Ciclo zooplanctónico em tanques de terra usados para aquacultura de peixes marinhos em sistema multitrófico integrado (IMTA)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Especialização em Aquacultura, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Resistència i velocitat. Salts i tanques : el salt de tanques i exercicis de resistència i velocitat. Acceptar els hàbits higiènics i les pròpies limitacions. 'Resistencia y velocidad. Saltos y vallas : el salto de vallas y ejercicios de resistencia y velocidad. Aceptar los hábitos higiénicos y las propias limitaciones'.

Módulo segundo del primer crédito para el área de Educación Física del ciclo 12-16. Presenta un esquema de todo el módulo con la ordenación de los bloques de contenido propuestos, los objetivos didácticos, las actividades de aprendizaje y de evaluación así como una temporalización indicativa y los procedimientos de trabajo del material incluido. El modulo trabaja la mejora de los alumnos en sus cualidades físicas básicas, los sistemas de entrenamiento, las carreras de vallas, el salto de longitud y la velocidad. Divide el módulo en veinte unidades didácticas y presenta las actividades de aprendizaje que se proponen en cada una de ellas y que, básicamente, consisten en ejercicios de velocidad, salto y calentamiento. Incluye una serie de consideraciones previas y recomendaciones metodológicas para el profesor a la hora de llevar a cabo las actividades de aprendizaje.

Eutrofização do reservatório Engenheiro Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Norte: implicações para o abastecimento público e para a piscicultura intensiva em tanques-rede

This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in trophic state and its relation with the structure and dynamics of planktonic community of a large reservoir located in semi-arid tropical region of Northeast Brazil. The reservoir Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves is the biggest reservoir of the Rio Grande do Norte State and is responsible for about 53% of all surface water accumulated in the State. The samples of water and plankton were taken monthly in 10 points distributed throughout the longitudinal axis of the reservoir and over a full hydrological cycle. The samples were collected to determine concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a and suspended solids (fixed and volatile) and for determining the composition and abundance of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic species. During the study period, the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic and there was no trend of increasing the trophic state of the reservoir in the period of drought. The concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended fixed solids decreased towards the dam while the N:P ratios increased in the same direction due to the reduction in the phosphorus concentrations and relative constancy in the nitrogen concentrations. The N:P ratios observed were indicative of greater limitation by phosphorus than by nitrogen. However, as concentrations of both nutrients were high and the water transparency was very low, with secchi depth usually lower than one meter, it seems likely that the planktonic primary production of the reservoir is more limited by the availability of light than the availability of nutrients. High nutrient concentrations coupled with low availability of light may explain the continuing dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the plankton of the reservoir.These cyanobacteria are potentially toxic and pose a serious environmental problem because it compromises the water quality for public supply, recreation and fishing when present in high densities as in this study. The mesozooplankton of the reservoir was dominated by the calanoid Notodiaptomus cearensis and the cladoceran Diaphanosoma spinulosum. In general, the structure of zooplankton community seems to be particularly influenced by the spatial variation of cyanobacteria. The results of the regression analyses show that both the chlorophyll a concentrations and the cyanobacteria biovolume were more strongly correlated with the nitrogen than with phosphorus and that the water transparency was more strongly correlated with algal biomass than with other sources of turbidity. The maximum load of phosphorus to attain the maximum permissible concentration of total P in the reservoir was estimated in 63.2 tonnes P/ year. The current external P load to the reservoir is estimated in 324 tonnes P / year and must be severely reduced to improve the water quality for water supply and allow the implementation of aquaculture projects that could contribute to the socio-economic development of the region

Caracterização limnológica e determinação da capacidade suporte do reservatório mendubim, (Rio Grande do Norte) para o cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede

The aims of this study were: i) assessing the trophic state of the Mendubim reservoir (semi-arid, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; 05° 38 99,0 S 36°55 98,0 W) based on chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and water transparency; ii) relating the patterns of temporal variation of zooplankton and phytoplankton to the trophic state of the reservoir and iii) investigating the carrying capacity of the reservoir for cage fish farming. The samplingwas done monthly from July 2006 to July 2007 in three stations at the reservoir: next to the dam (barrage), in the central region and in the mouth of the main tributary. The abiotic and biotic variables analyzed were: Secchi depth, volatiles and fixed suspended solids, chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen, TN:TP ratio and mesozooplankton and phytoplankton composition and biomass. The results showed that the reservoir can be considered as mesotrophic with mean concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a equal to 1711, 1 μg.L-1, 30,8 μg.L-1 and 5,62 μg.L-1 respectively. The Cyanophyceae class was the most representative in terms of density, with the presence of potentially toxic species such as Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix planctonica, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon sp. ,Aphanocapsa delicatissima and Pseudanabaena acicularis. Among the zooplankton, the genus Notodiaptomus presented the largest biomass values. Overall, our results show that the light limitation should explain the weak relationship between chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. We concluded that the water of Mendubim reservoir is suitable for intensive fish cage aquaculture. Based on the carrying capacity calculations for this reservoir, we found that the maximum sustainable yield of tilapias in cages in the reservoir is 126 ton per year assuming a factor of food conversion of 1.5: 1.0 and a phosphorus content in the fish food of 1%

Detecção de interface em tanques de petróleo usando transmissores de nível e controladores Fuzzy

This work presents a proposal to detect interface in atmospheric oil tanks by installing a differential pressure level transmitter to infer the oil-water interface. The main goal of this project is to maximize the quantity of free water that is delivered to the drainage line by controlling the interface. A Fuzzy Controller has been implemented by using the interface transmitter as the Process Variable. Two ladder routine was generated to perform the control. One routine was developed to calculate the error and error variation. The other was generate to develop the fuzzy controller itself. By using rules, the fuzzy controller uses these variables to set the output. The output is the position variation of the drainage valve. Although the ladder routine was implemented into an Allen Bradley PLC, Control Logix family it can be implemented into any brand of PLCs

Estudo comparativo do desempenho de controladores robustos aplicados a um sistema de tanques acoplados.

Currently the uncertain system has attracted much academic community from the standpoint of scientific research and also practical applications. A series of mathematical approaches emerge in order to troubleshoot the uncertainties of real physical systems. In this context, the work presented here focuses on the application of control theory in a nonlinear dynamical system with parametric variations in order and robustness. We used as the practical application of this work, a system of tanks Quanser associates, in a configuration, whose mathematical model is represented by a second order system with input and output (SISO). The control system is performed by PID controllers, designed by various techniques, aiming to achieve robust performance and stability when subjected to parameter variations. Other controllers are designed with the intention of comparing the performance and robust stability of such systems. The results are obtained and compared from simulations in Matlab-simulink.

Ecologia do fitoplâncton impactado por cultivo de tilápia do Nilo, oreochromis niloticus, em tanques-rede no açude Ministro João Alves, Parelhas, Rio Grande do Norte

The dams are limnic ecosystems of great importance for its multiple uses, among them, water supply for the public and to culture of artisanal fish are most relevant. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and the phytoplankton community in two chosen sites (Point 1 littoral zone of point source; Point 2 pelagic zone of non-point source) of the Minister João Alves dam, which is also known as Boqueirão de Parelhas/RN. This represents the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton species in order to understand any possible alterations of the water quality and the phytoplankton composition in relation to the water quality originating from the impact of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, culture. The study period also encompasses temporal variations exhibited in two seasons of an annual cycle, one during the dry season (Oct, Nov and Dec of 2008 and Jan of 2009), and the other rainy season (Mar, Apr, May and June of 2008) to extend the observation. The physicalchemical parameters, such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, concentration of dissolved oxygen were measured in situ and the values of the inorganic nutrients (nitrate, ammonium and orto-phosfato) and chlorophyll in the laboratory. The quali-quantitative analyses of the phytoplankton had been carried through sedimentation technique and the enumeration of the random of 400 cells, colonies and filaments counted using Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber. The results of pH varied widely from the acidic to alkaline range with the minimum of 5.8 (± 0.8) and the maximum of 9.2 (± 0.7-0.8), at point 1 and 2. The dissolved oxygen content was higher in the rainy period than that in the dry period. The maximum electrical conductivity was of 1409 μScm-1 in point 1 and 431 minim of μScm-1, in point 2. There was a considerable alteration in the levels of inorganic nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and orthophosphate during the two cycles of study period. Phytoplankton assemblages presented a picture of alternate dominance among species Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The trophic state index diagnosed to the category of mesotrophic, which is based on the values of chlorophyll, total phosphorus and Secchi-disc measurements. The wind driven turbulence of the water column and the fresh inflow of water (flushing and dilution) during rainy season acted as constraint and did-not allow an exaggerated growth of the species of cyanobacteria. On the basis of the present we conclude that the culture of tilapias in cage-culture fails to produce pollution load that could compromise the quality of the water of the dam, probably be due to small dimension of the culture in relation to the size, volume of the water and the reservoir capacity support its own environment

Custos e rentabilidade da produção de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo em tanques-rede utilizando-se diferentes densidades de estocagem

Neste trabalho foi realizada a análise econômica da produção de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo em tanques-rede utilizando-se diferentes densidades de estocagem. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área aquícola, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro densidades de estocagem (100, 200, 300 e 400 peixes m-3), avaliadas com seis repetições, em dois períodos de criação: de março a abril de 2005 (52 dias - peso inicial de 43,08 ± 2,98 g e peso final de 262,14 ± 47,86 g) e de março a abril de 2006 (58 dias - peso inicial de 43,16 ± 5,34 g e peso final 314,24 ± 73,30 g). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis econômicas: custo da ração mais custo do juvenil dividido pela biomassa, em R$ kg-1; porcentagem do custo da ração por quilo de peixe produzido sobre o preço de venda; porcentagem do custo do juvenil por quilo de peixe produzido sobre o preço de venda e; porcentagem dos custos da ração mais do juvenil por quilo de peixe produzido sobre o preço de venda. da menor densidade de estocagem (100) para a maior (400), ocorreu diminuição no ganho de peso diário e elevação do índice de conversão alimentar aparente, mas essa redução não comprometeu a taxa de sobrevivência. Entretanto, o ganho de biomassa aumentou com o adensamento de peixes. As maiores receitas líquidas foram obtidas nas densidades de estocagem de 100 e 200 peixes m-3. Os preços não remuneraram os custos operacionais (efetivo e total) em maiores densidades (300 e 400 peixes m-3). Os melhores resultados para a produção de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo foram obtidos com densidades de até 200 peixes m-3.

Sistema de recirculação e rotina de manejo para larvicultura de camarões de água doce Macrobrachium rosenbergii em pequena escala

A recirculating system and a matching management schedule for small-scale freshwater prawn larviculture were described. The system comprised a 140 L larval culture tank in line with a 43 L biofilter filled with 24 L of calcareous substrate. Both the tank and biofilter were made of black colored fiberglass in a conical-cylindrical shape. The turnover rate of the water through the system was 24 times a day; water was pumped by airlift. Results of ten larvicultures showed that the system maintained temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, ammonium and nitrite stable and suitable to Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. Survival and productivity varied from 60.5 to 72.4% and 37 to 72 post-larvae/L, respectively; both were compatible with results of commercial hatcheries. Therefore, this system may be very useful for research purposes or adapted for small-scale post-larvae production.

Efeito do manejo alimentar no desempenho do matrinxã Brycon amazonicus em tanques de cultivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do horário, taxa e freqüência de alimentação no desempenho do matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) em tanques de cultivo. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Aqüicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, no período de outubro de 1997 a janeiro de 1998 sendo realizados três ensaios, em tanques de 200m² subdivididos em 4 de 50 m². No ensaio I foram medidos em 3 períodos (manhã-m; meio do dia-md e tarde-t) o consumo de ração, índice de ingestão, tempo de saciação e velocidade de ingestão em peixes com peso médio de 232,13 g, alimentados com ração extrusada (32% de PB). Não foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros analisados. No ensaio II, em peixes com peso médio de 233,98 g, foi medido o consumo médio de ração, em intervalos de duas horas, das 07 às 19 horas. O maior consumo ocorreu quando o matrinxã foi alimentado às 17 horas. No ensaio III, durante 57 dias, os peixes foram alimentados uma vez ao dia (m); uma vez ao dia (t); duas vezes ao dia(m/t) e três vezes ao dia (m,md,t). Peixes com peso médio inicial de 322,25 g receberam ração com 32% de PB, na quantidade de 2% do PV. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho de peso diário (3,17; 2,80; 3,04 e 2,81 g) e na conversão alimentar aparente (2,11; 2,48; 2,16 e 2,31:1). Concluiu-se que a freqüência de alimentação de uma vez ao dia, em qualquer horário, mostrou ser suficiente.

Proteína e energia na alimentação de pacus criados em tanques-rede

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) criados em tanques-rede e alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de proteína bruta (PB) e energia digestível (ED). Foram utilizados 3.960 peixes com 293,38 ± 5,67 g de peso inicial, distribuídos em 18 tanques-rede de 5 m³, com 220 peixes por unidade experimental (44 peixes/m³), em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, composto de três níveis de proteína bruta (25, 30 e 35%) e dois de energia digestível (3.250 e 3.500 kcal/kg). O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia (às 9 h, 11h30min, 14 h e 17 h) até a saciedade aparente dos animais. Não foram observadas diferenças no ganho de peso, na taxa de sobrevivência, na conversão alimentar aparente nem na taxa de crescimento específico. No entanto, houve diferença na deposição de gordura visceral, que foi maior nos animais alimentados com as rações de maior nível energético. Também não foi observada influência dos níveis de proteína e energia da dieta nos teores de umidade, proteína bruta, matéria mineral e lipídio dos filés. Rações contendo 25% de proteína bruta e 3.250 kcal/kg de energia digestível promovem melhores resultados de desempenho.

Indicadores zootécnicos e econômicos da tilapicultura em tanques-rede de diferentes dimensões

The present study aimed to compare the main zootechnical and economic indicators of farming tilapia in superintensive system developed in two different net cages dimensions: 6 and 18 m(3). Were used 12,960 juveniles male reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), strain supreme, with an initial average weight of 32.0 g (+/- 0.85) for 6 m(3) net cages and 88.5 g (+/- 0.96) for 18 m(3) net cages. The fish were fed three times a day with commercial extruded ration, crude protein levels from 40 to 32%, particle size from 2 to 8 mm and daily feeding rate starting with 8% of live weight (LW), decreasing up to 1% LW. It was conclued that, although no statistical difference in most indicators zootechnical (P>0.05), the production of tilapias in bigger net cages resulted in lower average total cost and higher rentability per kg of fish produced, 34.4% higher, resulting in better profitability.

Avaliação de tanques de escorva utilizados em substituição à válvula-de-pé em instalações de bombeamento

A maioria das instalações de abastecimento de água utiliza bombas hidráulicas do tipo turbobombas, requerendo que o interior de sua carcaça e da tubulação de sucção esteja preenchido com água (escorvados) para que a sucção da água possa ser efetivada. O escorvamento das bombas pode ser efetuado instalando-as abaixo do reservatório de captação (bomba afogada). Quando a bomba está acima do reservatório e o escorvamento é manual, é necessário usar válvulas-de-pé, que são suscetíveis ao mau funcionamento, limitando a confiabilidade do sistema, principalmente em caso de automação. Como alternativa à válvula-de-pé, neste trabalho, foram estudados dois tanques escorva, testados no Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação da FCAV/UNESP - Jaboticabal, avaliando-se situações de altura manométrica de sucção de bomba centrífuga e relações entre volume útil do tanque e volume do tubo de sucção, tendo-se concluído: a) o volume do tanque de escorva é função do volume do tubo de sucção da instalação de bombeamento e da altura manométrica de sucção; b) o volume do tanque de escorva pode ser calculado seguindo-se a Lei de Boyle, com percentagem de acréscimo que, neste estudo, foi de 10% para um modelo de tanque e de 30% para o segundo modelo.

Controle preditivo robusto baseado em desigualdades matriciais lineares aplicado a um sistema de tanques acoplados

This work deals with an on-line control strategy based on Robust Model Predictive Control (RMPC) technique applied in a real coupled tanks system. This process consists of two coupled tanks and a pump to feed the liquid to the system. The control objective (regulator problem) is to keep the tanks levels in the considered operation point even in the presence of disturbance. The RMPC is a technique that allows explicit incorporation of the plant uncertainty in the problem formulation. The goal is to design, at each time step, a state-feedback control law that minimizes a 'worst-case' infinite horizon objective function, subject to constraint in the control. The existence of a feedback control law satisfying the input constraints is reduced to a convex optimization over linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) problem. It is shown in this work that for the plant uncertainty described by the polytope, the feasible receding horizon state feedback control design is robustly stabilizing. The software implementation of the RMPC is made using Scilab, and its communication with Coupled Tanks Systems is done through the OLE for Process Control (OPC) industrial protocol