Studies on short nylon fiber - reclaimed rubber/elastomer composites

The thesis deals with the development of short nylon fiber-reclaimed rubber/elastomer composites. Three rubbers viz, natural rubber, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and styrene butadiene rubber were selected and were partially replaced with reclaimed rubber. The blend ratio was optimized with respect to cure characteristics and mechanical properties. Reclaimed rubber replaced 40 parts of NR and SBR and 20 parts of NBR without much affecting the properties. These blends were then reinforced with short nylon fibers. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied in detail. In all the cases the tensile strength, tear strength and the abrasion resistance increased with increase in fiber content. In the case of NRlreclaimed rubber blends, the tensile strength-fiberloading relationship was non-linear where as in the case of NBRlreclaimed rubber blends and SBRlreclaimed rubber blends the tensile strength-fiber loading relationship was linear. All the composites showed anisotropy in mechanical properties. The effect of bonding system on the composite properties was also studied with respect to cure characteristics and mechanical properties. For this, a 20 phr fiber loaded reclaimed rubber/elastomer composites were selected and the effect of MDI/PEG resin system was studied. The resin used was 5 phr and the resin ratios used were 0.67: I, 1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1. The bonding system improved the tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance. The best results are with SBRlreclaimed rubber-short nylon fiber composites. The optimized resin ratio was 1:1 MDI/PEG for all the composites.

Ultrasonic hydrophone based on short in-fiber Bragg gratings

We investigate the feasibility of using in-fiber Bragg gratings for measuring acoustic fields in the megahertz range. We found that the acoustic coupling from the ultrasonic field to the grating leads to the formation of standing waves in the fiber. Because of these standing waves, the system response is complex and, as we show, the grating does not act as an effective probe. However, significant improvement in its performance can be gained by use of short gratings coupled with an appropriate desensitization of the fiber. A noise-limited pressure resolution of ˜4.5 × 10-3 atm/vHz was found.

Nonlinear mixing and mode correlations in a short Raman fiber laser

In the present paper we experimentally demonstrate a generation in a short Raman fiber laser having 10 000 different longitudinal modes only. We design the laser using 12 meters of commercially available fiber. Contrary to the recently demonstrated single longitudinal mode DFB Raman laser and short DBR Raman laser, in the laser under study the number of modes is high enough for efficient nonlinear interactions. Experimentally measured time dynamics reveals the presence of mode correlations in the radiation: the measured extreme events lasts for more than 10 round-trips.

High-efficiency generation in a short random fiber laser

We demonstrate a high-efficiency random lasing in a 850 m span of a phosphosilicate fiber. Random distributed feedback owing to the Rayleigh backscattering in the fiber enables narrowband generation with output power of up to 7.3 W at the Stokes wavelength λS = 1308 nm from 11 Wof the pump power at λP = 1115 nm. The laser demonstrates unique generation efficiency. Near the generation threshold, more than 2 W of output power is generated from only 0.5 W of pump power excess over the generation threshold. At high pump power, the quantum conversion efficiency defined as a ratio of generated and pump photons at the laser output exceeds 100%. Itis explained by the fact that every pump photon is converted into the Stokes photon far from the output fiber end, while the Stokes photons have lower attenuation than the pump photons. © 2014 Astro Ltd.

Characterization of Short Nylon-6 Fiber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composite by Thermogravimetry

The thermal degradation of short nylon-6 fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites with and without epoxy-based bonding agent has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the onset of degradation shifted from 330.5 to 336.1°C in the presence of short nylon fiber, the optimum fiber loading being 20 phr. The maximum rate of degradation of the composites was lower than that of the unfilled rubber compound, and it decreased with increase in fiber concentration. The presence of epoxy resin-based bonding agent in the virgin elastomer and the composites improved the thermal stability. Results of kinetic studies showed that the degradation of NBR and the short nylon fiber reinforced composites followed first-order kinetics.

Thermal Degradation of Short Nylon -6 Fiber-Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber Composite

The thermal properties of short Nylon-6 fiber-reinforced Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The effect of epoxy-based bonding agent on thermal degradation of the gum and the composites was also studied. The thermal stability of the SBR was enhanced in the presence of Nylon-6 fibers and the stability of the composites increased in the presence of bonding agent. The epoxy resin did not significantly change the thermal stability of SBR gum vulcanizate. Results of kinetic studies showed that the degradation of SBR and the short nylon fiber-reinforced composites with and without bonding agents followed first-order kinetics.

Studies on short Nylon-6 fiber - elastomer composites with epoxy resin as bonding agent

The thesis describes the development and evaluation of epoxy resin as interfacial bonding agent for short Nylon-6 fiber elastomer composites. Epoxy resin is well known for its adhesive property. The potential use of it as interfacial bonding agent in short fiber composite is not explored yet. Three rubbers viz., acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), Neoprene rubber (CR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were selected and different fiber loading were tried. The resin concentration was optimized for each fiber loading with respect to cure characteristics and mechanical properties. Rheological characteristics and thermal degradation of the composites containing different fiber loading and different resin concentrations were studied in detail to find the effect of epoxy resin bonding system. The mechanical properties were studied in detail. The short Nylon -6 fiber improved most of the mechanical properties of all the three rubbers. Tensile strength showed a dip at 10 phr fiber loading in the case of CR while it was continuously increased with fiber loading in the case of NBR and SBR. All the composites showed anisotropy in mechanical properties. The epoxy resin is an effective bonding agent for short Nylon -6 fiber reinforced NBR and CR composites. Epoxy resin improved tensile strength, abrasion resistance and modulus of these composites. SEM studies confirmed the improved bonding of fiber and matrix in the presence of epoxy bonding agent. Epoxy resin was not effective as bonding agent in the case of short Nylon fiber- SBR composite. From the rheological studies of the composites with and without bonding agent it was observed that all the composite exhibited pseudoplasticity, which decreased with temperature. At higher shear rates all the mixes showed plug flow. SEM pictures showed that maximum orientation of fibers occured at a shear rate, just before the onset of plug flow. The presence of fiber reduced the temperature sensitivity of the flow at a given shear rate. Die swell was reduced in the presence of fiber. Shear viscosity of the composite was increased in the presence of resin. Die swell was increased in the presence of epoxy resin for composites at all shear rates. The thermal degradation of NBR and SBR composites with and without bonding agent followed single step degradation pattern. Thermal stability of the composites was improved in the presence of bonding agent. The degradation of virgin elastomer and the composites followed first order kinetics.

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber/ Reclaimed Rubber-Nylon Fiber Composite

The effect of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) -polyethyleneglycol (PEG) resin on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber/whole tyre eclaim-short nylon fiber composite-was studied. At a constant loading of 5 phr, the resin composition was varied. The minimum torque .,id (maximum - minimum) torque increased with isocyanate concentration. Scorch time and cure time showed a reduction on introduction of bonding agent. Properties like tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increased with increase in MDI/PEG ratio, and these properties are higher in the longitudinal direction of fiber orientation. Compression set increased with isocyanate concentration and the resilience remain unchanged.

Modification of Polypropylene/Glass Fiber Composites with Nanosilica

Poly(propylene) (PP) reinforced with short glass fiber was modified with precipitated nanosilica (pnS) by melt mixing. The weight of the glass fiber was varied by keeping the pnS at optimum level. The properties of the composites were studied using universal testing machine, dynamic mechanic analyser (DMA), differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analyser (TGA). The amount of the glass fiber required for a particular modulus could be reduced by the addition of nanosilica.

Synthesis and physical properties of lipid-based poly(ester-urethane)s, I: Effect of varying polyester segment length

Four aliphatic thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane)s (PEUs) with similar molecular weights but varying polyesters molecular weight (534-1488 g/mol) were prepared from polyester diols, obtained by melt condensation of Azelaic acid and 1,9-Nonanediol, and 1,7-heptamethylene di-isocyanate (HPMDI) all sourced from vegetable oil feedstock. The thermal, and mechanical properties, and crystal structure of PEUs were investigated using DSC, TGA, DMA, tensile analysis and WAXD. For sufficiently long polyester chain, WAXD data indicated no hydrogen bonds polyethylene (PE)-like crystalline packing and for short polyester chains, small crystal domains with significant H-bonded polyamide (PA)-like packing. Crystallinity decreased with decreasing polyester molecular weights. The polymorphism of PEUs and consequently their melting characteristics were found to be largely controlled by polyester segment length. TGA of the PEUs indicated improved thermal stability with decreasing polyester chain length, suggesting a stabilization effect by urethane groups. Mechanical properties investigated by DMA and tensile analysis were found to scale predictably with the overall crystallinity of PEUs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comportamento mecânico de material compósito de matriz poliéster reforçado por sistema híbrido fibras naturais e resíduos da indústria madeireira

Neste trabalho, materiais compósitos de matriz poliéster reforçados por fibras curtas de sisal, por resíduo de madeira e por sistema híbrido sisal/resíduo de madeira, dispostos aleatoriamente foram produzidos, utilizando-se o menor nível possível de processamento tecnológico nas etapas produtivas, com vistas a se produzir um compósito tecnicamente viável a pequenos produtores. A matriz de poliéster utilizada foi a tereftálica pré-acelerada com naftenato de cobalto e curada a temperatura ambiente com peróxido de metil-etil-cetona (MEK) em diferentes proporções em relação à resina, 0,33%, 1,66%, 3,33% e 5,00% em volume, de forma a se avaliar a influência deste nas propriedades mecânicas. As fibras de sisal foram cortadas manualmente nos comprimentos de 5, 10 e 15mm e utilizadas da maneira como adquiridas, sem tratamento superficial. O resíduo de madeira utilizado foi o pó de lixadeira da madeira maçaranduba. Os compósitos foram fabricados por moldagem manual, sem pressão e a temperatura ambiente. Foram fabricados corpos de prova de matriz pura, compósitos reforçados por sisal, variando-se o comprimento das fibras, compósitos reforçados por pó de maçaranduba e compósitos de reforço híbrido, sisal/pó de madeira, em diferentes proporções entre os constituintes. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por ensaios de tração e impacto charpy e as superfícies de fratura geradas foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura de modo a se correlacionar os aspectos de fratura com as propriedades mecânicas. Foi determinada a massa específica de cada série de corpos de prova fabricada, bem como a fração volumétrica dos reforços nos compósitos. Os resultados demonstraram que com o aumento do comprimento da fibra de sisal a resistência à tração e ao impacto dos compósitos foi incrementada, alcançando, o compósito com fibras de sisal de 15 mm, o melhor desempenho mecânico dentre as séries testadas. Por outro lado, a heterogeneidade granulométrica do pó de maçaranduba teve efeito negativo sobre as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos. Os compósitos híbridos sisal/pó de madeira com maior teor de fibras, alcançaram 80% do desempenho obtido para os compósitos de fibras de sisal.

Fiber optical parametric amplifier performance in a 1-Tb/s DWDM communication system

We have reduced signal-signal four-wave mixing crosstalk in a fiber optical parametric amplifier (OPA) by using a short nonlinear fiber for the gain medium and a high-power pump. This allowed us to obtain less than 1 dB penalty for amplification of 26 dense wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) channels modulated at 43.7Gb/s return to zero-differential phase-shift keying, with the OPA placed between transmitter and receiver. We then used the same OPA in several different roles for a long-haul transmission system. We did not insert the OPA within the loop, but investigated this role indirectly by using equivalent results for small numbers of loop recirculations. We found that standard erbium-doped fiber amplifiers currently hold an advantage over this OPA, which becomes negligible for long distances. This paper shows that at this time OPAs can handle amplification of WDM traffic in excess of 1 Tb/s with little degradation. It also indicates that with further improvements, fiber OPAs could be a contender for wideband amplification in future optical communication networks.

Estudo da degradação de membranas arquitetónicas

Dissertação de mestrado Internacional em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Avaliação do comportamento tribológico de compósitos poliéster/fibra de vidro utilizando resíduos de poliéster/fibra de vidro e carbonato de cálcio como carga

The use of composite materials and alternative is being increased every day, as it becomes more widespread awareness that the use of renewable and not harmful to the environment is part of a new environmentally friendly model. Since its waste (primarily fiberglass) can not be easily recycled by the difficulty that still exists in this process, since they have two phases mixed, a polymeric matrix thermoset difficult to recycle because it is infusible and phase of fiber reinforcements. Thermoset matrix composites like Polyester + fiberglass pose a threat due to excessive discharge. Aiming to minimize this problem, aimed to reuse the composite Polyester + fiber glass, through the wastes obtained by the grinding of knifes and balls. These residues were incorporated into the new composite Polyester/Fiberglass for hot compression mold and compared tribological to composites with filler CaCO3, generally used as filler, targeting a partial replacement of CaCO3 by such waste. The composites were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA, DSC and DMA), by the surface integrity (roughness determination, contact angle and surface energy), mechanical properties (hardness) and tribological tests (wear and coefficient of dynamic friction) in order to evaluate the effect of loads and characterize these materials for applications that can take, in the tribological point of view since waste Polyester + fiberglass has great potential for replacement of CaCO3

Nuevos materiales absorbentes acústicos obtenidos a partir de restos de botellas de plástico

En el ámbito de acústica de la edificación es común el uso de materiales fibrosos como materiales absorbentes acústicos. Uno de estos materiales cada vez más utilizado es la lana de poliéster. Un problema que presenta el chip virgen de poliéster es que se obtiene del petróleo, cuyo precio no hace más que incrementarse en los últimos años. En este trabajo se presenta una lana de poliéster alternativa, obtenida mediante el tratamiento del PET, a través del conveniente ciclo de reciclado de botellas de plástico. Se comparan valores del coeficiente de absorción; en incidencia normal y en cámara reverberante de los materiales elaborados a partir de chip virgen y de las nuevas lanas obtenidas del PET. Además, se propone un modelo empírico de comportamiento acústico de estas nuevas lanas. Los resultados obtenidos han sido favorables, la fibra virgen ya ha sido sustituida por fibra reciclada en su proceso de fabricación.