Effect of SDS on human hair: Study on the molecular structure and morphology

This paper presents a model study to understand the effect of surfactants on the physicochemical properties of human hair. FT-IR ATR spectroscopy has been employed to understand the chemical changes induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on human scalp hair. In particular, the SDS induced changes in the secondary structure of protein present in the outer protective layer of hair, i.e. cuticle, have been investigated. Conformational changes in the secondary structure of protein were studied by curve fitting of the amide I band after every phase of SDS treatment. It has been found that SDS brings rearrangements in the protein backbone conformations by transforming beta-sheet structure to random coil and beta-turn. Additionally, AFM and SEM studies were carried out to understand the morphological changes induced on the hair surface. SEM and AFM images demonstrated the rupture and partial erosion of cuticle sublayers.

Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil

This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic (As) from an iron (Fe) rich soil. Natural association of As(V) with Fe(III) makes the process difficult. Soapnut solution was compared to anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in down-flow and a newly introduced suction mode for soil
column washing. It was observed that soapnut attained up to 86% efficiency with respect to SDS in removing As. Full factorial design of experiment revealed a very good fit of data. The suction mode generated up to 83 kPa pressure inside column whilst down-flow mode generated a much higher pressure of 214 kPa, thus making the suction mode more efficient. Micellar solubilisation was found to
be responsible for As desorption from the soil and it followed 1st order kinetics. Desorption rate coefficient of suction mode was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.01, much higher than down-flow mode values. Analysis of the FT-IR data suggested that the soapnut solution did not interact chemically with As, offering an option for reusing the surfactant. Soapnut can be considered as a soil washing
agent for removing As even from soil with high Fe content.

Aqueous gels of mixtures of ionic surfactant SDS with pluronic copolymers P123 or F127

Gel diagrams based on tube inversion and oscillatory rheometry are reported for Pluronic copolymers F127 (E98P67E98) and P123 (E21P67E21) in mixtures with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Total concentrations (e, SDS+copolymer) were as high as 50 wt% with mole ratios SDS/copolymer (mr) in the ranges 1-5 (F127) a lid 1-7 (PI 23). Temperatures were its high as 90 degrees C. Determination of the temperature dependences of the dynamic moduli served to confirm the gel boundaries from tube inversion and to reveal the high elastic moduli of the gels, e.g., compared at corn parable positions in the gel phase, a 50 wt% SDS/P123 wit h mr = 7 had G' three times that of a corresponding gel of P123 alone. Sin all-angle X-ray scattering (SAX S) was used to show that the structures of all the SDS/F127 gels were bee and that the structures of the SDS/P123 gels with mr = I were either fcc(c = 30 wt%) or hex (c = 40 wt%). Assignment of structures to SDS/P123 gels with values of mr in the range 3-7 was more difficult, as high-order scattering peaks Could be very weak, and at the higher values of c and mr, the SAXS peaks included multiple reflections.

Protection of rabbits against lapinized rinderpest virus with purified envelope glycoproteins of peste-des-petits-ruminants and rinderpest viruses

Haemagglutinin (HA) and fusion (F) proteins of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified proteins were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). Rabbit hyperimmune sera were raised against the purified HA and F proteins and assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests. The immunized animals were challenged with a virulent lapinized (rabbit-adapted) strain of RPV: Both HA and F proteins of PPRV protected rabbits against a lethal challenge with lapinized RPV. As expected, RPV HA and F proteins also conferred a similar protection against the homologous challenge. The postchallenge antibody responses were of a true anamnestic type.

Re-entrant Phase Behavior of a Concentrated Anionic Surfactant System with Strongly Binding Counterions

The phase behavior of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of the strongly binding counterion p-toluidine hydrochloride (PTHC) has been examined using small-angle X-ray diffraction and polarizing microscopy. A hexagonal-to-lamellar transition on varying the PTHC to SDS molar ratio (alpha) occurs through a nematic phase of rodlike micelles (N-C) -> isotropic (I) -> nematic of disklike micelles (N-D) at a fixed surfactant concentration (phi). The lamellar phase is found to coexist with an isotropic phase (l') over a large region of the phase diagram. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the phase behavior at phi = 0.4 confirm the transition from N-C to N-D on varying alpha. The viscoelastic and flow behaviors of the different phases were examined. A decrease in the steady shear viscosity across the different phases with increasing alpha suggests a decrease in the aspect ratio of the micellar aggregates. From the transient shear stress response of the N-C and N-D nematic phases in step shear experiments, they were characterized to be tumbling and now aligning, respectively. Our studies reveal that by tuning the morphology of the surfactant micelles strongly binding counterions modify the phase behavior and rheological properties of concentrated surfactant solutions.

Photolabeling of the EcoP15 DNA methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-l-methionine

Radioactivity from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-H-3] methionine ([methyl-H-3]AdoMet) was bound to the EcoP15 DNA methyltransferase (M.EcoP15) following short-wave ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The labeled protein was subjected to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE), and detected by fluorography and autoradiography. Labeling was found to be dependent on the concentration of AdoMet and time of UV irradiation. The photolabeling by [methyl-H-3]AdoMet was specific and blocked by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) and sinefungin which are known to function as competitive inhibitors. Limited digestion of the M EcoP15-AdoMet adduct by Staphylococcus aureus protease V8 generated three peptides of approx. 50, 32 and 30 kDa; Interestingly, only the 30-kDa peptide fragment contained radioactivity, as detected by SDS-PAGE, followed by fluorography and autoradiography. Further, sequencing of a few amino acids at the N-terminus of these peptides showed that the 30-kDa fragment was the N-terminal portion of M.EcoP15, These results suggest that photolabeling is at the AdoMet-binding site and that the N-terminal half of M.EcoP15 may be involved in substrate binding.

Diffusion ordered spectroscopy for resolution of double bonded cis, trans-isomers

NMR spectroscopic separation of double bonded cis- and trans-isomers, that have different molecular shapes but identical mass have been carried out using Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY). The mixtures of fumaric acid and maleic acid, that have similar hydrodynamic radii, have resolved been on the basis of their diffusion coefficients arising due to their different tendencies to associate with micelles or reverse micelles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) have been used as the media to mimic the chromatographic conditions, modify the average mobility and to achieve differential diffusion rates. The best separation of the components has been achieved by Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) in D2O solution. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ratiometric, reversible, and parts per billion level detection of multiple toxic transition metal ions using a single probe in micellar media

We present the selective sensing of multiple transition metal ions in water using a synthetic single probe. The probe is made up of pyrene and pyridine as signaling and interacting moiety, respectively. The sensor showed different responses toward metal ions just by varying the medium of detection. In organic solvent (acetonitrile), the probe showed selective detection of Hg2+ ion. In water, the fluorescence quenching was observed with three metal ions, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Ni2+. Further, just by varying the surface charge on the micellar aggregates, the probe could detect and discriminate the above-mentioned three different toxic metal ions appropriately. In neutral micelles (Brij 58), the probe showed a selective interaction with Hg2+ ion as observed in acetonitrile medium. However, in anionic micellar medium (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), the probe showed changes with both Cu2+ and Ni2+. under UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The discrimination between these two ions was achieved by recording their emission spectra, where it showed selective quenching with Cu2+.

Improving Nucleation in the Fabrication of High-Quality 3D Macro-Porous Copper Film through The Surface-Modification of A Polystyrene Colloid-Assembled Template

A new approach is developed to the fabrication of high-quality three-dimensional macro-porous copper films. A highly-ordered macroporous copper film is successfully produced on a polystyrene sphere (PS) template that has been modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It is shown that this procedure can change a hydrophobic surface of PS template into a hydrophilic surface. The present study is devoted to the influence of the electrolyte solution transport on the nucleation process. It is demonstrated that the permeability of the electrolyte solution in the nanochannels of the PS template plays an important role in the chemical electrodeposition of high-quality macroporous copper film. The permeability is drastically enhanced in our experiment through the surface modi. cation of the PS templates. The method could be used to homogeneously produce a large number of nucleations on a substrate, which is a key factor for the fabrication of the high-quality macroporous copper film.

The photochemistry of dioxorhenium(V)

The excited-state properties of trans-ReO₂(py)₄⁺ (ReO₂⁺) in acetonitrile solution have been investigated. The excited-state absorption spectrum of ReO₂⁺ is dominated by bleaching of the ground state MLCT and d-d systems. The reduction potential of ReO₂^2+/+* is estimated from emission and electrochemical data to be -0.7 V (SSCE). The ReO₂⁺ excited state efficiently reduces methylviologen and other pyridinium and olefin acceptors. The resulting Re(VI) species oxidizes secondary alcohols and silanes. Acetophenone is the product of sec-phenethyl alcohol oxidation.

The emission properties of ReO₂⁺ in aqueous solutions of anionic and nonionic surfactants have been investigated. The emission and absorption maxima of ReO₂⁺ are dependent on the water content of its environment. Emission lifetimes vary over four orders of magnitude upon shifting from aqueous to nonaqueous environments. The emission lifetime has a large (8.6) isotope effect (k(H₂O)/k(D₂O)) that reflects its sensitivity towards the environment. These properties have been used to develop a model for the interactions of ReO₂⁺ with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A hydrophobic ReO₂⁺ derivative, ReO₂(3-Ph-py)₄⁺, has been used to probe micelles of nonionic surfactants, and these results are consistent with those obtained with SDS.

The emission properties of ReO₂⁺ in Nafion perfluorosulfonated membranes have been investigated. Absorption and emission spectroscopy indicate that the interior of the membrane is quite polar, similar to ethylene glycol. Two well-resolved emission components show different lifetimes and different isotope effects, indicative of varying degrees of solvent accessibility. These components are taken as evidence for chemically distinct regions in the polymer film, assigned as the interfacial region and the ion cluster region.

The unsubstituted pyridine complex shows monophasic, τ = 1.7 µs, emission decay when bound to calf thymus DNA. Switching to the 3-Ph-py complex yields a biphasic emission decay (τ₁ = 2.4 µs, τ₂ = 10 µs) indicative of an additional, solvent-inaccessible binding mode. Photoinduced electron transfer to methylviologen leads to oxidative cleavage of the DNA as detected by gel electrophoresis. Electrochemical and spectrophotometric techniques used with organic substrates also can be used to monitor the oxidation of DNA. Abstraction of the ribose 4' hydrogen by ReO₂²⁺ is a possible mechanism.

Gene enrichment using antibodies to DNA/RNA hybrids : mapping the ribosomal DNA of slime mold and rat

A novel method for gene enrichment has been developed and applied to mapping the rRNA genes of two eucaryotic organisms. The method makes use of antibodies to DNA/RNA hybrids prepared by injecting rabbits with the synthetic hybrid poly(rA)•poly(dT). Antibodies which cross-react with non-hybrid nucleic acids were removed from the purified IgG fraction by adsorption on columns of DNA-Sepharose, oligo(dT)-cellulose, and poly(rA)-Sepharose. Subsequent purification of the specific DNA/RNA hybrid antibody was carried out on a column of oligo(dT)-cellulose to which poly(rA) was hybridized. Attachment of these antibodies to CNBr-activated Sepharose produced an affinity resin which specifically binds DNA/RNA hybrids.

In order to map the rDNA of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, R-loops were formed using unsheared nuclear DNA and the 178 and 268 rRNAs of this organism. This mixture was passed through a column containing the affinity resin, and bound molecules containing R- loops were eluted by high salt. This purified rDN A was observed directly in the electron microscope. Evidence was obtained that there is a physical end to Dictyostelium rDN A molecules approximately 10 kilobase pairs (kbp) from the region which codes for the 268 rRNA. This finding is consistent with reports of other investigators that the rRNA genes exist as inverse repeats on extra-chromosomal molecules of DNA unattached to the remainder of the nuclear DNA in this organism.

The same general procedure was used to map the rRNA genes of the rat. Molecules of DNA which contained R-loops formed with the 188 and 288 rRNAs were enriched approximately 150- fold from total genomal rat DNA by two cycles of purification on the affinity column. Electron microscopic measurements of these molecules enabled the construction of an R-loop map of rat rDNA. Eleven of the observed molecules contained three or four R-loops or else two R-loops separated by a long spacer. These observations indicated that the rat rRNA genes are arranged as tandem repeats. The mean length of the repeating units was 37.2 kbp with a standard deviation of 1.3 kbp. These eleven molecules may represent repeating units of exactly the same length within the errors of the measurements, although a certain degree of length heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. If significantly shorter or longer repeating units exist, they are probably much less common than the 37.2 kbp unit.

The last section of the thesis describes the production of antibodies to non-histone chromosomal proteins which have been exposed to the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The presence of low concentrations of SDS did not seem to affect either production of antibodies or their general specificity. Also, a technique is described for the in situ immunofluorescent detection of protein antigens in polyacrylamide gels.

Poluentes marinhos como fatores de estresse em esponjas e mexilhões

A biota marinha está exposta a uma elevada quantidade de substâncias tóxicas que podem causar graves problemas ao ambiente. As esponjas (Porifera) e os mexilhões (Mollusca) por serem sésseis e filtradores são utilizados como bioindicadores de poluição. A experimentação com aquários permite a realização de ensaios controlados, acompanhamento da resposta a diversos poluentes, concentrações e tempo de exposição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: I). avaliar a imunocompetência através da expressão de proteínas do sistema imune Fator Inflamatório de Enxerto AIF -1 e pP38 por teste de ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) em esponjas expostas a poluentes, II) acompanhar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) após exposição a lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) de E. Coli III) avaliar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas espécies C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis após exposição a dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) IV) avaliar a mortalidade de mexilhões quando expostos ao dispersante Triton X-100 e esgoto doméstico in natura. Os resultados indicam que as esponjas A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta e P. janeirensis expostas a 20 μg/mL de LPS por 30 minutos, uma, três, 24 e 48 horas apresentaram aumento de expressão da proteína AIF-1 em relação ao controle, com diferentes tempos de resposta para cada espécie. A esponja H. heliophila exposta a 30 μg/mL de LPS apresentou diferença significativa na expressão de AIF-1 em relação ao controle na exposição por 30 min, uma, quatro, 24 e 48 horas. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na expressão de outra proteína, a quinase pP38, nesses ensaios. As esponjas C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis foram expostas a 0,25 mg/L de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) por 24 e 48 horas. C. aff. nucula apresentou aumento da expressão de AIF -1 quando comparada ao controle em 24 e 48 horas, mas para P. janeirensis não houve diferença significativa. Os mexilhões Perna perna foram expostos a poluentes de duas maneiras a detergente Triton X-100 0,10 g/L por três, seis, 12 e 18 horas que induziu diferença significativa na mortalidade em seis, 12 e 18 horas em comparação com o controle e a a esgoto doméstico in natura diluído na proporção de 1:50 não houve mortalidade no tratamento ou no controle. A variação da expressão da proteína AIF-1 observada nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas confirma a utilização dessa proteína como eficiente biomarcador de estresse. Os mexilhões foram bons bioindicadores da poluição por detergente.

Efeito de surfactantes na estimativa da densidade bacteriana em amostras de petróleo

Foi examinado o efeito dos surfactantes polisorbato 60 (Tween 60), polisorbato 80 (Tween 80), brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (CTAB) e lauril sulfato de sódio (SDS) na estimativa da densidade de Bactérias Redutoras de Sulfato (BRS) e Bactérias Anaeróbias Heterotróficas Totais (BANHT) em amostras de petróleo. Para a realização dos experimentos, foram selecionadas três amostras com diferentes proporções de óleo e água de forma a representar amostras reais. A primeira amostra contém uma alta proporção de óleo, a segunda uma proporção média e a última amostra uma baixa proporção de óleo. A densidade bacteriana foi estimada através do método do Número Mais Provável (NMP). As concentrações dos surfactantes empregadas neste estudo foram estabelecidas através de estudo anterior. Os resultados demonstram que nas amostras com alta e média proporção de óleo, a adição dos surfactantes não foi favorável a um aumento na quantificação de BRS. Por outro lado, o Tween 60 e o Tween 80 mostraram um aumento significativo na quantificação de BANHT quando aplicados na concentração de 0,01% e 0,03% m/v, respectivamente. O CTAB favoreceu o crescimento de BRS e BANHT na amostra com baixa proporção de óleo quando sua concentração foi de 0,001% m/v e 0,0001% m/v, respectivamente

Formação de biofilmes por Enterococcus faecium sensível e multirresistente aos antimicrobianos: características à proteômica

Enterococcus faecium tem se destacado no cenário das infecções hospitalares, particularmente, amostras portadoras de características de multirresistência. Apesar de serem responsabilizados como agentes etiológicos em diferentes quadros clínicos, fatores associados a patogênese das infecções ainda não estão esclarecidos. Entretanto, sabe-se que a capacidade de formação de biofilmes pode ser responsabilizada como um dos atributos capazes de promover o papel patogênico desses microrganismos. Assim sendo, este estudo se propôs a investigar a capacidade de formação de biofilmes por duas amostras de E. faecium: SS-1274 (derivada da amostra tipo da espécie) e CL-6729 (multirresistente e pertencente a um complexo clonal globalmente disperso). As amostras foram caracterizadas fenotipica e genotipicamente para confirmação da identificação, determinação da susceptibilidade a 17 antimicrobianos, caracterização da concentração mínima inibitória para ampicilina, gentamicina e vancomicina, determinação do genótipo vanA e detecção de genes associados a expressão dos genes asa1, cylA, esp, gelE e hyl. A análise quantitativa da formação por 24h e 72h dos biofilmes foi realizada por metodologia do cristal violeta, em placas de microtitulação de poliestireno. Foram construídas curvas de formação pela avaliação da DO570nm das preparações coradas por cristal violeta em períodos de tempo de 2h a 74h. A influência de subCMIs de ampicilina, gentamicina e vancomicina na formação de biofilmes de E. faecium foi também caracterizada em ensaios de quantificação da biomassa. A presença de DNA e proteínas foi avaliada em ensaios de destacamento e por fluorimetria. A arquitetura, distribuição espacial e reação aos fluorocromos Syto9 e SYPRO Ruby Protein foram evidenciadas por microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. Análises proteômicas através da avaliação por SDS-PAGE e por ESI-Q-TOF também foram empregadas para avaliação de biofilmes versus crescimento planctônico. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a amostra CL-6729 apresentou uma maior biomassa nos tempos analisados. Apesar da menor quantidade de biomassa da amostra SS-1274, o perfil da curva de formação foi semelhante a CL-6729. As análises da matriz por ensaios quantitativos e microscopia confocal revelaram que proteína parece ser um importante constituinte para ambas as amostras, entretanto biofilmes formados na presença de da CMI e durante 24h, parecem sofrer alterações na constituição. Os resultados relativos às espectrometrias de massa sugerem que células de biofilmes de E. faecium podem também estar metabolicamente ativas, devido a identificação de um considerável número de proteínas relacionadas ao metabolismo e divisão celular, similarmente às células planctônicas. No entanto, investigações complementares são necessárias para quantificar as diferenças relacionadas a sua expressão. Foi observado que ambas as amostras independente das variações fenotípicas e genotípicas são capazes de formar biofilmes maduros exibindo constituição e arquitetura similares. Entretanto, nossos resultados sugeriram que cada amostra responde as diferentes situações de acordo com seus determinantes de virulência e resistência.

Porphyrin detection in denatured cnidarian tissue extracts

Porphyrin metabolic disruption from exposure to xenobiotic contaminants such as heavy metals, dioxins, and aromatic hydrocarbons can elicit overproduction of porphyrins. Measurement of porphyrin levels, when used in conjunction with other diagnostic assays, can help elucidate an organism’s physiological condition and provide evidence for exposure to certain toxicants. A sensitive microplate fluorometric assay has been optimized for detecting total porphyrin levels in detergent solubilized protein extracts from symbiotic, dinoflagellate containing cnidarian tissues. The denaturing buffer used in this modified assay contains a number of potentially interfering components (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dithiothreitol (DTT), protease inhibitors, and chlorophyll from the symbiotic zooxanthellae), which required examination and validation. Examination of buffer components were validated for use in this porphyrin assay; while the use of a specific spectrofluorometric filter (excitation 400 ± 15 nm; emission 600 ± 20 nm) minimized chlorophyll interference. The detection limit for this assay is 10 fmol of total porphyrin per μg of total soluble protein and linearity is maintained up to 5000 fmol. The ability to measure total porphyrins in a SDS protein extract now allows a single extract to be used in multiple assays. This is an advantage over classical methods, particularly when tissue samples are limiting, as is often the case with coral due to availability and collection permit restrictions.