Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2001

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2003

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2005

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2008

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2011

Incluye Bibliografía

Climate Change and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Overview 2009

Includes bibliography

Social Security in the United States: Overview and Outlook

Includes bibliography

Ageing and the protection of human rights: Current situation and outlook

Includes Bibliography

Preliminary overview of the economies of the Caribbean 2012-2013

Includes bibliography

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 1997

Incluye Bibliografía.

Emergency Prevention and Situation Monitoring in Carpathian Region

Carpathian region is well known as tectonically active zone. So, in addition to common problems of such region, as common water floods, possible mudflows and landslides a local seismic activity must be taken in account. In this paper a main points of situation monitoring in Carpathian region and ways how they help in emergency prevention are described. A short overview of existing solutions and future approach is being made.

Cost-benefit analysis of climate change – A methodological overview of recent studies

Global warming16 has already begun. Climate change has become a self-propelling and self-reinforcing process as a result of the externality associated with greenhouse- gas (GHG) emissions. Although it is an externality related to humankind, according to a number of unique features we should distinguish it from other externalities. Climate change is a global phenomenon in its causes and consequences. The long-term and persistent impacts of climate change will likely continue over centuries without further anthropogenic mechanism. The preindustrial (equilibrium) level of GHG concentration in the atmosphere cannot be restored since it is irreversible, but if we do not stabilise the actual level of atmospheric concentration, the situation will become much worse than it is now. Assessing the impacts of climate change requires careful considerations because of the pervasive uncertainties and risks associated with it.

Animal experimentation : historical overview and perspectives

No mundo, milhões de animais vertebrados são utilizados, por ano, em pesquisas científicas. Embora vários países possuam, há décadas, uma legislação para regulamentar a experimentação animal, no Brasil havia uma lacuna legal. Nesse contexto, traçou-se um panorama histórico e comparativo da situação normativa brasileira. A referência utilizada foi a Lei 11.794/08, primeira legislação a especificamente regulamentar a experimentação animal. A lei determinou a adoção de práticas de pesquisa que prezem pelo bem-estar animal, pela redução do sofrimento e do número de espécimes utilizados, alinhando-se ao conceito dos “3Rs”. Os efeitos da nova normatização só serão observados em alguns anos, quando todo o sistema regulatório for implantado e os dados estatísticos gerados estiverem disponíveis para análise. Ainda assim, percebe-se que a Lei 11.794/08 representa significativo avanço em face da incorporação de princípios norteadores que visam ao bem-estar animal e ao vácuo legislativo anteriormente existente. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Overview of the taxonomy and of the major secondary metabolites and their biological activities related to human health of the Laurencia complex (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil

In Brazil, the Laurencia complex is represented by twenty taxa: Laurencia s.s. with twelve species, Palisada with four species (including Chondrophycus furcatus now that the proposal of its transference to Palisada is in process), and Osmundea and Yuzurua with two species each. The majority of the Brazilian species of the Laurencia complex have been phylogenetically analyzed by 54 rbcL sequences, including five other Rhodomelacean species as outgroups. The analysis showed that the Laurencia complex is monophyletic with high posterior probability value. The complex was separated into five clades, corresponding to the genera: Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurua. A bibliographical survey of the terpenoids produced by Brazilian species showed that only six species of Laurencia and five of Palisada (including C. furcatcus) have been submitted to chemical analysis with 48 terpenoids (47 sesquiterpenes and one triterpene) isolated. No diterpenes were found. Of the total, 23 sesquiterpenes belong to the bisabolane class and eighteen to the chamigrene type, whose biochemical precursor is bisabolane, two are derived from lauranes and four are triquinols. Despite the considerable number of known terpenes and their ecological and pharmacological importance, few experimental biological studies have been performed. In this review, only bioactivities related to human health were considered.