Sale of Land for Taxes to W.H. Dickson

Notice of sale of land for taxes to W. H. Dickson. This is a handwritten document. The land consists of 4 acres of Lot no. 12 in the 5th Concession of Wainfleet. This is dated May 23, 1857 [signatures are illegible]. On the back there is a note that Walter Hamilton Dickson has transferred this land to Joseph Augustus Woodruff, Dec. 3, 1861.

Indenture of Agreement for Sale of Land between Samuel Woodruff to Calvin and Ezekiel Cudney

Indenture of Agreement for Sale of Land between Samuel Woodruff of St. Catharines to Calvin and Ezekiel Cudney of the Township of Niagara regarding a footpath and parts of the lots 9 and 10 on the Welland River (78 acres), Oct. 30, 1883.

Indenture of Agreement for Sale of Land between Samuel Woodruff to Calvin and Ezekiel Cudney

Indenture of Agreement for Sale of Land between Samuel Woodruff of St. Catharines to Calvin and Ezekiel Cudney of the Township of Niagara. This is a copy of the previous document but there is an additional note on this document about an “agreement for cutting timber”. This is signed by S.D. Woodruff, Jan. 1885.

Indenture of Agreement for Sale of Land between S.D. Woodruff and Elizabeth Cudney

Indenture of agreement for Sale of Land between S.D. Woodruff of St. Catharines and Elizabeth Cudney of Willoughby regarding a footpath and Lots 9 and 10 in Willoughby, Feb. 6, 1893.

Printed Blank of Certificate of Goods and Exportation

Printed blank of certificate of goods and exportation from a district other than the district of original importation from the District of Niagara, Port of Lewiston. The certificate is for 2 boxes containing Gravatt’s level ordered from Troughton and Simms, London and sent to Mr. S.D. Woodruff, Dec. 21, 1846.

List of inventory of goods in the dwelling of S.D. Woodruff of St. Catharines

List of inventory of goods (6 pages, handwritten) in the dwelling of S.D. Woodruff of St. Catharines. This list was examined by William Walker on Oct. 30, 1862 and compiled on Oct. 27, 1862.

List of inventory of goods in the dwelling of S. D. Woodruff, Ontario Street, St. Catharines

List of inventory (5 pages, handwritten) of goods in the dwelling of S. D. Woodruff, Ontario Street, St. Catharines, n.d.

Printed blank for arrival of goods by Great Western Railway at St. Catharines

Printed blank for arrival of goods by Great Western Railway at St. Catharines, Aug. 24, 1876.

Printed blank for arrival of goods by Great Western Railway at St. Catharines

Printed blank for arrival of goods by Great Western Railway at St. Catharines, Nov. 18 [1876].

Inventory of goods and chattels belonging to Samuel Wood and delivered to the Honourable William Dickson

Inventory of goods and chattels belonging to Samuel Wood and delivered to the Honourable William Dickson (double-sided, handwritten page), Dec. 10, 1828.

List of goods shipped to Henry Nelles of Grimsby by Gerrard, Gillespie and Moffat Co.

List of goods shipped to Henry Nelles of Grimsby by Gerrard, Gillespie and Moffat Co. of Montreal (6 ½ page list, handwritten) for blankets, food, clothing and other items Sept. 14, 1821.

List of goods including pots, food and nails ordered by Robert Nelles

List of goods including pots, food and nails ordered by Robert Nelles (2 ½ pages, handwritten). The item is stained and slightly torn, but legible, July 4, 1824.

Publicness of goods and violent conflict : evidence from Colombia

How the degree of publicness of goods affect violent conflict? Based on the theoretical model in Esteban and Ray (2001) we find that the effect of the degree of publicness depends on the group size. When the group is small (large), the degree of publicness increases (decreases) the likelihood of conflict. This opens an empirical question that we tackle using microdata from the Colombian conflict at the municipality level. We use three goods with different publicness degree to identify the sign of the effect of publicness on conflict. These goods are coca crops (private good), road density (public good subject to congestion) and average education quality (a purer public good). After dealing with endogeneity issues using an IV approach, we find that the degree of publicness reduces the likelihood of both paramilitary and guerrilla attacks. Moreover, coca production exacerbates conflict and the provision of both public goods mitigates conflict. These results are robust to size, geographical, and welfare controls. Policies that improve public goods provision will help to fight the onset of conflict.