Translating and testing the Alberta Context Tool for use among nurses in Swedish elder care

Background. There is emerging evidence that context is important for successful transfer of research knowledge into health care practice. The Alberta Context Tool (ACT) is a Canadian developed research-based instrument that assesses 10 modifiable concepts of organizational context considered important for health care professionals’ use of evidence. Swedish and Canadian health care have similarities in terms of organisational and professional aspects, suggesting that the ACT could be used for measuring context in Sweden. This paper reports on the translation of the ACT to Swedish and a testing of preliminary aspects of its validity, acceptability and reliability in Swedish elder care. Methods. The ACT was translated into Swedish and back-translated into English before being pilot tested in ten elder care facilities for response processes validity, acceptability and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha). Subsequently, further modification was performed. Results. In the pilot test, the nurses found the questions easy to respond to (52%) and relevant (65%), yet the questions’ clarity were mainly considered ‘neither clear nor unclear’ (52%). Missing data varied between 0 (0%) and 19 (12%) per item, the most common being 1 missing case per item (15 items). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha > .70) was reached for 5 out of 8 contextual concepts. Translation and back translation identified 21 linguistic- and semantic related issues and 3 context related deviations, resolved by developers and translators. Conclusion. Modifying an instrument is a detailed process, requiring time and consideration of the linguistic and semantic aspects of the instrument, and understanding of the context where the instrument was developed and where it is to be applied. A team, including the instrument’s developers, translators, and researchers is necessary to ensure a valid translation. This study suggests preliminary validity, reliability and acceptability evidence for the ACT when used with nurses in Swedish elder care.

Assessment of variation in the alberta context tool : the contribution of unit level contextual factors and practice specialty in Canadian pediatric acute care settings

Background: There are few validated measures of organizational context and none that we located are parsimonious and address modifiable characteristics of context. The Alberta Context Tool (ACT) was developed to meet this need. The instrument assesses 8 dimensions of context, which comprise 10 concepts. The purpose of this paper is to report evidence to further the validity argument for ACT. The specific objectives of this paper are to: (1) examine the extent to which the 10 ACT concepts discriminate between patient care units and (2) identify variables that significantly contribute to between-unit variation for each of the 10 concepts.

Methods: 859 professional nurses (844 valid responses) working in medical, surgical and critical care units of 8 Canadian pediatric hospitals completed the ACT. A random intercept, fixed effects hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) strategy was used to quantify and explain variance in the 10 ACT concepts to establish the ACT’s ability to discriminate between units. We ran 40 models (a series of 4 models for each of the 10 concepts) in which we systematically assessed the unique contribution (i.e., error variance reduction) of different variables to between-unit variation. First, we constructed a null model in which we quantified the variance overall, in each of the concepts. Then we controlled for the contribution of individual level variables (Model 1). In Model 2, we assessed the contribution of practice specialty (medical, surgical, critical care) to variation since it was central to construction of the sampling frame for the study. Finally, we assessed the contribution of additional unit level variables (Model 3).

Results: The null model (unadjusted baseline HLM model) established that there was significant variation between units in each of the 10 ACT concepts (i.e., discrimination between units). When we controlled for individual characteristics, significant variation in the 10 concepts remained. Assessment of the contribution of specialty to between-unit variation enabled us to explain more variance (1.19% to 16.73%) in 6 of the 10 ACT concepts. Finally, when we assessed the unique contribution of the unit level variables available to us, we were able to explain additional variance (15.91% to 73.25%) in 7 of the 10 ACT concepts.

Conclusion: The findings reported here represent the third published argument for validity of the ACT and adds to the evidence supporting its use to discriminate patient care units by all 10 contextual factors. We found evidence of relationships between a variety of individual and unit-level variables that explained much of this between-unit variation for each of the 10 ACT concepts. Future research will include examination of the relationships between the ACT’s contextual factors and research utilization by nurses and ultimately the relationships between context, research utilization, and outcomes for patients.

Reliability and validity of the Alberta context tool (ACT) with professional nurses: Findings from a multi-study analysis

Although organizational context is central to evidence-based practice, underdeveloped measurement hindersitsassessment. The Alberta Context Tool, comprised of 59 items that tap10 modifiable contextual concepts, was developed to address this gap. The purpose of this study to examine the reliability and validity of scores obtained when the Alberta Context Tool is completed by professional nurses across different healthcare settings. Five separate studies (N = 2361 nurses across different care settings) comprised the study sample. Reliability and validity were assessed. Cronbach's alpha exceeded 0.70 for9/10 Alberta Context Tool concepts. Item-total correlations exceeded acceptable standards for 56/59items. Confirmatory Factor Analysescoordinated acceptably with the Alberta Context Tool's proposed latent structure. The mean values for each Alberta Context Tool concept increased from low to high levels of research utilization(as hypothesized) further supporting its validity. This study provides robust evidence forreliability and validity of scores obtained with the Alberta Context Tool when administered to professional nurses.

Utilización de la investigación por los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en los hospitales del Servicio Madrileño de Salud

Utilizar el conocimiento proveniente de investigación rigurosa en la práctica clínica, produce mejoras en los procesos de cuidados y en los resultados de los pacientes. Por ello la utilización de la investigación se puede definir como el proceso de comunicación y utilización del conocimiento científico con el fin de conseguir un cambio en el sistema de cuidados. La utilización de investigación ocurre cuando las enfermeras incorporan el conocimiento de la investigación en su práctica clínica. La tesis doctoral que se presenta a continuación tiene el objetivo de identificar los factores individuales y contextuales que se relacionan con la utilización de la investigación por parte de los profesionales de enfermería. A través de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico, la tesis desarrolla la validación de un instrumento para medir el constructo de utilización de la investigación en profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el medio hospitalario y prestan cuidados directos al paciente en unidades médicas, quirúrgicas y de cuidados críticos, tanto de adultos como pediátricas. Además, se incluyen otras variables que en la literatura se han identificado como relacionadas con la utilización de la investigación, como son las actitudes hacia la investigación y el entorno laboral, ambas medidas con instrumentos validados en el contexto hospitalario español. Para medir la actitudes se ha utilizado el instrumento “Actitudes y concienciación de los profesionales de enfermería hacia la investigación y desarrollo en cuidados de salud” y para medir el entorno laboral el cuestionario “Practice environmet Scale”. También se ha puesto a prueba el contexto según el modelo PARISH (Cultura, liderazgo y evaluación). La utilización de la investigación se ha medido con el cuestionario “Research Utilization Survey”, para el que se ha realizado una validación analizando la fiabilidad test-retest, la validez de contenido y la validez de constructo. Entre los resultados más relevantes presentados en este trabajo, se pueden destacar: El Cuestionario muestra una validez de contenido, fiabilidad y validez de constructo aceptables y se puede utilizar en el contexto español. La media de la utilización general ajustada de la investigación de la muestra fue de 3,04 sobre una escala Likert de 5 puntos. La utilización directa de la investigación obtuvo una media de 3,44, la indirecta 3,33 y la persuasiva 2,82. Las características individuales que se relacionan con la utilización de la investigación son el género (mujeres vs. hombres), participación en actividades científicas (publicación de artículos con un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson r=0,3), la formación continuada, tener titulaciones adicionales nivel máster, hábitos altos de lectura de revistas científicas, las creencias hacia la investigación (actuar contra las propias creencias cuando contradicen algo aprendido antes de la escuela de enfermería, obtuvo un r=0,26 y en la escuela r=0,29) y las actitudes hacia la investigación: una mayor puntuación en el cuestionario de actitudes, se relaciona de manera significativa con una mayor puntuación en todos los tipos de utilización de la investigación (r=0,33). Teniendo en cuenta los factores organizativos, el apoyo de los supervisores, de los médicos y de los compañeros enfermeros se mostraron relacionados con una mayor utilización de la investigación (r entre 0,21-0,26). Por otro lado, teniendo en cuenta el entorno según el cuestionario “PES-NWI”, los hospitales con un entorno desfavorable obtienen menores puntuaciones para la utilización general ajustada que los mixtos y los favorables (F= 3,45; p=0,027). Si tenemos en cuenta el contexto según PARISH en general los valores medios obtenidos en todos los tipos de utilización de la investigación son menores en los contextos desfavorables que en los favorables (F=3,55; p=0,041 entre contexto adecuados e inadecuados). El estudio muestra que las creencias y las actitudes hacia la investigación son los aspectos más relacionados a nivel individual con el uso de la investigación. Por otro lado, los profesionales que tienen el apoyo de otros profesionales y que trabajan en contextos positivos utilizan más la investigación.

Sustainable utilization of inland water resources: an integrated program for research and management

In both developed and developing countries, there is increased competition for water resources, resulting in deficiencies in supply and in various forms of pollution. In developing countries, the nutritional potential of aquatic resources is very important. To realize this potential, integrated research and management for sustainable water resource use are needed. This requires a sound understanding of the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. A programme is presented which stresses the interrelationships of the physical, chemical and biological components of aquatic systems and their catchments. The programme consists of 16 stages in 5 phases, which are as follows: System description; System functioning and modelling; Resource assessment/dynamics; Resource potential; and, Resource utilization for sustainability. This programme enables workers within different disciplines to identify how their expertise contributes to the overall research requirements to support resource development.

Attitudes and other barriers to the utilization of clinical research findings by American physicians: A systematic review

Background: The Institute of Medicine estimates that only a maximum of 25% of clinical research findings are incorporated into practice by physicians. To improve clinical practice, efforts have been made to promote evidence-based medicine and the use of clinical guidelines. Despite these efforts, the gap between research and clinical practice remains wide.^ Objective: To systematically review the literature describing the factors which influence the use of clinical research recommendations by American physicians.^ Hypothesis: Barriers exist in the application of clinical research into clinical practice, and are multifactorial. The establishment of the Clinical and Translational Awards (CTSA; special federal grants awarded to selected institutions to support clinical and translational research) has reduced the effect of these barriers and improved the process of clinical research translation into practice among American physicians.^ Aims: Identify barriers and facilitators of the use of research findings in clinical practice by American physicians. Contrast studies published six years before and after the creation of the CTSA.^ Methods: The sources of data include published literature from Medline, PubMed and PsycINFO. Selected studies must be qualitative, a survey of American clinicians, based on evidence-based medicine practice, clinical guidelines or treatment pathways. Systematic reviews and reports were excluded, as well as studies with less than 100 respondents.^ Results: In total, 1036 abstracts were reviewed; 115 full text potential articles were identified and reviewed, and a total of 31 studies met all criteria for inclusion in the final review.^ Conclusions: The barriers against the application of clinical research findings, in the forms of clinical guidelines, evidence-based medicine guides and clinical pathways, can be divided broadly into physician barriers, practice/system barriers and patient barriers. Physician barriers are the most common barriers, especially the lack of familiarity with guidelines and the lack of time. Of the factors which improve the use of research based guidelines, physician factors such as younger age, lower duration of clinical practice, specialty training, and practice in large group Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) settings with fewer patients seen were the most commonly cited.^

The development and utilization of automated and semi-automated microbial mutagenicity assays : cooperative research and development agreement with Spiral Biotech, Incorporated.

Mode of access: Internet.

Symposium on the Utilization of Research Reactors, November 7-9, 1963, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

"ORO-3191-1."

Utilization of radioactive isotopes in coal process research : final report - task 1 /

"March 1, 1959 - March 31, 1960."