Carabid beetle assemblages in three environments in the Araucaria humid forest of southern Brazil

Carabid beetle assemblages in three environments in the Araucaria humid forest of southern Brazil. Carabidae is composed mainly by ground-dwelling predator beetles. It is the fourth most diverse group within Coleoptera, but its diversity in the Neotropical region is understudied. Here we describe and analyze the diversity of carabid beetles in a region of subtropical rain forest dominated by Araucaria angustifolia with different landscapes. Three areas were chosen in an environmental integrity gradient: primary forests, secondary forests and old Pinus plantations. Pitfall traps were taken monthly, in a total of 14 samples per area. 1733 adult carabid beetles, belonging to 18 species, were sampled. There were differences in richness and abundance between the sampled areas. The total scores followed the same tendency: primary forests (14 species/747 individuals), secondary forests (13/631) and Pinus forests (10/355). An analysis of similarity shows differences in species composition, for both areas and seasons. Galerita lacordarei was the most abundant species for all samples and seasons. Carabid species show similar responses in accordance with habitat heterogeneity and disturbance. The abundance of Galerita lacordarei was influenced by temperature, for all sampled sites. Environmental changes affect the carabid assemblages and decrease diversity, possibly interfering in local dynamics. Seasonality patterns seem to indicate an increase in individual movement during summer, probably in search of resources. It is suggested that microhabitat patchiness is probably an important factor affecting carabid beetle diversity at small spatial scales.

Landscape structure in the northern coast of Paraná state, a hotspot for the brazilian Atlantic Forest conservation

The "Serra do Mar" region comprises the largest remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The coast of the Paraná State is part of the core area of the "Serra do Mar" corridor and where actions for biodiversity conservation must be planned. In this study we aimed at characterizing the landscape structure in the APA-Guaraqueçaba, the largest protected area in this region, in order to assist environmental policies of this region. Based on a supervised classification of a mosaic of LANDSAT-5-TM satellite images (from March 2009), we developed a map (1:75,000 scale) with seven classes of land use and land cover and analyzed the relative quantities of forests and modified areas in slopes and lowlands. The APA-Guaraqueçaba is comprised mainly by the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (68.6% of total area) and secondary forests (9.1%), indicating a forested landscape matrix; anthropogenic and bare soil areas (0.8%) and the Pasture/Grasslands class (4.2%) were less representative. Slopes were less fragmented and more preserved (96.3% of Dense Ombrophilous Forest and secondary forest) than lowlands (71.3%), suggesting that restoration initiatives in the lowlands must be stimulated in this region. We concluded that most of the region sustains well-conserved ecosystems, highlighting the importance of Paraná northern coast for the biodiversity maintenance of the Atlantic Forest.

Prospects for biodiversity conservation in the Atlantic Forest: Lessons from aging human-modified landscapes

Recent global assessments have shown the limited coverage of protected areas across tropical biotas, fuelling a growing interest in the potential conservation services provided by anthropogenic landscapes. Here we examine the geographic distribution of biological diversity in the Atlantic Forest of South America, synthesize the most conspicuous forest biodiversity responses to human disturbances, propose further conservation initiatives for this biota, and offer a range of general insights into the prospects of forest species persistence in human-modified tropical forest landscapes worldwide. At the biome scale, the most extensive pre-Columbian habitats across the Atlantic Forest ranged across elevations below 800 masl, which still concentrate most areas within the major centers of species endemism. Unfortunately, up to 88% of the original forest habitat has been lost, mainly across these low to intermediate elevations, whereas protected areas are clearly skewed towards high elevations above 1200 masl. At the landscape scale, most remaining Atlantic Forest cover is embedded within dynamic agro-mosaics including elements such as small forest fragments, early-to-late secondary forest patches and exotic tree mono-cultures. In this sort of aging or long-term modified landscapes, habitat fragmentation appears to effectively drive edge-dominated portions of forest fragments towards an early-successional system, greatly limiting the long-term persistence of forest-obligate and forest-dependent species. However, the extent to which forest habitats approach early-successional systems, thereby threatening the bulk of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity, depends on both past and present landscape configuration. Many elements of human-modified landscapes (e.g. patches of early-secondary forests and tree mono-cultures) may offer excellent conservation opportunities, but they cannot replace the conservation value of protected areas and hitherto unprotected large patches of old-growth forests. Finally, the biodiversity conservation services provided by anthropogenic landscapes across Atlantic Forest and other tropical forest regions can be significantly augmented by coupling biodiversity corridor initiatives with biota-scale attempts to plug existing gaps in the representativeness of protected areas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Forest structure in a mosaic of rainforest sites: The effect of fragmentation and recovery after clear cut

A variety of human-induced disturbances such as forest fragmentation and recovery after deforestation for pasture or agricultural activities have resulted in a complex landscape mosaic in the Una region of northeastern Brazil. Using a set of vegetation descriptors, we investigated the main structural changes observed in forest categories that comprise the major components of the regional landscape and searched for potential key descriptors that could be used to discriminate among different forest categories. We assessed the forest structure of five habitat categories defined as (I) interiors and (2) edges of large fragments of old-growth forest (>1000 ha), (3) interiors and (4) edges of small forest fragments (<100 ha), and (5) early secondary forests. Forest descriptors used here were: frequency of herbaceous lianas and woody climbers, number of standing dead trees, number of fallen trunks, litter depth, number of pioneer plants (early secondary and shade-intolerant species), vertical foliage stratification profile and distribution Of trees in different diameter classes. Edges and interiors of forest fragments were significantly different only in the number of standing dead trees. Secondary forests and edges of fragments showed differences in litter depth, fallen trunks and number of pioneer trees, and secondary forests were significantly different from fragment interiors in the number of standing dead trees and the number of pioneer trees. Horizontal and vertical structure evaluated via ordination analysis showed that fragment interiors, compared to secondary forests, were characterized by a greater number of medium (25-35 cm) and large (35-50 cm) trees and smaller numbers of thin trees (5-10 cm). There was great heterogeneity at the edges of small and large fragments, as these sites were distributed along almost the entire gradient. Most interiors of large and small fragments presented higher values of foliage densities at higher strata ( 15-20 m and at 20-25 m height), and lower densities at 1-5 m. All secondary forests and some fragment edge sites showed an opposite tendency. A discriminant function highlighted differences among forest categories, with transects of large fragment interiors and secondary forests representing two extremes along a disturbance gradient determined by foliage structure (densities at 15-20 m and 20-25 m), with the edges of both large and small fragments and the interiors of small fragments scattered across the gradient. The major underlying processes determining patterns of forest disturbance in the study region are discussed, highlighting the importance of forest fragments, independently of its size, as forests recovery after clear cut show a greatly distinct structure, with profound implications on fauna movements. (C) 2009 Elsevier BY. All rights reserved.

Forest natural regeneration and biomass production after slash and burn in a seasonally dry forest in the Southern Brazilian Amazon

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Modeling the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deforestation-driven carbon emissions: the INPE-EM framework applied to the Brazilian Amazon

We present a generic spatially explicit modeling framework to estimate carbon emissions from deforestation (INPE-EM). The framework incorporates the temporal dynamics related to the deforestation process and accounts for the biophysical and socioeconomic heterogeneity of the region under study. We build an emission model for the Brazilian Amazon combining annual maps of new clearings, four maps of biomass, and a set of alternative parameters based on the recent literature. The most important results are as follows: (a) Using different biomass maps leads to large differences in estimates of emission; for the entire region of the Brazilian Amazon in the last decade, emission estimates of primary forest deforestation range from 0.21 to 0.26 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. (b) Secondary vegetation growth presents a small impact on emission balance because of the short duration of secondary vegetation. In average, the balance is only 5% smaller than the primary forest deforestation emissions. (c) Deforestation rates decreased significantly in the Brazilian Amazon in recent years, from 27 similar to Mkm2 in 2004 to 7 similar to Mkm2 in 2010. INPE-EM process-based estimates reflect this decrease even though the agricultural frontier is moving to areas of higher biomass. The decrease is slower than a non-process instantaneous model would estimate as it considers residual emissions (slash, wood products, and secondary vegetation). The average balance, considering all biomass, decreases from 0.28 in 2004 to 0.15 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1 in 2009; the non-process model estimates a decrease from 0.33 to 0.10 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. We conclude that the INPE-EM is a powerful tool for representing deforestation-driven carbon emissions. Biomass estimates are still the largest source of uncertainty in the effective use of this type of model for informing mechanisms such as REDD+. The results also indicate that efforts to reduce emissions should focus not only on controlling primary forest deforestation but also on creating incentives for the restoration of secondary forests.

Using post-release monitoring data to optimize avian reintroduction programs: a 2-year case study from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Feeding ecology of a selective folivore, the thin-spined porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus) in the Atlantic forest

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Germinative pretreatments to dormancy break in Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. seeds

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina), in Thailand

Tropical rain forest conservation requires a good understanding of plant-animal interactions. Seed dispersal provides a means for plant seeds to escape competition and density-dependent seed predators and pathogens and to colonize new habitats. This makes the role and effectiveness of frugivorous species in the seed dispersal process an important topic. Northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) may be effective seed dispersers because they have a diverse diet and process seeds in several ways (swallowing, spitting out, or dropping them). To investigate the seed dispersal effectiveness of a habituated group of pigtailed macaques in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, we examined seed dispersal quantity (number of fruit species eaten, proportion in the diet, number of feces containing seeds, and number of seeds processed) and quality (processing methods used, seed viability and germination success, habitat type and distance from parent tree for the deposited seeds, and dispersal patterns) via focal and scan sampling, seed collection, and germination tests. We found thousands of seeds per feces, including seeds up to 58 mm in length and from 88 fruit species. Importantly, the macaques dispersed seeds from primary to secondary forests, via swallowing, spitting, and dropping. Of 21 species, the effect of swallowing and spitting was positive for two species (i. e., processed seeds had a higher % germination and % viability than control seeds), neutral for 13 species (no difference in % germination or viability), and negative (processed seeds had lower % germination and viability) for five species. For the final species, the effect was neutral for spat-out seeds but negative for swallowed seeds. We conclude that macaques are effective seed dispersers in both quantitative and qualitative terms and that they are of potential importance for tropical rain forest regeneration. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Occurrence of Ochoterenella digiticauda (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) infecting the gladiator frog Hypsiboas lundii (Anura: Hylidae) in Brazil

Hypsiboas lundii is a gladiator frog endemic to the Cerrado of central and southeastern Brazil. This species in reproductive period inhabits streams in primary and secondary forests. Despite its wide distribution, the helminth fauna of this species has not been studied yet. Fourteen individuals were sampled and examined for helminth parasites. Three males were infected with Ochoterenella digiticauda (Onchocercidade). The mean abundance and mean intensity of infection were 0.7 ± 0.5 and 3.3 ± 1.9, respectively. All parasites were found in the body cavity of H. lundii, which represents a new host record for O. digiticauda.

Evolução temporal de fragmentos de vegetação nativa no município de Agudos-SP, utilizando fotografias aéreas: Débora Andréia Neves. -

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Mercado e potencialidades dos produtos oriundos de floresta secundária em áreas de produção familiar

Este artigo evidencia o papel de reserva de valor e de agente dinamizador da renda rural das florestas secundárias, também conhecidas como capoeiras, comumente confundidas com áreas degradadas, sem função econômica ou ecológica. A valorização das florestas secundárias – que dominam cada vez mais o cenário da agricultura familiar da Amazônia brasileira – como elemento produtivo foi aqui estudada por meio da identificação e da descrição das cadeias de comercialização já desenvolvidas de produtos oriundos da floresta secundária e de oportunidades de desenvolvimento dessas cadeias de comercialização para os agricultores. As cadeias de comercialização estabelecidas são simples, e os principais produtos identificados são agrupados em categorias de frutíferas, madeiráveis, derivados de animal e plantas medicinais. Conclui-se que as florestas secundárias comprovadamente exercem uma função-chave na manutenção da biodiversidade e na regeneração dos ecossistemas antropizados, além de contribuírem na renda familiar dos agricultores.

Dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em três espécies de sabiás amazônicos (Aves: Passeriformes: Turdidae)

Três espécies de sabiás se substituem ecologicamente nas florestas primárias e secundárias na Amazônia Oriental: Turdus albicollis, T. fumigatus e T. leucomelas . Estas três espécies são monocromáticas, isto é, machos e fêmeas possuem plumagem semelhante. O que não se conhecia é se estas espécies são também monomórficas, isto é, se machos e fêmeas possuem tamanho igual. Estudos nas florestas mexicanas indicam que algumas aves monocromáticas Neotropicais são de fato cripticamente dimórficas, ou seja, machos e fêmeas diferem estatisticamente em tamanho quando técnicas estatísticas apropriadas são usadas. Este trabalho teve três objetivos principais: (a) avaliar o padrão de dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em T. albicollis phaeopygus, T. fumigatus fumigatus e T. leucomelas albiventer; (b) contribuir para o estudo do dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em aves monocromáticas Neotropicais e (c) fornecer subsídios para o estudo ecológico-evolutivo do gênero Turdus , em particular, e da família Turdidae, em geral. A hipótese de trabalho era que as três espécies de Turdus analisadas seriam cripticamente dimórficas, tais como os outros passeriformes florestais estudados nas florestas mexicanas. Concluiu-se que das três espécies estudadas, duas são monomórficas ( T. f. fumigatus e T. a. phaeopygus ) e uma é cripticamente dimórfica ( T. l. albiventer ). Na única espécie cripticamente dimórfica, machos diferem significativamente das fêmeas quanto ao comprimento da asa, cauda, tarso e unha do quarto dedo. Mesmo assim, a função linear discriminante gerada, não permite uma sexagem segura dos espécimes. A razão de as três espécies de Turdus mostrarem-se monomórficas ou cripticamente dimórficas talvez esteja associada ao seu comportamento pré-reprodutivo. Durante o período de acasalamento, a vocalização seria um instrumento mais importante de atração de fêmeas e determinação do território do que a plumagem ou o tamanho. Assim, existiria forte pressão seletiva sobre a vocalização dos machos é fraca ou inexistente pressão seletiva sobre o tamanho do corpo. Sugere-se a realização de mais estudos de dimorfismo sexual em outras espécies de Turdus e de análise filogenética deste gênero, para se esclarecer a evolução dos padrões de dimorfismo sexual em sabiás.

Interação mutualística entre aves frugívoras de sub-bosque e plantas no Parque Ecológico de Gunma, Santa Bárbara do Pará

O consumo de frutos por aves pode representar uma relação mutualística, na qual estas o utilizam como fonte de nutrientes, deixando as sementes intactas. Tais interações podem ser descritas por redes, as quais podem ocorrem ao acaso ou assumem um padrão. O presente estudo objetivou determinar a estruturação da rede na floresta primária e secundária, assim como o nível de aninhamento das interações da assembléia de aves de sub-bosque e espécies de vegetais do Parque Ecológico de Gunma, situado na região Amazônica. Foram realizadas captura de aves com redes ornitológicas para identificação da espécie, coleta e análise das fezes, no período de março a dezembro de 2007. Os dados foram empregados para determinação da conectância, do aninhamento do sistema mutualístico, do índice de importância das espécies e para elaboração da rede de interação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o grau de aninhamento na floresta secundária foi maior que na primária e, a rede de interação final do Parque Ecológico de Gunma foi composta por 37 espécies (animais e plantas) interagindo com conectância de 18% e grau de aninhamento de 95%. As aves potencialmente dispersoras de sementes foram representadas por 20 espécies, destacando-se as famílias Pipridae, Tyrannidae, Turdidae e Thraupidae. Dixiphia pipra foi a principal dispersora nas duas fisionomias estudadas, seguido de Lipaugus vociferans na floresta primária e Cyanerpes caerulens na floresta secundária. Dentre os vegetais, 17 espécies fizeram parte da dieta das aves, e Miconia ciliata apresentou o maior índice de importância, pois interagiu com 16 espécies de aves, seguida de Phthirusa micrantha, na floresta primária, e Euterpe oleracea na floresta secundária.