with exercise-induced muscle glycogen reduction, suggesting that BCAA supplementation might play an energetic role in this condition. This study aimed to test whether BCAA supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation in glycogen-depleted subjects. Methods. Using a double-blind cross-over design, volunteers (N.=7) were randomly assigned to either the BCAA (300 mg . kg . day (-1)) or the placebo (maltodextrine) for 3 days. On the second day, subjects were submitted to an exercise-induced glycogen depletion protocol. They then performed an exhaustive exercise test on the third day, after which time to exhaustion, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), plasma glucose, free fatty acids (HA), blood ketones and lactate were determined. BCAA supplementation promoted a greater resistance to fatigue when compared to the placebo (+17.2%). Moreover, subjects supplemented with BCAA showed reduced RER and higher plasma glucose levels during the exhaustive exercise test. Results. No significant differences appeared in FFA, blood ketones and lactate concentrations. Conclusion. In conclusion, BCAA supplementation increases resistance to fatigue and enhances lipid oxidation during exercise in glycogen-depleted subjects.

Evaluation of Some Biological Aspects of the Presence of Abrasive Silica and Thickening Silica in Basic Formulations of Dentifrices

The aim of this study was to evaluate some biological characteristics and toxicity of basic formulations of dentifrices containing such substances, and to compare them with two existing products in market which also contains silic in their formulations. In this way, it was evaluated some biological parameters: weight of the animals, oral toxicity, hematological parameters, urinary analysis, and histological evaluation. The thrombocytes were also statistically at normal levels. The glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (TGP) showed normal aspect in 5 of the tested groups, as in control. Meanwhile, the oxalacetic transaminase (AST) in one group had a small increase in the control group. Regarding urine, in exception the rats of one group, the rats of the 4 other experimental groups showed leukocytosis urinary statistically higher than the control group. The histological evaluation of the animals showed that specimens from liver, stomach, kidney and submandibular gland presented normal aspects for these organs, without significant characteristics related to inflammatory infiltrates in any of the 6 samples tested in their respective groups.

Ethanol feeding enhances inflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis

Elevated concentrations of plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 have been detected in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatocyte necrosis. The present study used a rat model to conduct a detailed histological and biochemical examination of the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and associated liver pathology in ethanol-potentiated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. Male Wistar rats were pair-fed either the control or ethanol-containing (36% of caloric intake as ethanol) form of the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 6 weeks. Liver injury was induced by the i.v. injection of LPS (1 mu g/g bodyweight), with animals being killed at O, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. At the later time points, plasma transaminase and transpeptidase activities were significantly elevated in ethanol-fed LPS-treated rats compared with control-fed LPS-treated animals. At these times after LPS treatment, hepatocytes in ethanol-fed animals displayed fatty change and necrosis with an associated neutrophil polymorph infiltrate. Time course analysis revealed that plasma TNF-alpha (1-3 h post-LPS) and IL-6 (3 h post-LPS) bioactivity was significantly elevated in ethanol-fed compared with control-fed animals. No difference was seen in plasma IL-1 alpha concentration (maximal in both groups 6 h post-LPS). The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA were elevated between 1 and 6 h post-LPS in the livers of both control and ethanol-fed rats. However, ethanol-fed LPS-treated animals exhibited significantly higher maximal expression of IL-1 and IL-6 mRNA. Comparison of the appearance of cytokine mRNA and plasma bioactivity indicated an effect of ethanol feeding on post-transcriptional processing and/or the kinetics of the circulating cytokines. Elevated levels of both hepatic cytokine mRNA expression and the preceding plasma cytokines are presumably a necessary prerequisite for hepatic injury seen in this model and, therefore, possibly for the damage seen in human alcoholics. Further studies using this model may lead to significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in humans.

Mini-microabscess syndrome in liver transplant recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of morbidity in immunosuppressed patients. It is characterized in the liver by parenchymal microabscesses, usually containing CMV-infected cells. However, not all hepatic microabscesses are due to CMV infection. In 1992, we described ''mini'' microabscess (MMA) syndrome, a distinct clinical syndrome that occurs in transplanted livers. This report analyzes the clinical and laboratory features of 57 cases of MMA syndrome occurring in 52 patients and compares these with 19 biopsy-proven cases of CMV infection. The diagnosis of MMA syndrome can only be made histologically. The microabscesses are smaller and more numerous than in CMV infection, and there are no viral inclusions present. CMV DNA could not be detected in liver biopsy specimens with MMAs by using ''nested'' polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indicating that MMA syndrome is not caused by CMV infection. The pattern of liver enzyme and bilirubin elevation is predominantly hepatocellular, with transaminase levels elevated, on average, six to eight times the upper limit of normal. The clinical features of MMA syndrome are that it predominantly affects female (40 of 52 patients) orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients of all ages (range, 11 months to 66.9 years). MMA syndrome is unrelated to the indication for initial OLT and tends to occur later after transplantation than CMV infection (median, 91 days post-OLT vs. 32 days for CMV hepatitis). Although the etiology of MMA syndrome is not clear, it does not appear to adversely affect graft or patient survival.

Influência dos diferentes períodos de colheita na expressão de isoenzimas em sementes de cevada

O objetivo foi avaliar os padrões isoenzimáticos de Esterase (EST - EC 3.1.1.1), Fosfatase Ácida (ACP - EC 3.1.3.2), Malato Desidrogenase (MDH - EC 1.1.1.37), Álcool Deshidrogenase (ADH - EC 1.1.1.1) e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase (GOT - EC 2.6.1.1), em sementes e plântulas de dois cultivares de cevada (MN 721 e Scarlett). As sementes foram fornecidas pela empresa Westermann, localizada no município de Piratini, Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi realizado o cultivo da cevada em 2007. Foram colhidas em três épocas com diferentes percentuais de umidade, secas a 13% de umidade e armazenadas em câmara fria. Os cinco sistemas isoenzimáticos analisados apresentaram variações na expressão, principalmente quando comparados entre sementes e plântulas. Concluiu-se que há variação no padrão de expressão das enzimas EST, ACP, MDH, ADH e GOT entre sementes e plântulas. A expressão das enzimas EST e GOT foi pouco e muito influenciada pela época de colheita, respectivamente.

Qualidade fisiológica, sanitária e enzimática de sementes de arroz irrigado recobertas com silício

O tratamento de sementes com a utilização de silício em sementes de boa qualidade constitui prática para o aumento da produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do recobrimento de sementes de arroz com duas fontes de silício, em seus atributos fisiológicos, enzimáticos e sanitários. Empregaram-se os cultivares de arroz Irga 424 e Puitá Inta CL e de duas fontes de silício: silicato de alumínio e casca de arroz carbonizada moída, consistindo nas doses de 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g 100 kg-1 (de cada produto aplicado) de sementes mais polímero e água, totalizando um volume de calda de 1 L 100 kg-1 de sementes. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada no (LAS-FAEM\UFPel) pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e raiz, teste de frio e emergência em campo. Para diferenciação isoenzimática, as isoenzimas analisadas foram: esterase, glutamato oxalacetato transaminase e peroxidase, para todos os tratamentos. A avaliação da qualidade sanitária das sementes foi realizada pelo método do papel de filtro ou "Blotter Test". Doses crescentes de casca de arroz carbonizada e de silicato de alumínio, até 120 g 100 kg-1 de sementes, incrementam o vigor de sementes de arroz, avaliados pelo comprimento de raiz e pela emergência a campo. As fontes casca de arroz carbonizada e caulim controlam a incidência de fungos de solo nas sementes de arroz.