Internationalization motives: sell more, buy better, upgrade and escape

Purpose – The purpose of this the paper is to review the motives for internationalization to clarify previous arguments and provide a theory-driven classification. Design/methodology/approach – The authors build on behavioral economics and propose a classification of internationalization motives as the result of the interaction among two dimensions, an economics-driven exploitation of existing resources or exploration of new resources, and a psychology-driven search for better host country conditions or avoidance of poor home country conditions. Findings – These two dimensions result in four internationalization motives: sell more, in which the company exploits existing resources at home and obtains better host country conditions; buy better, in which the company exploits existing resources abroad and avoids poor home country conditions; upgrade, in which the company explores for new resources, and it obtains better host country conditions; and escape, in which the company explores for new resources and avoids poor home country conditions. Originality/value – This theory-driven classification provides predictive power for future analyses of internationalization motives.

Qualidade das projeções dos analistas Sell Side: evidência empírica do mercado brasileiro

A presente dissertação analisa o erro de projeção dos analistas de investimentos do sell side, definido como a diferença entre o consenso das projeções dos analistas e o resultado reportado pela empresa. O tamanho do erro de projeção é uma medida da qualidade das projeções dos analistas de um determinado mercado de capitais. Uma vasta literatura acadêmica mostra que uma melhora na qualidade das projeções dos analistas, medida através de uma diminuição do tamanho do erro de projeção, está relacionada com a redução da assimetria de informação e com um aumento do valor de mercado das empresas. São testadas duas regressões, nas quais características das empresas, como setor, tamanho, endividamento e variabilidade do lucro, e características do ambiente de informação da empresa, como listagem de ADR, número de analistas que acompanham a empresa e convergência das projeções, são testadas contra duas métricas do erro de projeção, acurácia e viés. Nossas hipóteses são que existem fatores que influenciam de maneira significativa o tamanho do erro de projeção (acurácia) e o viés das projeções (viés). Estas hipóteses foram confirmadas, isto é, nossas regressões apresentaram pelo menos um fator que se mostrou significativo estatisticamente para influenciar o tamanho do erro de projeção (hipóteses H1 e H2) ou o seu viés (hipótese H3). Entretanto, os resultados mostram que vários fatores que se mostram significativos em testes conduzidos em mercados desenvolvidos – tais como tamanho, endividamento e variabilidade do lucro – não se mostraram significativos no mercado brasileiro. Por outro lado, os fatores relacionados com o resultado do ano projetado ou do ano anterior se mostraram fortemente significativos. Acreditamos que os resultados podem ser explicados de três maneiras: 1) ou a capacidade de adicionar valor dos analistas em relação a modelos estatísticos de projeção é muito pequena, devido à sua falta de habilidade; ou 2) a instabilidade macroeconômica é tão grande domina todos os outros fatores que poderiam influenciar o tamanho do erro de projeção; ou 3) os resultados das empresas nos mercados desenvolvidos são tão administrados, isto é, tão estáveis, que permitem que fatores mais sutis como o tamanho, o nível de endividamento e a variabilidade do lucro se tornem significativos. Esta dissertação não permite distinguir qual das explicações é a correta. Uma de suas limitações é não incluir variáveis referentes à habilidade e experiência dos analistas e, também, variáveis relacionadas a fatores como governança corporativa e disclosure de informações. Em uma linha de pesquisa muito extensa nos países desenvolvidos, mas praticamente inexistente no Brasil, esperamos que estudos futuros supram estas lacunas e nos permitam entender melhor a questão da qualidade das projeções de resultados no contexto brasileiro.

Corporate governance and its influence on the investment decision process of equity market's professionals: An inside view of how corporate governance issues influence the decision-making process of sell-side and buy-side professionals when analyzing Brazilian listed companies

Corporate governance has been in the spotlight for the past two decades, being subject of numerous researches all over the world. Governance is pictured as a broad and diverse theme, evolving through different routes to form distinct systems. This scenario together with 2 types of agency problems (investor vs. management and minorities vs. controlling shareholders) produce different definitions for governance. Usually, studies investigate whether corporate governance structures influence firm performance, and company valuation. This approach implies investors can identify those impacts and later take them into consideration when making investment decisions. However, behavioral finance theory shows that not always investors take rational decisions, and therefore the modus operandi of those professionals needs to be understood. So, this research aimed to investigate to what extent Brazilian corporate governance standards and practices influence the investment decision-making process of equity markets' professionals from the sell-side and buy-side. This exploratory study was carried out through qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, 8 practitioners were interviewed and 3 dimensions emerged: understanding, pertinence and practice. Based on the interviews’ findings, a questionnaire was formulated and distributed to buy-siders and sell-siders that cover Brazilian stocks. 117 respondents from all over the world contributed to the study. The data obtained were analyzed through structural equation modeling and descriptive statistics. The 3 dimensions became 5 constructs: definition (institutionalized governance, informal governance), pertinence (relevance), practice (valuation process, structured governance assessment) The results of this thesis suggest there is no definitive answer, as the extent to which governance will influence an investment decision process will depend on a number of circumstances which compose the context. The only certainty is the need to present a “corporate governance behavior”, rather than simply establishing rules and regulations at firm and country level.

Buy-or-sell auctions

This paper develops a game theoretic model of a "Buy-or-Sell" auction. Participants have to submit both a bid and an offer price for up to one of the many units of the good being auctioned. The bid-ask spread is set in advance by the auctioneer. Such an auction was used by the Central Bank of Brazil to intervene in the foreign exchange market during the exchange rate crawling-peg regime (1995-1999). I investigate whether such mechanism is more effective than standard intervention auctions to prevent speculative attacks in the context of managed exchange rate regimes.

Sēfer Maʿggālê ṣedeq : ke-šemô kēn hû-vô ketûbbā ḥaqûqā û-mevô'ārā, be-śāfā zakkā û-berûrā, darkê ṣedeq we-yôšer ôrēaḥ selûlā ... netîvôt ham-mišpāṭ darkê hat-tôrā ...

... Gavrî'ēl Ben-Ḥayyîm Miller

Empowering Teachers as Leaders: A Hard Sell

Despite emphasis on preparing teachers as leaders, teacher educators realize that the transition of classroom practitioners into school leaders is fraught with many obstacles. This session addresses some of these obstacles, describes strategies and opportunities that we have used in our graduate master’s degree programs for teachers that support professionals as they make this change. The session will present evidence on the results of our efforts in terms of teachers’ performances within their programs and in the field after they graduate.

Letter of Natick Indians about Magunkaqoug; their unwillingness to sell it, 1715 September 5

One-page handwritten petition to the Trustees signed by Natick Indians expressing unwillingness to sell their lands.

How to sell Airline honey : pointers for the salesman of the best honey in the world : the famous Airline brand.

Subtitle on cover: Some facts about honey and bees that an Airline honey salesman should know.

What price life insurance? : Not how but what to sell or buy--and why, facts and supporting figures which prove the fallacy of the self-serving propaganda of those "term-ites" who seek to undermine confidence in legal reserve (old line) life insurance /

Mode of access: Internet.

Newspaper district management, including the hour-a-day plan of training newspaper boys to sell,/

Mode of access: Internet.

Sell's world's press : the handbook of the fourth estate /

Editor: 1914- H.W. Peet.

How to buy, sell and burn coal.

Mode of access: Internet.