Povos e comunidades tradicionais da Amazônia Legal: análise das normas jurídicas de acesso aos territórios e aos bens ambientais

Este estudo examina o direito de acesso aos territórios por parte de povos e comunidades tradicionais e o direito de acesso aos bens ambientais localizados nos territórios tradicionais, à luz da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas infraconstitucionais. A abordagem da pesquisa privilegia a Amazônia Legal e utiliza como exemplo o Estado do Pará. A análise concentra-se em três categorias de povos e comunidades tradicionais: povos indígenas, comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e comunidades extrativistas tradicionais, localizadas em unidades de conservação (RESEX, RDS e FLONA) e em PAE. Faz-se um exame crítico dos institutos jurídicos que garantem aos povos e comunidades tradicionais o acesso aos territórios e dos instrumentos que permitem o uso de bens ambientais localizados em seus territórios. Os resultados da pesquisa enfatizam a importância da normatização e da regulamentação, com base no direito coletivo, do acesso aos territórios por parte de povos e comunidades tradicionais, bem como do acesso aos bens localizados nesses territórios, considerando-se que povos e comunidades tradicionais compõem o patrimônio ambiental nacional – meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Constata-se, por trás da resistência a essa normatização ou regulamentação, a manutenção da espoliação, tanto externamente, por parte dos países do Norte em relação aos países do Sul, quanto internamente, por parte de grupos dominantes em relação a grupos dominados.

Dos limites do crescimento econômico ao crescimento sustentável: a proposta do decrescimento e seus desafios

This study aims to assess the evolution of the environmental debate, starting by the contextualization of its first appearance, and perform a theoretical and methodological analysis of its ramifications, especially regarding the two main lines of thought in economics: environmental economics and ecological economics. Once confirmed the incompatibility of economic growth per se with the environmental limits, the degrowth proposal will be presented, its theoretical basis and especially the means by which its creators aim to promote a economic, politic and social restructuring. Finally, the challenges regarding the degrowth implementation on both the developed Northern economies and the third-world or emerging Southern countries will be exposed

Valorization of agrobiodiversity products and strengthening of local identities in the Peruvian Andes: Experiences from the BioAndes Programme

In the Peruvian Andes, a long history of interaction between the local populations and their natural environment has led to extraordinary levels of agrobiodiversity. However, in sharp contrast with this biological wealth, Andean indigenous populations live under most precarious conditions. Moreover, natural resources are undergoing severe degradation processes and local knowledge about biodiversity management is under serious pressure. Against this background, the BioAndes Programme is developing initiatives based on a biocultural approach that aim at fostering biodiversity through the enhancement of cultural processes. On the basis of intercultural dialogue, joint learning and capacity development, and transdisciplinary action-research, indigenous communities, development practitioners, and researchers strive for the creation of innovative ways to contribute to more sustainable economic, socio-cultural, and political valorization of Andean biodiversity. Project activities are diverse and range from the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of organic Andean fruits in San Marcos, Cajamarca Department, to the recuperation of natural dying techniques for alpaca wool and traditional weaving in Pitumarca, Cusco Department, and the promotion of responsible ecotourism in both regions. Based on the projects’ first two-years of experience, the following lessons learnt will be presented and discussed: 1. The economic valorization and commercialization of local products can be a powerful tool for the revival and innovation of eroded know-how; at the same time it contributes to the strengthening of local identities, in parallel with the empowerment of marginalized groups such as smallholders and women. 2. Such initiatives are only successful when they are embedded within activities that go beyond the focus on local products and seek the valorization of the entire natural and cultural landscape (e.g. through the promotion of agrotourism and local gastronomy, more sustainable management of local resources including the restoration of ecosystems, and the realization of inventories of local agrobiodiversity and the knowledge related to it). 3. The sustainability of these initiatives, which are often externally induced, is conditioned by the ability of local actors to acquire ownership of projects and access to the knowledge required to carry them out, which also means developing the personal and institutional capacities for handling the whole chain from production to commercialization. 4. The confrontation of different economic rationalities and their underlying worldviews that occur when local or indigenous people integrate into the market economy implies the need for a dialogical co-production of knowledge and collective action by local people, experts from NGOs, and political authorities in order to better control the conditions relating to the market economy. The valorization of local agrobiodiversity shows much potential for enhancing natural and cultural diversity in Southern countries, but only when local communities can participate in the shaping of the conditions under which this happens. Such activities should be designed in the mid- to long-term as part of social learning processes that are carefully embedded in the local context. Supporting institutions play a crucial role in these processes, but should see themselves only as facilitators, while ensuring that control and ownership remain with the local actors.

Criterios para el dimensionamiento de redes de riego robustas frente a cambios en la alternativa de cultivos

En los años 50 y 60 del siglo XX se produjo en Europa un cambio en la concepción de los sistemas de riego, en los cuales se pasó del regadío por superficie al presurizado y con ello del riego por turnos al riego a la demanda. Las ventajas de este nuevo sistema de riego dieron lugar a una gran expansión de las redes colectivas de riego a presión, especialmente en los países del arco mediterráneo y del Sur de Europa (Francia, España, Italia, Portugal y Grecia). Desde entonces el riego presurizado a la demanda ha tenido una evolución permanente, en la que han mejorado los equipos y las técnicas de aplicación del riego, siempre con una clara orientación hacía el incremento de la productividad. Esta evolución unida a los vaivenes de los mercados, al abaratamiento de los transportes y la globalización, y a las subvenciones agrícolas, ha propiciado que las alternativas de cultivos previstas hayan sufrido cambios. El cambio de la alternativa de cultivos hacia otros más exigentes desde el punto de vista de las necesidades hídricas tiene como consecuencia el aumento de los consumos, circunstancia para cual debe estar capacitada la red. Otros fenómenos como el cambio climático, de amplio interés a día de hoy, presentan algunos escenarios en lo que se prevé un incremento de las temperaturas que unido a una reducción en las precipitaciones, supondría también que se elevarían las necesidades de riego de los cultivos. Todas estas circunstancias deben ser contempladas en la redacción de los proyectos de transformación de nuevas zonas regables y en los de modernización de las existentes. Las redes de riego deben estar dimensionadas para poder atender dichos incrementos de consumo. La fortaleza de la red para atender variaciones en las demandas de agua se convierte por tanto en una premisa del proyecto. Dicha fortaleza se puede conseguir de formas diferentes y a costos distintos, puesto que en el proceso de dimensionamiento estadístico de los caudales circulantes en punta de campaña intervienen muchas variables y parámetros de riego. En la presente tesis doctoral se analiza en detalle el estado del arte en la materia, se efectúa un análisis de la función específica y la influencia en el cálculo de cada uno de los parámetros, se establece un procedimiento de actuación que optimice el dimensionamiento de la red colectiva para que ésta disponga de la robustez necesaria para hacer frente a incrementos potenciales de consumo de agua sobre la previsiones de base del proyecto y se establecen los criterios, rangos y combinaciones de parámetros que permiten dotar a la red de la fortaleza necesaria de la manera más eficiente posible. During the 1950s and 1960s the design of irrigation systems in Europe underwent change. Traditional surface irrigation was replaced by pressure irrigation, with the delivery method shifting from a scheduled type to an on-demand one. The advantages obtained with this new system led to a significant development of on-demand pressurised irrigation districts, especially in the Southern countries (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). On-demand pressurised irrigation has since evolved in a continuous manner in which, with the purpose of gaining productivity, on-farm equipment and automation instruments have seen improvements. Such developments, along with market fluctuations, reductions in transport costs, globalisation and the influence of agricultural subsidies, have resulted in changes in the crop pattern. The farming of new crops may require more water and the consumption may become greater. In addition to this, other phenomena, such as the frequently-debated effects of climate change, reveal scenarios in which an increase in temperatures and the accompanying reductions in rainfall are expected. One consequence of this would be an increase in irrigation requirements and subsequent impact on irrigation networks. All such circumstances should be taken into account in both the design of new irrigation districts and the upgrading of the existing ones. Irrigation networks should be of a size that allows them to meet increases in consumption. The robustness of the network, defined as its capacity to absorb increments in water requirements, becomes a key point to be taken into account in the design phase. Given that there are several parameters that influence the calculus of design flows, such robustness may be obtained in different ways and at varying costs. In the context of this, the thesis reviews the state of the art, analyses the role and influence of each parameter, establishes a procedure for checking the design and robustness of on-demand irrigation networks, and sets design criteria for selecting the most effective range and combination of parameters that provide the network with such robustness.

Propuesta metodológica de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España: indicadores para la rehabilitación de viviendas

La pobreza energética es un fenómeno que afecta a un número cada vez mayor de hogares de la Unión Europea. Es por ello que resulta urgente el desarrollo de definiciones de pobreza energética adaptadas a las condiciones regionales que recojan no sólo los distintos niveles de renta de los hogares de cada país, sino también las significativas diferencias constructivas y climáticas existentes entre el norte y el sur, de modo que incorporen los problemas de sobrecalentamiento y las necesidades de climatización que además se verán exacerbadas por el incremento de temperaturas provocado por el cambio climático. En este contexto, se plantea esta investigación cuyo objetivo fundamental es desarrollar un método de evaluación de la pobreza energética de los hogares en el contexto español que incorpore las particularidades climáticas, edificatorias y socioeconómicas del país. Este método debe servir como herramienta en la identificación de los hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética, así como el grado de necesidad de los mismos. Además de esto, y dado que la calidad de las viviendas es, junto con el nivel de renta y el precio de la energía, una de las causas principales de la pobreza energética, el método constituye una ayuda en la toma de decisiones de cara al desarrollo de políticas y actuaciones de rehabilitación energética de viviendas. La propuesta de un nuevo método de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España surge de las limitaciones encontradas en las metodologías actuales para detectar correctamente los hogares en situación de pobreza energética, debido a las particularidades de las distintas regiones del país. Así, a partir de las carencias detectadas, se propone un método basado en el enfoque de ingresos y gastos, en el que además se incorpora el parámetro de la pobreza monetaria. En este método también se contempla el concepto de vulnerabilidad frente a la pobreza energética, de modo que, no sólo clasifica a los hogares como pobres energéticos o no, sino que valora el potencial de un hogar de caer en una situación de pobreza energética. El método permite, por tanto, la clasificación de los hogares en distintos grupos en función de su situación de pobreza energética y/o monetaria teniendo también en cuenta su grado de vulnerabilidad frente a las mismas. Gracias a esta división por grupos, es posible, en primer lugar, detectar aquellos hogares sobre los que resulta prioritario intervenir, así como el tipo de intervención que se debe acometer. Además de esto, la detección de grupos vulnerables permite prever posibles futuras situaciones de pobreza energética y por tanto tomar las medidas necesarias para que éstas no se produzcan. El desarrollo del método se ha realizado a través de una serie de ajustes, los cuales han ido modificándolo mediante la aplicación del mismo a distintas escalas y muestras de datos. A lo largo de la investigación que ha permitido la definición de este método, se ha establecido la incidencia de la pobreza energética en Castilla y León, la Comunidad de Madrid y Andalucía, las tres comunidades autónomas seleccionadas como casos de estudio, pudiendo delimitar aquellos hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética. También se ha establecido la relación entre la pobreza energética y la pobreza monetaria y las sinergias que se producen entre éstas y el parque de viviendas en el que habitan los hogares más desfavorecidos, el cual también se ha caracterizado y definido. Por último, mediante la selección de una muestra representativa de este parque de viviendas, se han establecido, mediante la utilización de criterios de bienestar adaptativo, las condiciones mínimas de habitabilidad que este parque debe proporcionar y las necesidades energéticas y de gasto asociados a este parque. ABSTRACT Fuel poverty affects an increasing number of households in the European Union. It is urgent the development of fuel poverty definitions adapted to regional conditions that gather not only different income levels but important construction and climatic differences between Northern and Southern countries. Furthermore, these definitions must include overheating problems and subsequent cooling needs that will likely be exacerbated by temperature increase due to climate change. In this context, the present research is aimed at developing a method for evaluating fuel poverty within the Spanish context that gathers climatic, building and socioeconomic particularities of the country. This method must constitute a useful tool for the identification of the fuel poor as well as the degree of the required need. Given that dwelling energy quality is, with income levels and energy prices, one of the main causes of fuel poverty, the method poses an aid in the decision making processes related to policy development and dwelling energy retrofitting actions. The proposal of a new method for evaluating fuel poverty in Spain relies on the limitations detected in existing methods in order to adequate delimit the fuel poor, due to the existing differences across Spanish regions. Grounded on these shortfalls, a new method is proposed; based on the income and expenditure approach, it also incorporates the parameter of monetary poverty. The concept of vulnerability towards fuel poverty is reflected too, so households can be classified as being fuel poor or not as well as their potential to fall under fuel poverty. The method allows the classification of households into different groups according to their situation regarding fuel or monetary poverty, also taking into account their vulnerability degree towards them. This division by groups enables establishing retrofitting intervention priorities of some groups over the others as well as the most appropriate type of intervention. Besides that, the detection of vulnerable groups helps to foresee possible situations of fuel poverty in the future and thus to take actions to prevent them. The development of the method was carried out through several adjustments. The modification of the method through these adjustments was the result of the analysis of different scale and source data. Along with the development of the method, the incidence of fuel poverty was established for the three Autonomous Regions selected as study cases; Castilla y León, the Autonomous Region of Madrid and Andalucía. The relation between fuel and monetary poverty was determined as well as the interactions amongst these two parameters and the housing stock where the fuel poor live in. This housing stock was characterized and a representative sample of it was selected. Minimal thermal habitability conditions that should be guaranteed for the fuel poor were determined based on adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Accordingly, energy needs and expenditure of this housing stock derived from these minimum requirements were appraised.

Cartografía local y sistemas de información geográfica participativos como herramientas de consolidación de la identidad local en la planificación urbana y territorial

Una de las características de la cartografía y SIG Participativos (SIGP) es incluir en sus métodos a la sociedad civil para aportar contenidos cualitativos a la información de sus territorios. Sin embargo no sólo se trata de datos, sino de los efectos que pueden tener estas prácticas sobre el territorio y su sociedad. El acceso a esa información se ve reducida en contraste con el incremento de información difundida a través de servicios de visualización, geoinformación y cartografía on-line. Todo esto hace que sea necesario el análisis del alcance real de las metodologías participativas en el uso de Información Geográfica (IG) y la comparación desde distintos contextos geográficos. También es importante conocer los beneficios e inconvenientes del acceso a la información para el planeamiento; desde la visibilidad de muchos pueblos desapercibidos en zonas rurales y periféricas, hasta la influencia en programas de gobierno sobre la gestión del territorio pasando por el conocimiento local espacial. El análisis se centró en los niveles de participación de la sociedad civil y sus grados de accesibilidad a la información (acceso y uso), dentro del estudio de los SIGP, Participatory Mapping, además se estudió de los TIG (Tecnologías de Información Geográfica), cartografías on-line (geoweb) y plataformas de geovisualización espacial, como recursos de Neocartografía. En este sentido, se realizó un trabajo de campo de cartografía participativa en Bolivia, se evaluaron distintos proyectos SIGP en países del norte y sur (comparativa de contextos en países en desarrollo) y se analizaron los resultados del cruce de las distintas variables.(validación, accesibilidad, verificación de datos, valor en la planificación e identidad) La tesis considera que ambos factores (niveles de participación y grado de accesibilidad) afectan a la (i) validación, verificación y calidad de los datos, la (ii) valor analítico en la planificación, y al (iii) modelo de identidad de un lugar, y que al ser tratados de forma integral, constituyen el valor añadido que los SIGP pueden aportar para lograr una planificación efectiva. Asimismo se comprueba, que la dimensión participativa en los SIGP varía según el contexto, la centralización de sus actores e intereses sectoriales. La información resultante de las prácticas SIGP tiende a estar restringida por la falta de legislaciones y por la ausencia de formatos estándar, que limitan la difusión e intercambio de la información. Todo esto repercute en la efectividad de una planificación estratégica y en la viabilidad de la implementación de cualquier proyecto sobre el territorio, y en consecuencia sobre los niveles de desarrollo de un país. Se confirma la hipótesis de que todos los elementos citados en los SIGP y mapeo participativo actuarán como herramientas válidas para el fortalecimiento y la eficacia en la planificación sólo si están interconectadas y vinculadas entre sí. Se plantea una propuesta metodológica ante las formas convencionales de planificación (nueva ruta del planeamiento; que incluye el intercambio de recursos y determinación participativa local antes de establecer la implementación), con ello, se logra incorporar los beneficios de las metodologías participativas en el manejo de la IG y los SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica) como instrumentos estratégicos para el desarrollo de la identidad local y la optimización en los procesos de planeamiento y estudios del territorio. Por último, se fomenta que en futuras líneas de trabajo los mapas de los SIGP y la cartografía participativa puedan llegar a ser instrumentos visuales representativos que transfieran valores identitarios del territorio y de su sociedad, y de esta manera, ayudar a alcanzar un mayor conocimiento, reconocimiento y valoración de los territorios para sus habitantes y sus planificadores. ABSTRACT A feature of participatory mapping and PGIS is to include the participation of the civil society, to provide qualitative information of their territories. However, focus is not only data, but also the effects that such practices themselves may have on the territory and their society. Access to this information is reduced in contrast to the increase of information disseminated through visualization services, geoinformation, and online cartography. Thus, the analysis of the real scope of participatory methodologies in the use of Geographic Information (GI) is necessary, including the comparison of different geographical contexts. It is also important to know the benefits and disadvantages of access to information needed for planning in different contexts, ranging from unnoticed rural areas and suburbs to influence on government programs on land management through local spatial knowledge. The analysis focused on the participation levels of civil society and the degrees of accessibility of the information (access and use) within the study of Participatory GIS (PGIS). In addition, this work studies GIT (Geographic Information Technologies), online cartographies (Geoweb) and platforms of spatial geovisualization, as resources of Neocartography. A participatory cartographic fieldwork was carried out in Bolivia. Several PGIS projects were evaluated in Northern and Southern countries (comparatively with the context of developing countries), and the results were analyzed for each these different variables. (validation, accessibility, verification,value, identity). The thesis considers that both factors (participation levels and degree of accessibility) affect the (i) validation, verification and quality of the data, (ii) analytical value for planning, and (iii) the identity of a place. The integrated management of all the above cited criteria constitutes an added value that PGISs can contribute to reach an effective planning. Also, it confirms the participatory dimension of PGISs varies according to the context, the centralization of its actors, and to sectorial interests. The resulting information from PGIS practices tends to be restricted by the lack of legislation and by the absence of standard formats, which limits in turn the diffusion and exchange of the information. All of this has repercussions in the effectiveness of a strategic planning and in the viability of the implementation of projects about the territory, and consequentially in the land development levels. The hypothesis is confirmed since all the described elements in PGISs and participatory mapping will act as valid tools in strengthening and improving the effectivity in planning only if they are interconnected and linked amongst themselves. This work, therefore, suggests a methodological proposal when faced with the conventional ways of planning: a new planning route which includes the resources exchange and local participatory determination before any plan is established -. With this, the benefits of participatory methodologies in the management of GI and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is incorporated as a strategic instrument for development of local identity and optimization in planning processes and territory studies. Finally, the study outlines future work on PGIS maps and Participatory Mapping, such that these could eventually evolve into visual representative instruments that transfer identity values of the territory and its society. In this way, they would contribute to attain a better knowledge, recognition, and appraisement of the territories for their inhabitants and planners.

Aportes críticos para a cooperação internacional em saúde : uma perspectiva bioética

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, 2015.

Comparing exchange market pressure in West and Southern African countries

We compare the performance of Cape Verde and Mozambique concerning financial credibility as measured by Exchange Market Pressure, an institutional feature that has often been overlooked in the literature as a relevant institution for economies. Drawing on previous research by Macedo et al. (2009), we expand their analysis and, using several definitions of “financial credibility”, all related to different angles on Exchange Market Pressure indices, we conclude that - against reasonable benchmarks in their respective regions - financial credibility has been very good for Cape Verde and fairly good for Mozambique.

Chagas disease: current epidemiological trends after the interruption of vectorial and transfusional transmission in the Southern Cone countries

Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and by blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts 6 to 8 weeks. After several years of starting the chronic phase, 20% to 35% of the infected individuals, depending on the geographical area will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, esophagus, colon and the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980's as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies carried out in countries where accurate information was not available. A group of experts met in Brasília in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country program in the Southern Cone countries the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and by blood transfusion has been interrupted in Uruguay in1997, in Chile in 1999, and in 8 of the 12 endemic states of Brazil in 2000 and so the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi in the whole continent has decreased by 70%. Similar control multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been recorded to ensure the interruption of the transmission of Chagas disease by 2005 as requested by a Resolution of the World Health Assembly approved in 1998. The cost-benefit analysis of the investments of the vector control program in Brazil indicate that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the program is a health investment with good return. Since the inception in 1979 of the Steering Committee on Chagas Disease of the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases of the World Health Organization (TDR), the objective was set to promote and finance research aimed at the development of new methods and tools to control this disease. The well known research institutions in Latin America were the key elements of a world wide network of laboratories that received - on a competitive basis - financial support for projects in line with the priorities established. It is presented the time line of the different milestones that were answering successively and logically the outstanding scientific questions identified by the Scientific Working Group in 1978 and that influenced the development and industrial production of practical solutions for diagnosis of the infection and disease control.

International trends in health science librarianship: part 4--four Southern European countries.

This is the fourth in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship in four Southern European countries in the first decade of the 21st century. The invited authors are from Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Future issues will track trends in Latin America and Central Europe.

Africans in the Southern European countries: Italy, Spain and Portugal

Incluye bibliografía

Coexistence between Nearctic-Neotropical migratory shorebirds and humans on urban beaches of the Southern Hemisphere: a current conservation challenge in developing countries

The arrival of migratory shorebirds on beaches in urban communities in developing countries is a current challenge for the protection of these migrant birds. Nearctic-Neotropical migrants rely on roosting and feeding sites during their stopover on wintering sites in the Southern Hemisphere to acquire sufficient energy to complete their migratory cycles. On the other hand, cities in the Southern Hemisphere are growing rapidly, which results in increasing competition for space between humans and birds, such as for use in beach habitats. In the present study, I analyze the probability for occurrence for Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds relative to the number of people in southeastern Brazil, the most populated region of South America. The frequency of occurrence of migrants, their distance of tolerance to people and the number of people were recorded in sample areas (circle plots with 20 m radius) on a 9 km stretch of urban beaches from November to February from 2009 to 2013. The probability of occurrence of Nearctic birds decreased as the number of people increased. When the number of people exceeded 20, the probability of occurrence of birds was almost zero. Furthermore, more than 95 % of birds moved off when people were within 16 m of reach. These results are discussed in the context of conservation actions since no management plan has been developed for migrant shorebirds that use urban beaches as stopover or wintering sites in developing countries.