桃树茎直径变化及其与气象因子关系

用线性差分径向变化仪连续监测充分灌溉条件下的仕女红桃树茎直径变化,结合同步观测的气象因子数据,分析2007年3月中旬～10月下旬的仕女红桃树茎直径变化规律,为基于果树直径变化的灌溉管理提供基础依据。结果表明:仕女红桃树茎直径具有很好的时间变化规律,日变化曲线呈均匀"U"型,日最大值出现在黎明前后,日最小值出现在下午4时左右;季节变化方面,MDS呈低—高—低变化规律,从萌芽—开花期到果实成熟期的不同生长阶段,MDS平均值依次为87μm、200.84μm、253.75μm、171.67μm、138.67μm和94.34μm,坐果—展叶期和第一次果实膨大期MDS值居全生育期最高,需水量最大。桃树直径生长呈慢—快—慢变化规律,3月中下旬,开始生长,平均日生长量从12.68μm逐渐增加大36.84μm,7月24日～8月23日之间生长最快,平均日生长量达73.67μm,然后迅速下降,到生长末期平均日生长量仅为7.36μm。3～5月和7～9月可分别采用DI和MDS作为灌溉控制指标。茎直径变化与气象因子响应强烈,但不同生长阶段对茎直径变化产生主要影响的气象因子不同,对MDS产生主要影响的气象因子依次为:Rn、Tmax、Tma...

过量Mg~(2+)对农作物种子萌发特性的影响(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to reveal the effects of excessive Mg2+ on the germination characteristics of maize and soybean. [Method] Eleven concentration gradients of Mg2+ including 0,40,80,120,160,200,240,280,320,360 and 400 mmol/L were set up to study the effects of different treatments on such indices as the germination potential,germination rate,fresh weight,dry weight,root length,plant height and stem diameter of maize and soybean. [Result] With the increasing of Mg2+ concentration,the germination of maize delayed and the germination rate of soybean obviously decreased,reaching the significant difference at 0.05 level. When Mg2+ concentration increased,the fresh weight and dry weight of maize and soybean decreased,but maize and soybean showed some adaptability. The growth of radicles and seedlings in maize and soybean were obviously inhibited by Mg2+,and atrophy and dysplasia phenomena appeared. [Conclusion] Excessive Mg2+ stress has different effects on the germination potential and germination rate of different crops and has obvious poisoning effects on the root and stem growth of crops.

树干直径变化与其水分传输和贮存关系研究进展

生长、含水量变化和水分张力变化都能引起树木直径的变化,树木直径变化表现为长期的不可逆生长和短期的昼夜变化。因为木质部、韧皮部和树皮的不同功能,它们膨胀和收缩的速度也不相同。木质部直径的变化与木质部液流相关,而韧皮部和树皮直径的变化不仅和木质部液流相关,还与韧皮部储存水以及木质部与韧皮部间的水分交换有关。

土壤改良剂与氮肥配施对玉米生长及其养分含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了秸秆配方、废料配方和胶土配方3种改良剂与氮肥配施对玉米植株生长状况、生物量、叶绿素含量、全N及全P含量的影响。结果表明:3种改良剂与0.5 g/盆氮肥配施可以显著提高株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上地下生物量、叶绿素含量及植株全N含量,且以秸秆配方配施效果最佳,过量施用氮肥(1.0 g/盆)时,各指标与0.5 g氮肥水平下的值相比增加幅度甚小,茎粗和地下生物量甚至有下降的趋势。改良剂因素和氮肥因素对全P含量也有一定的影响,但二者交互作用对其并未产生显著性影响。因此,在施加改良剂的条件下可以适当地减少肥料的使用量,在满足植物体吸收利用前提下,既减少了养分投入和浪费,又减轻了对环境的污染。

密度对刺槐幼苗生物量及异速生长模式的影响

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)具有较强的生态适应性和抗逆能力,是黄土高原植被恢复和生态重建的主要优良树种之一(程积民等,2002;陈云明等,2002)。黄土高原地区刺槐人工林密度偏大,且多为低产林(余新晓等,1996;韩芯莲等,1996;2003)。王百田等(2005)认为黄土高原刺槐单木总生物量及各部分生物量都是密度的幂函数关系,但低密度林分和高密度林分的总生物量都比中间密度林分的总生物量高。种植密度不仅影响刺槐林地生物量,而且刺槐林地出现土壤干层的部分原因就是栽植密度过大(韩芯莲等,2003),其林地生产力的维持以及可持续生长成为林草植被建设中亟待解决的问题。植物密度对种群个体数量和生长的调控可以维持种群对资源的合理利用,保持种群的稳定性(Watkinson,1980)。因生长资源的强制分配,种植密度能引起植株个体间相互作用,密度增加导致植物种内竞争产生,使种群中单株生长量和生物量发生改变(李博等,2000)。竞争的实质是植物对地上光照和地下养分资源的利用,在共享资源有限的情况下竞争会导致植物个体生长量和存活率的降低(李博等,1998)。种内竞争对植物个体生长的影响,与植物“自疏法则”的...

容器苗质量评定指标的研究

In this paper,the assessing indices of container seedlings quality were synthesized in accordance with growth and physiological factors. The results showed that the seedling quality might be determined by the dormancy state of terminal bud,nutrient condition of plant,and the state of root system. The critical quality indices should include stem diameter at soil surface,dry weight of terminal bud,and soluble sugar content. Moreover,some indices such as root system vitality and dry weight of plant were also important.

Influência da densidade de semeadura nas características agronômicas de cultivares de girassol.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de densidades de semeadura de genótipos de girassol em suas características agronômicas. O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental do IFMT, Campus Campo Novo do Parecis - MT, entre os meses de fevereiro e junho de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, sendo cinco genótipos de girassol AGUARÁ 04, GNZ NEON, HÉLIO 251, SYN 045 e SYN 3950HO) e cinco populações de plantas (30.000, 37.500, 45.000, 52.500 e 60.000 plantas ha-1), com 3 repetições. Foram analisadas as características altura de planta, diâmetro da haste, tamanho do capítulo, massa de mil aquênios e produtividade de aquênios. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, seguido de teste Tukey para cultivares e análise de regressão para as diferentes populações de plantas (p<0,05). O genótipo SYN 045 apresentou a maior produtividade de aquênios, 1.708,90 kg ha-1 enquanto que a população de 60.150 plantas ha-1 foi a que possibilitou a maior produtividade de aquênios, 2.391,92 kg ha-1. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sowing density of sunflower genotypes on their agronomic characteristics. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of IFMT, Campus Campo Novo do Parecis - MT, between February and June 2015. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial 5 x 5, five sunflower genotypes (AGUARÁ 04, GNZ NEON, HÉLIO 251, SYN 045 and SYN 3950HO) and five plant populations (30,000, 37,500, 45,000, 52,500 and 60,000 plants ha-1) with 3 repetitions. Plant height, stem diameter, chapter length, mass thousand achenes and achenes productivity were analyzed. The data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test for cultivars and regres. -

Effets de facteurs pédoclimatiques sur la composition et l’anatomie du bois de cinq cultivars de saule destinés aux biocarburants

En 2011, cinq (5) cultivars de saules ont été sélectionnés pour leur rendement en biomasse. Ils ont été plantés sur quatre sites de la province du Québec et ont été maintenus selon le protocole de la culture intensive sur courtes rotations (CICR) afin de déterminer leur potentiel pour la bioénergie dans des environnements contrastés. La composition et l’anatomie du bois de ces cultivars ont été caractérisées et comparés en fonction des conditions environnementales caractéristiques de chaque site. La hauteur et le diamètre à la base des plantes diffèrent selon les sites. Ainsi, les cultivars répondent de façon spécifique aux conditions pédoclimatiques dans lesquelles ils sont cultivés. L’effet de l’environnement n’a pas été mis en évidence sur la teneur en lignine des cultivars. Cependant, un effet génotypique a pu être constaté soulignant l’importance de la sélectivité des cultivars. La densité du bois a étonnamment conservé la même hiérarchie génotypique entre les sites. À l’opposé, l’anatomie du bois présente des différences notamment au niveau des caractéristiques des fibres et des vaisseaux. Une forte teneur en polyphénols ainsi que des fibres moins larges et des vaisseaux plus nombreux ont été observés sur le site dont le bois est le plus dense supposant l’effet probable d’un stress abiotique. De plus, deux fois plus de fibres gélatineuses, fibres riches en cellulose, ont été identifiées sur ce site montrant un intérêt pour la production de bioéthanol.

A new three-locus model for rootstock-induced dwarfing in apple revealed by genetic mapping of root bark percentage

Rootstock-induced dwarfing of apple scions revolutionized global apple production during the twentieth century, leading to the development of modern intensive orchards. A high root bark percentage (the percentage of the whole root area constituted by root cortex) has previously been associated with rootstock induced dwarfing in apple. In this study, the root bark percentage was measured in a full-sib family of ungrafted apple rootstocks and found to be under the control of three loci. Two QTL for root bark percentage were found to co-localise to the same genomic regions on chromosome 5 and chromosome 11 previously identified as controlling dwarfing, Dw1 and Dw2, respectively. A third QTL was identified on chromosome 13 in a region that has not been previously associated with dwarfing. The development of closely linked 3 Sequence-tagged site STS markers improved the resolution of allelic classes thereby allowing the detection of dominance and epistatic interactions between loci, with high root bark percentage only occurring in specific allelic combinations. In addition, we report a significant negative correlation between root bark percentage and stem diameter (an indicator of tree vigour), measured on a clonally propagated grafted subset of the mapping population. The demonstrated link between root bark percentage and rootstock-induced dwarfing of the scion leads us to propose a three-locus model that is able to explain levels of dwarfing from the dwarf ‘M.27’ to the semi-invigorating rootstock ‘M.116’. Moreover, we suggest that the QTL on chromosome 13 (Rb3) might be analogous to a third dwarfing QTL, Dw3 that has not previously been identified.

Brytmånens utformning vid trädfällning - Jämförande studier av böjmotstånd och gångjärnseffekt : Designing felling hinge in tree felling - Comparative studies of bending resistance and hinge effect

Vid trädfällning med motorsåg sparar man en så kallad brytmån som skall fungera som ett gång¬järn när trädet fälls. Om brytmånen går av tidigt finns en risk att trädet faller okontrolle¬rat. De rekommendationer som finns säger att brytmånens bredd skall göras proportionell mot trädets diameter. Genom att teoretiskt och praktiskt undersöka vilka krafter brytmånen utsätts för och vad den håller för har det varit möjligt att dra vissa slutsatser om hur en bra brytmån skall se ut. Ett viktigt resultat är att en bred brytmån (över 30-40 mm) är mycket trög att böja och inte fungerar i det avseendet att den går av redan vid små böjningar. Teoretiska be¬räkningar och praktiska försök visar att en relativt smal brytmån håller för belastningen vid rakt motlut även på stora träd. Som ny rekommendationen föreslås att brytmånens bredd inte bör vara mer än 30 mm. Av försöken kan man också dra slutsatsen att frusen ved är stel och brister tidigt, varför svår¬fällda träd inte bör fällas när veden är fryst.A felling hinge is used when felling trees by help of chain saw. If the hinge breaks early in the fall of the tree there is a great risk that the tree will fall without control. Present recommenda¬tions in Sweden say that the thickness of the felling hinge shall be made in proportion to the stem diameter. By use of theoretical and practical examinations of the forces stressing the felling hinge, and the strength of the wood itself, it has been possible to draw conclusions regarding the correct design of a felling hinge. One important result is that a thick felling hinge (over 30-40 mm) is very hard to bend and does not work well as it looses most of its strength already at a small forward bending angel. Theoretical calculations and practical tests show that a relatively narrow felling hinge will manage very well the forces when felling trees with lean opposite to the felling direction even for large trees. Our new recommendation is that the thickness of the felling hinge in normal Swedish conditions should not exceed 30 mm. Through the studies it can also be seen that frozen, brittle wood breaks at small bending angels. For that reason particularly difficult trees not should be felled when the wood is frozen.

Ageing mallee eucalypt vegetation after fire : insights for successional trajectories in semi-arid mallee ecosystems

A critical requirement in the ecological management of fire is knowledge of the age-class distribution of the vegetation. Such knowledge is important because it underpins the distribution of ecological features important to plants and animals including retreat sites, food sources and foraging microhabitats. However, in many regions, knowledge of the age-class distribution of vegetation is severely constrained by the limited data available on fire history. Much fire-history mapping is restricted to post-1972 fires, following satellite imagery becoming widely available. To investigate fire history in the semi-arid Murray Mallee region in southern Australia, we developed regression models for six species of mallee eucalypt (Eucalyptus oleosa F.Muell. ex. Miq. subsp. oleosa, E. leptophylla F.Muell. ex. Miq., E. dumosa J. Oxley, E. costata subsp. murrayana L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. gracilis F.Muell. and E. socialis F.Muell. ex. Miq.) to quantify the relationship between mean stem diameter and stem age (indicated by fire-year) at sites of known time since fire. We then used these models to predict mean stem age, and thus infer fire-year, for sites where the time since fire was not known. Validation of the models with independent data revealed a highly significant correlation between the actual and predicted time since fire (r = 0.71, P < 0.001, n = 88), confirming the utility of this method for ageing stands of mallee eucalypt vegetation. Validation data suggest the models provide a conservative estimate of the age of a site (i.e. they may under-estimate the minimum age of sites >35 years since fire). Nevertheless, this approach enables examination of post-fire chronosequences in semi-arid mallee ecosystems to be extended from 35 years post-fire to over 100 years. The predicted ages identified for mallee stands imply a need for redefining what is meant by ‘old-growth’ mallee, and challenges current perceptions of an over-abundance of ‘long-unburnt’ mallee vegetation. Given the strong influence of fire on semi-arid mallee vegetation, this approach offers the potential for a better understanding of long-term successional dynamics and the status of biota in an ecosystem that encompasses more than 250 000 km² of southern Australia.

Plasma-assisted self-catalytic vapour-liquid-solid growth of β-SiC nanowires

Long and straight β-SiC nanowires are synthesized via the direct current arc discharge method with a mixture of silicon, graphite and silicon dioxide as the precursor. Detailed investigations with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction confirm that the β-SiC nanowires, which are about 100–200 nm in stem diameter and 10–20 µm in length, consist of a solid single-crystalline core along the (1 1 1) direction wrapped with an amorphous SiO_x layer. A broad photoluminescence emission peak with a maximum at about 336 nm is observed at room temperature. A direct current arc plasma-assisted self-catalytic vapour–liquid–solid process is proposed as the growth mechanism of the β-SiC nanowires. This synthesis technique is capable of producing SiC nanowires free of metal contamination with a preferential growth direction and a high aspect ratio, without the designed addition of transition metals as catalysts.

Competition of sicklepod, cassia obtusifolia l., densities on soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., at variable row distance

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Térmitas como bioindicadores de qualidade de habitat na caatinga, Brasil: há uma sintonia entre as variáveis estruturais dos habitats e as taxocenoses amostradas?

The composition of termite assemblages was analyzed at three Caatinga sites of the Seridó Ecological Station, located in the municipality of Serra Negra do Norte, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. These sites have been subjected to selective logging, and cleared for pasture and farming. A standardized sampling protocol for termite assemblages (30h/person/site) was conducted between September 2007 and February 2009. At each site we measured environmental variables, such as soil granulometry, pH and organic matter, necromass stock, vegetation height, tree density, stem diameter at ankle height (DAH) and the largest and the smallest crown width. Ten species of termites, belonging to eight genera and three families, were found at the three experimental sites. Four feeding-groups were sampled: wood-feeders, soil-feeders, wood-soil interface feeders and leaf-feeders. The wood-feeders were dominant in number of species and number of encounters at all sites. In general, the sites were not significantly different in relation to the environmental variables measured. The same pattern was observed for termite assemblages, where no significant differences in species richness, relative abundance and taxonomic and functional composition were observed between the three sites. The agreement between the composition of assemblages and environmental variables reinforces the potential of termites as biological indicators of habitat quality

Weed control strip influences the initial growth of Eucalyptus grandis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)