1000 resultados para teoria do conhecimento sociológico


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social - FOA

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Dans cet article, nous présentons l'analyse des erreurs commises par rapport à l'épistémologie génétique et la psychologie de Jean Piaget. Nous nous appuyons sur un essai publié dans un périodique brésilien concernant la constitution du sujet d’enfance et la théorie de Piaget. Nous avons comme but d’aider à reprendre la «vraie» théorie de Piaget et de donner un aperçu aux lecteurs à fin de ne pas reproduire de telles erreurs ou être confrontés à de différents sens donnés à la même théorie. En ce qui concerne l'analyse, les auteurs du rapport disent que l'homme est le résultat de différents stades de développement et de ses phases. Cependant, en cherchant à expliquer comment les structures logiques deviennent nécessaires, Piaget a affirmé de ne pas rien avoir inventé. Il a conclu que la constitution des structures opératoires est le résultat de l'interaction du sujet avec le milieu, à condition qu'il dispose de certaines conditions prealables et qu’il soit capable d' établir ses rapports De cette manière, s'il a identifié des moments de la psychogenèse cognitive, il l’a fait grace à la constatation de que les sujets, dans cette interaction avec le milieu, finissaient par construire des manières qualitativement différentes de comprendre et gérer la réalité. Ainsi, Piaget n'a pas cherché de mettre les individus dans des phases ou périodes, artificiellement. Une autre erreur est celui de considérer que Piaget soit adepte de la dicotomie normalité/ anormalité. Ses préoccupations sont de nature épistémologique, et s'il est parvenu à formuler une psychologie, cela avait comme but de donner une base scientifique à sa théorie de la connaissance. Encore une autre confusion a lieu quand on affirme que Piaget a identifié les enfants aux peuples primitifs. Il a seulement dit que la nécessité d’entrer en relation avec le milieu est égale pour l'homme primitif comme pour celui d'aujourd'hui; par conséquent, le fonctionnement est le seul élément biologique considéré par Piaget, vu que tous les êtres vivants cherchent à s’adapter à la réalité. D’après cet angle, on constate que, de la même manière que l’homme primitif a été un enfant - comme ceux d’aujourd'hui - il a cherché à interagir avec le milieu à fin d'assurer sa survie. Il arrive que ses demandes étaient élémentaires du point de vue logico-mathématique, contrairement à nos jours. Une autre erreur consiste à dire qu'il a soupçonné ou admis que les processus de pensée reconnaissaient une organisation logique. Il ne s’agit pas de soupçon ni d'admission, mais d´une nécéssité. Faute de cette fondation, tout le bâtiment piagétien s’effondrerait. Nous concluons que le concept de progrès et l'état de l'intelligence sous-entendent la critique des auteurs. Malgré cela, et même pas sans admettre les explications formulées par Piaget, c’est le fait de que les censeurs doivent faire face à une vérité: indépendamment de la culture ou du moment historique, les enfants agissent toujours de la même manière, en cherchant à donner un sens à la réalité. Nous pouvons donc être d’accord ou en désaccord avec l'explication de Piaget. Cependant, il y a quelque chose qui ne doit pas être ignorée: la contribution apportée par Piaget vers la compréhension de la logique du fonctionnement mental.

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In search for better competitiveness, the automotive industry has discussed and applied several concepts related to people and processes. However, in many organizations, the adopted concepts are implemented and kept unarticulated. In this context, authors recognize the role of the knowledge as competitive advantage, but it is still dealt in an implicit way with the traditional models of Production Management. Exploring opportunities in this scenario, this Thesis aims to analyse worker knowledge sharing using factors of Knowledge Management, Work Organization and Production Organization. For the realization of the present Thesis, the scope of the research was restricted to be the labour environment of the glass plants shop floor. The choice of the glass sector is justified due to high dependency on the tacit knowledge of blue-collars. The research uses a qualitative-quantitative approach and employs interviews with workers and managers to identify factors. To assess the importance of these factors in the management judgments, is employed the technique Incomplete Pairwise Comparisons based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Saaty (2001). The result indicates integration among factors and highlights the importance of systematic and technical conversation among operators to share better your knowledge. Also, worker knowledge sharing is improved using communication, training and work instruction. This research extends the conceptual frameworks encountered in literature from the factors integration of Knowledge Management with the Organization of Work and the Production and makes explicit use of the theme of knowledge. This contributes to promote of a favourable context for the creation and sharing of knowledge, among the people in the labour environment, and to support incremental innovation

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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O presente estudo buscou a compreensão dos motivos que levam as empresas pesquisadas do setor automobilístico a gerir o conhecimento tácito, mediados pela gestão do conhecimento, na área de gestão de desenvolvimento de produtos. As questões de pesquisa que este estudo objetivou responder foram: Como empresas estudadas utilizam o conhecimento tácito para se tornarem mais eficientes e eficazes nas atividades/ operações? De que forma o conhecimento tácito é percebido na organização por parte dos funcionários e gestores? Para responder a estas perguntas houve a investigação de duas empresas do setor automobilístico, na área de desenvolvimento de produtos. Como base teórica para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo autores como Davenport e Prusak (1998), Nonaka e Takeuchi (1997) e Choo (2006) orientam esta pesquisa. A pesquisa abrange duas empresas do ramo automobilístico na região do ABC Paulista, com equivalência no número de funcionários e porte. Dentre os entrevistados há funcionários e gestores de áreas de gestão de projetos e produtos. A metodologia aplicada ao estudo foi de caráter qualitativo por meio de pesquisa exploratória-descritiva, sendo que o método de coleta de dados se deu a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O estudo investigou quais as práticas usadas para a conversão do conhecimento, fatores facilitadores e fatores dificultadores para a conversão do conhecimento e as principais contribuições da aplicação das práticas e iniciativas voltadas gerir o conhecimento tácito, sob a ótica dos gestores e funcionários. Através do presente estudo pode-se verificar que existe a preocupação com a gestão do conhecimento nas empresas estudadas e que há práticas diversas relativas ao conhecimento tácito e que as formas de disseminação deste conhecimento são distintas. Algumas das práticas são os cursos de especialização, brainstorming e lesson learned e conversas informais. Nos fatores facilitadores há a troca de informação entre os pares, reuniões semanais, equipes multidisciplinares/ multifuncionais. Nos fatores dificultadores há a indicação de questões comportamentais, acúmulo de funções e tempo para partilhar informações.

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The analysis of fluid behavior in multiphase flow is very relevant to guarantee system safety. The use of equipment to describe such behavior is subjected to factors such as the high level of investments and of specialized labor. The application of image processing techniques to flow analysis can be a good alternative, however, very little research has been developed. In this subject, this study aims at developing a new approach to image segmentation based on Level Set method that connects the active contours and prior knowledge. In order to do that, a model shape of the targeted object is trained and defined through a model of point distribution and later this model is inserted as one of the extension velocity functions for the curve evolution at zero level of level set method. The proposed approach creates a framework that consists in three terms of energy and an extension velocity function λLg(θ)+vAg(θ)+muP(0)+θf. The first three terms of the equation are the same ones introduced in (LI CHENYANG XU; FOX, 2005) and the last part of the equation θf is based on the representation of object shape proposed in this work. Two method variations are used: one restricted (Restrict Level Set - RLS) and the other with no restriction (Free Level Set - FLS). The first one is used in image segmentation that contains targets with little variation in shape and pose. The second will be used to correctly identify the shape of the bubbles in the liquid gas two phase flows. The efficiency and robustness of the approach RLS and FLS are presented in the images of the liquid gas two phase flows and in the image dataset HTZ (FERRARI et al., 2009). The results confirm the good performance of the proposed algorithm (RLS and FLS) and indicate that the approach may be used as an efficient method to validate and/or calibrate the various existing equipment used as meters for two phase flow properties, as well as in other image segmentation problems.

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One of the effects of the globalized world is a strong tendency to eliminate differences, promoting a planetary culture. Education systems are particularly affected, undergoing strong pressure from international studies and evaluations, inevitably comparative, and sadly competitive. As a result, one observes the gradual elimination of cultural components in the definition of education systems. The constitution of new social imaginaries becomes clear; imaginaries empty of historical, geographical and temporal referents, characterized by a strong presence of the culture of the image. The criteria of classification establish an inappropriate reference that has as its consequence the definition of practices and even of education systems. On the other hand, resistance mechanisms, often unconscious, are activated seeking to safeguard and recover the identifying features of a culture, such as its traditions, cuisine, languages, artistic manifestations in general, and, in doing so, to contribute to cultural diversity, an essential factor to encourage creativity. In this article, the sociocultural basis of mathematics and of its teaching are examined, and also the consequences of globalization and its effects on multicultural education. The concept of culture is discussed, as well as issues related to culture dynamics, resulting in the proposition of a theory of transdisciplinar and transcultural knowledge. Upon such basis the Ethnomathematics Program is presented. A critique is also made of the curriculum presently used, which is in its conception and detailing, obsolete, uninteresting and of little use. A different concept of curriculum is proposed, based on the communicative (literacy), analytical (matheracy), and material (technoracy) instruments.

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física