The user-value of rural electrification: An analysis and adoption of existing models and theories

User-value is a determining factor for product acceptance in product design. Research on rural electrification to date, however, does not draw sufficient attention to the importance of user-value with regard to the overall success of a project. This is evident from the analysis of project reports and applicable indicators from agencies active in the sector. Learning from the design, psychology and sociology literatures, it is important that rural electrification projects incorporate the value perception of the end-user and extend their success beyond the commonly used criteria of financial value, the appropriateness of the technology, capacity building and technology uptake. Creating value for the end-user is particularly important for project acceptance and the sustainability of a scheme once it has been handed over to the local community. In this research paper, existing theories and models of value-theory are transposed and applied to community operated rural electrification schemes and a user-value framework is developed. Furthermore, the importance of value to the end-user is clarified. Current literature on product design reveals that user-value has different properties, many of which are applicable to rural electrification. Five value pillars and their sub-categories important for the users of rural electrification projects are identified, namely: functional; social significance; epistemic; emotional; and cultural values. These pillars provide the main structure for the conceptual framework developed in this research paper. It is proposed that by targeting the values of the end-user, the key factors of user-value applicable to rural electrification projects will be identified and the sustainability of the project will be better ensured. © 2014 The Authors.

Periferias urbanas: retrato del extrarradio barcelonés en las novelas de Javier Pérez Andújar

Javier Pérez Andújar, a través de su propia memoria, crea en Los príncipes valientes (2007) y Paseos con mi madre (2011) un retrato detallado del extrarradio barcelonés. En ambas novelas, el autor combina diferentes elementos: la memoria oral, la metaliteratura, la crónica y la cultura popular. De este modo narra la historia de tres generaciones ubicadas en las afueras de la ciudad. El presente artículo centra su análisis, basándose en una contextualización histórica, en la configuración del espacio y el estudio de las características morfológicas y sociales propias de los extrarradios. Con ello se pretende demostrar la significación histórica y social del extrarradio en la historia contemporánea de Barcelona.

‘Bricolage’: reclaiming a conceptual tool

This article provides the genealogy of bricolage and underscores the modifications it has undergone within the sociologies of culture and religion. It draws on the study of three new religious movements that teach unconventional versions of Hinduism and kabbalah, to show that the current understanding of bricolage in the studies of popular culture and religion overestimates its eclectic and personal nature and neglects its sociocultural logics. It tends to take for granted the availability of cultural resources used in bricolage, and finally it fails to understand the social significance of individualism, overlooking the ways in which norms and power could be expressed through culture in the contemporary world. This article suggests that it would be best reclaiming bricolage’s original meaning, prompting questions about the contexts that make certain elements available, social patterns that may organise bricolage, who ‘bricole’, what for, who is empowered, from what and by using whose tradition.

Évaluation des effets de l'utilisation des aides à la mobilité motorisées chez les personnes âgées de plus de 50 ans

Le vieillissement démographique augmente rapidement la représentation des personnes âgées de plus de 50 ans parmi les utilisateurs d’aides à la mobilité motorisées (AMMs), telles que le fauteuil roulant motorisé et le quadriporteur. Le but général de la thèse est de rendre compte d’une démarche d’analyse des effets des AMMs au cours des premiers 18 mois d’utilisation chez les adultes d’âge moyen et les aînés. Notre question de recherche concerne la nature et l'importance des effets sur le fonctionnement, la pertinence sociale et le bien-être subjectif, ainsi que les liens entre les divers facteurs impliqués dans leur impact optimal. La thèse s’articule en trois volets, synthétique, méthodologique et analytique, dont les principaux résultats sont présentés dans quatre articles scientifiques. Le volet synthétique comprend une recension systématique qui révèle la représentation marginale des personnes âgées de plus de 50 ans dans les publications scientifiques sur les effets des AMMs et le faible niveau de preuve dans ce champ d’études. Les travaux liés à ce volet proposent également un cadre d’analyse reliant l’intention d’utiliser l’AMM, les habitudes de déplacements, les dimensions d’effets des AMMs sur le fonctionnement, la pertinence sociale et le bien-être subjectif, ainsi que quatre catégories de cofacteurs associés à l’utilisation (personne, aide technique, intervention, environnement). Le volet méthodologique assemble un dispositif de mesure comprenant 5 questionnaires et 18 indicateurs arrimés au cadre d’analyse et démontre l’applicabilité de l’ensemble des questionnaires pour une administration téléphonique. La validation transculturelle de deux questionnaires implique deux études réalisées auprès d’utilisateurs d’AMMs âgés de 50 à 84 ans (n=45). Ces travaux confirment la fidélité test-retest et l’équivalence des questionnaires traduits avec la version d’origine. Finalement, le volet analytique se concentre sur l’étude des habitudes de déplacements chez 3 cohortes (n=116) de personnes âgées de 50 à 89 ans, recrutées en fonction du stade d’utilisation de l’AMM. Les résultats suggèrent une amélioration de l’aire de mobilité après l’utilisation initiale ou long terme de l’AMM en comparaison avec une cohorte en attente de l’AMM, ainsi qu’une augmentation significative de la fréquence des déplacements autour du domicile et dans le voisinage. Trois facteurs associés à une aire de mobilité optimale, à savoir le genre, la nature des objectifs de participation de l’utilisateur et le type d’appareil utilisé, sont identifiés par des analyses de régression linéaires contrôlant pour l’âge. La thèse soutient l’importance de tenir compte de l’environnement et d’une combinaison de facteurs reliés à la personne et à l’aide technique pour saisir les effets des AMMs au cours des premiers mois d’utilisation. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie au suivi systématique des utilisateurs d’AMMs par les professionels de réadaptation, puisqu’ils confirment l’utilité du dispositif pour en mesurer les effets et ciblent les déterminants de la mobilité des utilisateurs d’AMMs âgés de plus de 50 ans.

La gratuité des soins et ses effets sociaux : entre renforcement des capabilités et du pouvoir d’agir (empowerment) au Burkina Faso

La documentation sur les interventions de gratuité sélective des soins est encore insuffisante et surtout focalisée sur leurs effets au niveau de l’utilisation des services de santé ou de la réduction des dépenses catastrophiques. Leurs effets sociaux sont occultés par les recherches. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle constitue la première recherche qui s’est consacrée à cela. Ses résultats sont structurés en quatre articles. Le premier article montre que la gratuité sélective des soins est socialement acceptée, car elle est vue comme contributive au renforcement du lien social. Toutefois, le choix des cibles bénéficiaires est remis en cause. Au nom d’arguments moraux et humanitaires, les communautés préfèrent inclure les personnes âgées dans le ciblage, quitte à les substituer aux plus pauvres, les indigents. Néanmoins, le ciblage des indigents n’a pas entrainé de stigmatisation. Le deuxième article souligne que la fourniture gratuite de soins aux populations par les villageois membres des comités de gestion des centres de santé a contribué au renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir et celui de leur organisation. Cependant, pour que la participation communautaire soit effective, l’étude montre qu’elle doit s’accompagner d’un renforcement des compétences des communautés Le troisième article soutient que la suppression du paiement des soins a permis aux femmes de ne plus avoir besoin de s’endetter ou de négocier constamment avec leurs maris pour disposer de l’argent des consultations prénatales ou des accouchements. Ce qui a contribué à leur empowerment et rendu possible l’atteinte d’autres réalisations au plan sanitaire (augmentation des accouchements assistés), mais aussi social (renforcement de leur position sociale). Le quatrième article s’est intéressé à étudier la pérennité de ces interventions de gratuité des soins. Les résultats suggèrent que le degré de pérennité de la prise en charge des indigents (district de Ouargaye) est moyen correspondant au degré le plus élevé dans une organisation alors que celui de la gratuité des accouchements et des soins pour les enfants (districts de Dori et de Sebba) est précaire. Cette différence de pérennité est due principalement à la différence d’échelle (taille des populations concernées) et d’ampleur (inégalité des ressources en jeu) entre ces interventions. D’autres facteurs ont aussi influencé cette situation comme les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces interventions (approche projet à Dori et Sebba vs approche communautaire à Ouargaye) Au plan des connaissances, l’étude a mis en exergue plusieurs points dont : 1) l’importance de prendre en compte les valeurs des populations dans l’élaboration des réformes ; 2) la pertinence sociale du ciblage communautaire de sélection des indigents ; 3) la capacité des communautés à prendre en charge leurs problèmes de santé pourvu qu’on leur donne les ressources financières et la formation minimale ; 4) l’importance du processus de pérennisation, notamment la stabilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la continuité d’une intervention et l’adoption de risques organisationnels dans sa gestion ; 5) l’importance de la suppression de la barrière financière au point de services pour renforcer l’empowerment des femmes et son corolaire leur recours aux services de soins.

As migrações : uma leitura política e uma visão humanista

Ao ter como base geral de pesquisa – A Europa diante do fenómeno migratório - a procura de uma nova Humanização – o objectivo deste trabalho consistiu na análise de algumas formas de manifestação e do impacto deste fenómeno nas sociedades democráticas inseridas nesse espaço. A consciência que as migrações têm seguido a história do mundo e as civilizações e que a sua análise permite avaliar o destino de seres humanos que partem em busca de soluções para as suas vidas. A convicção que a configuração das migrações tem um amplo significado social, cultural e económico e que uma política de imigração fechada, repressiva ou redutora do seu verdadeiro significado pode dividir a Humanidade. O receio que gera a continuidade de uma visão unilateral do Mundo e o esquecimento das condições existenciais difíceis de alguns países de emigração. A renúncia de alguns em escutar um discurso carecido de autenticidade e em apoiar um diálogo comprometido com alguns pressupostos ideológicos pouco claros. O desejo de participar na denúncia da propagação de atitudes facilitadoras dos sentimentos racistas e xenófobos. O repúdio pelo desnorteamento ontológico traduzido pela defesa de certas atitudes persecutórias infringidas aos imigrantes clandestinos. A adopção de uma política basicamente norteada pelo controlo das fronteiras e pela exploração económica dos imigrantes. A indignação pelo esquecimento ou negligência na vigilância e aplicação dos direitos fundamentais, em concreto, o direito ao uso da liberdade, a uma vida familiar normal, situações que lesam muitos. Foram, em suma, as razões que motivaram o trabalho. Porque, igualmente o exercício da cidadania e a inserção num espaço mundial em transformação requerem a actualização da leitura das relações dos homens entre eles e com as formas espaciais; porque o papel dos imigrantes na economia contemporânea é sentido como algo fundamental, e também a importância do seu lugar na estratégia de um desenvolvimento sustentável deve ser demonstrada e respeitada, desejou-se partilhar com outros a oportunidade de defender a participação colectiva sob princípios e premissas mais humanistas, e considerados fundamentais, para a construção de uma política de imigração digna, mais abrangente e indutora de pontes abertas e não de áreas amuralhadas.

Ateliê caderneta de cromos : estudo sobre a relação de uma prática artística visual não formal e inclusão

Esta investigação teve como objeto de estudo o Ateliê Caderneta de Cromos, do projeto Geração Cool, fruto de uma parceria entre várias instituições do concelho de Almada. Trata--se de um projeto de desenvolvimento social comunitário, multicultural, associado a uma escola. Através de um estudo de caso, pretendeu analisar-se, criticamente, um modelo não formal de práticas ligadas às artes visuais, vocacionado para jovens em risco e mostrar como as aprendizagens desenvolvidas num ateliê de artes visuais contribuem para o processo de inclusão desses jovens. Desenvolveu-se um quadro teórico abrangente, no sentido de sustentar as perguntas iniciais, referenciando questões consideradas pertinentes tais como: visões contemporâneas das realidades multiculturais das periferias urbanas; perspetivas pós-modernistas de ensino artístico, defensoras de uma construção cognitiva; ação dos projetos artísticos de desenvolvimento social e ainda, a importância ética e social dos currículos artísticos atuais. Tendo como referência a hipótese de antagonismo e/ou complementaridade entre o ato pedagógico não formal e o institucional, o estudo procurou estabelecer uma relação entre essa prática e a inclusão, ao identificar e desmontar um roteiro estratégico de aprendizagens. O ato pedagógico no Ateliê mostrou potenciar uma aprendizagem construtiva nas respostas produzidas, sendo também significativa pelo caráter experiencial vivido e cognitiva no sentido em que determina a construção de um significado, assumido como a própria assunção identitária.

Law and the power of feminism: how marriage lost its power to oppress women

In Feminism and the Power of Law Carol Smart argued that feminists should use non-legal strategies rather than looking to law to bring about women’s liberation. This article seeks to demonstrate that, as far as marriage is concerned, she was right. Statistics and contemporary commentary show how marriage, once the ultimate and only acceptable status for women, has declined in social significance to such an extent that today it is a mere lifestyle choice. This is due to many factors, including the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s, improved education and job opportunities for women, and divorce law reform, but the catalyst for change was the feminist critique that called for the abandonment (rather than the reform) of the institution and made the unmarried state possible for women. I conclude that this loss of significance has been more beneficial to British women in terms of the possibility of ‘liberation’ than appeals for legal change and recognition, and that we should continue to be wary of looking to law to solve women’s problems.

Writing in a non-standard Greek variety: Romanized Cypriot Greek in online chat

Cypriot Greek, a variety of Greek spoken in the island of Cyprus, is relatively distinct from Standard Greek in all linguistic domains. The regional variety does not have a standard, official orthography and it is rarely used for everyday written purposes. Following technological development and the emergence of Computer-mediated Communication, a Romanized version of written CG is now widely used in online text-based communication, among teenagers and young adults (Themistocleous, C. (2008), The use of Cypriot-Greek in synchronous computer-mediated communication (PhD thesis), University of Manchester). In this study, I present the innovative ways that Greek-Cypriots use Roman characters in an effort to represent features of their spoken language in their online writings. By analysing data obtained from channel #Cyprus of Internet Relay Chat, I demonstrate how the choice of writing in CG affects the ways that Roman characters are used. I argue that this practice is not just a response to technological constrains but it actually has a wider social significance.

Conceptualising public-private partnerships: a critical appraisal of approaches to meanings and forms

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to survey various meanings attached to a public-private partnership (PPP) and related aspects in Western literature, and identify commonalities and differences between them. Additionally, the article intends to critically assess conflicting and overlapping views on contractual and institutional PPPs, their forms and models, and draw insights for transitional economies. Design/methodology/approach – The article contrasts and compares views on PPP meanings, forms and models within Western PPP literature, and also draws comparisons with understanding of partnership aspects in the Russian language sources. The article examines theories underpinning PPPs, builds connections to PPP advantages and drawbacks, and provides critical assessment of net benefits that PPPs may bring along to the society. Findings – The article concludes that future PPP research in transitional countries such as Kazakhstan and Russia, particularly in the area of organisational and power arrangements in partnerships, may delineate new concepts such as government as a guarantor of a PPP project, social significance of a PPP project, and risk management in a country's contextual environment. Practical implications – In transitional countries, in which PPPs are in their infancy, clarification of theoretical positions, and identification of commonalities and differences between meanings attached to the PPP terminology may enable better decisions by researchers and practitioners in their selection and further development of partnerships and related concepts. Originality/value – Research in the field of PPPs in transitional countries such as Russia and Kazakhstan is in its infancy. The paper intends to contribute to the body of knowledge about PPPs by providing detailed account and categorisation of their principal meanings, forms, models, underpinning theories, and drawing insights for future research in transitional countries.

Humans and fire: changing relations in early agricultural and built environments in the Zagros, Iran, Iraq

Fire-centred studies have recently been highlighted as powerful avenues for investigation of energy flows and relations between humans, materials, environments and other species. The aim in this paper is to evaluate this potential first by reviewing the diverse theories and methods that can be applied to investigate the ecological and social significance of anthropogenic fire, and second by applying these to new and existing data sets in archaeology. This paper examines how fire-centred approaches can inform on one of the most significant step-changes in human lifeways and inter-relations with environment and other species – the transition from mobile hunting-gathering to more sedentary agriculture in a key heartland of change, the Zagros region of Iraq and Iran, c. 12,000–8,000 BP. In the review and case studies multiple links are investigated between human fire use and environment, ecology, energy use, technology, the built environment, health, social roles and relations, cultural practices and catastrophic events

Mapping the Australian archaic: reflections on black medea

Wesley Enoch’s Black Medea is explicit about what is, and what is not, its project: the chorus implores the audience not to read the narrative of its infanticidal heroine as one that demonises black women. Instead, the play affirms that its narrative can be understood differently and in a way that has a wider social significance. Taking my cue from the claim that the story is somehow ‘about everyone,’ I would like to begin unravelling the play’s relevance to contemporary contentions of Australian and indeed ‘Unaustralian’ subjectivity, particularly in relation to the discourses that seek to construct ‘Australian’ identity through an appeal to antiquity and what I describe as ‘the archaic.’ It seems to me that Black Medea presents an opportunity for thinking about the ways in which the discourses of aboriginal and classical antiquity operate to inform contemporary, contesting definitions of Australian identity. Regardless of whether these discourses of antiquity are claimed as ‘Australian’ or abjected as Other or ‘Unaustralian’ – and they have been used in both ways – they remain, I argue, formative to current conceptions of Australian identity and are positioned in the economy of discourses that comprise that arena. As will be seen, the mixed reception or ambivalence with which these complementary discourses of antiquity are treated in Australian culture gives Black Medea the potential to be situated among them in subversive and questioning ways, and in ways that may highlight the reasons for their ambivalent status.

Integrity and shame

In a recent study, Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze and Michael P. Levine argue for a complex conception of integrity. But they leave two questions unanswered. The first is whether integrity is of greater importance to the agent's own sense of themselves or whether it is a virtue that is of social significance. The bulk of the literature on this virtue stresses its existential import. However, considerable weight should be given to its social significance. It should be linked to the essentially social reaction of shame, as opposed to the existential and personal reaction of guilt. The second question is whether the virtue of integrity has been analysed in such general terms that no specific meaning can be given to the virtue. Being a person of integrity might just collapse into being a virtuous person. This essay offers a distinctive account of integrity by asking what it is to act from the virtue in particular contexts that require public trust.

Music video and gendered pleasures in the lives of young women and men

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the cultural and social significance of music video in the lives of a group of young women and men. In so doing the thesis pays particular attention to issues of gender and pleasure. This research examines the interaction of a group of young people with music video in relation to four areas of research. Firstly, the importance of music video in terms of social interaction and the pleasure this entails is explored. Secondly the thesis looks at the ways in which gender is seen by the young people in this study to be established by music video performers. Thirdly, how gender becomes inscribed on the body is explored, and fourthly I examine the process of sexualization of the body. Theoretically this thesis draws upon feminist theory, poststructuralist theory, music video scholarship and educational theories. This eclectic approach has been necessary as this research speaks simultaneously to several distinct areas of scholarship: education, cultural studies and feminism. My research with a young audience of music video took place within a secondary school. Over two semesters I conducted research with two separate classes of Media Studies students who were aged fifteen and sixteen. A total of 49 students were interviewed, however I chose mainly to work with a small group of eleven students - five girls and six boys. The school where I conducted this research is located in a working class suburb of a provincial and industrial Australian city . The young people's social positioning in terms of class and ethnicity has been considered in some depth in relation to the construction of the gendered subject. Methodologically the thesis is skewed towards the audience, and also towards dealing with what is normally unspoken in the research process. For example, much academic research does not include the author of the research as an integral part of that research. In this thesis I include myself in a number of ways: historically, personally and as a feminist. This thesis places a high priority on ethics and the effects of research on those who participate in the research process. The thesis uses a number of research methods: structured interviews, informal conversations, memory-work and written responses to music videos. Generally the research methods used in this thesis have been developed reflexively; that is, they have developed directly in relation to the participants’ reactions, responses, suggestions, interests and comments. The research seeks to demonstrate the place of music video in the lives of the young people who participated in the study. I look at how the young people in this study connect music video to other cultural forms and social interactions. In this way the intertextuality of music video is demonstrated. The research looks at how young viewers 'read' the gender of music video performers, and how this affects their own gendering. The social and cultural meanings which are attached to certain parts of the body are also examined. Theorizing the body in terms of its social meanings is a significant part of this thesis. The research argues that young people often experience music video as pleasurable, and that music video can provide young people with access to powerful speaking positions. This is demonstrated through transcripts of our conversations and interviews, and also through the young people's written comments. However, these powerful speaking positions invariably invoke dominant discourses (homophobia and racism, for example). Thus the disruptive potential of music video is called into question. These dominant discourses are gendered in nature. Pleasure in the text (music video) and cultural inscriptions of gender on the body then, are realized differently for the girls and for the boys in this study. My research into music video, gender and young people has implications for research methodology generally, and for music video scholarship specifically. Music video scholarship to date has rarely focussed upon the audience of this cultural form. My research has certain implications for the ways in which research is currently conducted with young people in relation to popular culture generally, and music video specifically, and gendered subjectivity.

Synthesis and determination of illicit drugs for improved forensic detection

This research describes the development of several innovative methodologies for the rapid and sensitive determination of analytes of forensic and social significance. The project incorporated separation technology and chemiluminescence (light from a chemical reaction) to determine the active compounds and excipients in illicit drugs and natural products including 'magic mushrooms'