986 resultados para recherche terrain
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En urbanisme, l’approche phénoménologique permet de se pencher sur l’expérience de l’individu et, plus précisément, sur le rapport que celui-ci entretient avec son milieu de vie. Cette approche permet de concevoir des milieux de vie mieux adaptés aux besoins et aux expectatives des individus et suppose des démarches d’aménagement qui accordent un rôle important au citoyen. Toutefois, si l’approche phénoménologique est couramment utilisée dans le cadre de travaux théoriques, elle est difficilement adoptée sur le terrain, en dépit de son utilité et des justifications que l’on peut donner à son utilisation au plan éthique. Dans le présent article, nous explorons les raisons d’une telle disparité en levant le voile sur une double difficulté : difficulté professionnelle, d’une part, à dépasser le modèle déterministe du rapport personne–environnement ; difficulté scientifique, d’autre part, à ancrer la production de connaissances dans les processus de transformation du milieu de vie.
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Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur.
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Compte-rendu / Review
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La question de la protection des données à caractère personnel posée dans le cadre des activités d’assistance et de soutien des missions civiles de gestion de crise ne semble guère avoir suscité l’intérêt des instances en charge de leur gestion et ce en dépit de son importance majeure au regard des tâches exécutées quotidiennement par les agents de ces missions dans le domaine de la coopération policière et judiciaire en matière pénale. S’appuyant sur une expérience de terrain, l’auteur s’efforcera, dans ces lignes, de démontrer la nécessité d’entamer une réflexion de fond sur ce sujet afin, le cas échéant, de prendre les initiatives utiles destinées à porter remède aux difficultés qui, en ce domaine, pourraient apparaître.
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L'approche par projets et l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies à des fins éducatives sont des sujets d'actualité. Vouloir marier les deux pourrait aller de soi puisque Internet regorge d'informations intéressantes pour alimenter les projets. Malheureusement, on constate rapidement les difficultés qui font d'Internet un média difficile à utiliser pour des élèves du primaire. Afin d'améliorer cette situation, il paraissait nécessaire d'intervenir. Il nous a semblé important d'amener les élèves à planifier, à évaluer et à réfléchir sur leurs habitudes. C'est pourquoi il est intéressant d'expérimenter un enseignement qui repose sur le développement de stratégies métacognitives. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont, d'une part, de déterminer quels sont les savoirs, les savoir-être et les savoir-faire en lien avec la recherche d'informations sur Internet qu'un élève du troisième cycle du primaire doit développer afin d'être efficace. D'autre part, il faut aussi s'attarder aux stratégies d'accompagnement que l'enseignant se doit de mettre en place pour développer ces habiletés métacognitives. Afin de cerner notre sujet, la recension des écrits porte sur trois concepts importants. Nous avons débuté par l'approche par projets puisqu'elle représente la structure qui entoure l'élève lorsqu'il est en recherche d'informations. Ensuite, vient Internet qui tient le rôle de l'outil employé par l'élève pour arriver à ses fins. Le dernier concept vu est la métacognition, elle représente l'angle d'intervention visé par l'enseignant chercheur. Puisque cette recherche est basée sur l'étude de l'impact engendré par l'enseignement de stratégies métacognitives, elle s'inscrit dans l'optique d'une recherche intervention appliquée sur le terrain et dont l'enjeu est pragmatique. Afin d'apprécier les changements reliés à l'utilisation de stratégies métacognitives pertinentes, des entrevues ont été réalisées avant et après les enseignements et l'enseignant chercheur a employé un journal de bord pour y recueillir ses observations. Cette recherche s'inscrit donc dans une approche qualitative. Pour atteindre les objectifs de cette recherche, des activités ont été planifiées. Elles ont comme but, dans un premier temps, de bâtir un bagage de connaissances relatif à ce média. Ensuite, elles permettent de sensibiliser les élèves aux différentes stratégies métacognitives utiles face à ce média. C'est ainsi que l'on aborde les thèmes : "Qu'est-ce qu'Internet?", "Comment utiliser Internet?" et "Développer sa pensée critique face aux découvertes sur le Web". L'analyse des résultats de cette recherche permet de constater plusieurs changements tant au niveau du savoir, du savoir-faire et du savoir-être. Les élèves interviewés ont maintenant une méthode de recherche plus efficace qui s'adapte aux obstacles rencontrés et la pensée critique fait maintenant partie intégrante de leurs habitudes de navigation. Ils ont développé une confiance en soi dans ce type d'activité. De plus, les élèves ont transféré l'utilisation de stratégies métacognitives à d'autres domaines tels que la résolution de problèmes en mathématiques ou la correction de textes en français. Ils y utilisent le vocabulaire appris et ils prennent conscience de l'activité mentale associée à la tâche. Cette recherche permet aussi aux enseignants de cibler adéquatement les savoir, les savoir-faire et les savoir-être qu'un élève doit développer afin d'être un internaute compétent. De plus, elle propose une démarche, soit l'enseignement stratégique et implicite (Bissonnette et Richard, 2001) qui s'est révélée appropriée et efficace. Nous pouvons donc conclure que notre intervention a eu un impact sur le développement de la compétence à rechercher sur Internet de l'information pertinente chez les élèves du troisième cycle du primaire.
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Our objective was to develop a methodology to predict soil fertility using visible near-infrared (vis-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectra and terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). Specifically, our aims were to: (i) assemble a minimum data set to develop a soil fertility index for sugarcane (Sarcharum officinarum L.) (SFI-SC) for biofuel production in tropical soils; (ii) construct a model to predict the SFI-SC using soil vis-NIR spectra and terrain attributes; and (iii) produce a soil fertility map for our study area and assess it by comparing it with a green vegetation index (GVI). The study area was 185 ha located in sao Paulo State, Brazil. In total, 184 soil samples were collected and analyzed for a range of soil chemical and physical properties. Their vis-NIR spectra were collected from 400 to 2500 nm. The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission 3-arcsec (90-m resolution) DEM of the area was used to derive 17 terrain attributes. A minimum data set of soil properties was selected to develop the SFI-SC. The SFI-SC consisted of three classes: Class 1, the highly fertile soils; Class 2, the fertile soils; and Class 3, the least fertile soils. It was derived heuristically with conditionals and using expert knowledge. The index was modeled with the spectra and terrain data using cross-validated decision trees. The cross-validation of the model correctly predicted Class 1 in 75% of cases, Class 2 in 61%, and Class 3 in 65%. A fertility map was derived for the study area and compared with a map of the GVI. Our approach offers a methodology that incorporates expert knowledge to derive the SFI-SC and uses a versatile spectro-spatial methodology that may be implemented for rapid and accurate determination of soil fertility and better exploration of areas suitable for production.
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A research program on atmospheric boundary layer processes and local wind regimes in complex terrain was conducted in the vicinity of Lake Tekapo in the southern Alps of New Zealand, during two 1-month field campaigns in 1997 and 1999. The effects of the interaction of thermal and dynamic forcing were of specific interest, with a particular focus on the interaction of thermal forcing of differing scales. The rationale and objectives of the field and modeling program are described, along with the methodology used to achieve them. Specific research aims include improved knowledge of the role of surface forcing associated with varying energy balances across heterogeneous terrain, thermal influences on boundary layer and local wind development, and dynamic influences of the terrain through channeling effects. Data were collected using a network of surface meteorological and energy balance stations, radiosonde and pilot balloon soundings, tethered balloon and kite-based systems, sodar, and an instrumented light aircraft. These data are being used to investigate the energetics of surface heat fluxes, the effects of localized heating/cooling and advective processes on atmospheric boundary layer development, and dynamic channeling. A complementary program of numerical modeling includes application of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to case studies characterizing typical boundary layer structures and airflow patterns observed around Lake Tekapo. Some initial results derived from the special observation periods are used to illustrate progress made to date. In spite of the difficulties involved in obtaining good data and undertaking modeling experiments in such complex terrain, initial results show that surface thermal heterogeneity has a significant influence on local atmospheric structure and wind fields in the vicinity of the lake. This influence occurs particularly in the morning. However, dynamic channeling effects and the larger-scale thermal effect of the mountain region frequently override these more local features later in the day.
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Revista Lusófona de Educação
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Wind resource evaluation in two sites located in Portugal was performed using the mesoscale modelling system Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and the wind resource analysis tool commonly used within the wind power industry, the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) microscale model. Wind measurement campaigns were conducted in the selected sites, allowing for a comparison between in situ measurements and simulated wind, in terms of flow characteristics and energy yields estimates. Three different methodologies were tested, aiming to provide an overview of the benefits and limitations of these methodologies for wind resource estimation. In the first methodology the mesoscale model acts like “virtual” wind measuring stations, where wind data was computed by WRF for both sites and inserted directly as input in WAsP. In the second approach, the same procedure was followed but here the terrain influences induced by the mesoscale model low resolution terrain data were removed from the simulated wind data. In the third methodology, the simulated wind data is extracted at the top of the planetary boundary layer height for both sites, aiming to assess if the use of geostrophic winds (which, by definition, are not influenced by the local terrain) can bring any improvement in the models performance. The obtained results for the abovementioned methodologies were compared with those resulting from in situ measurements, in terms of mean wind speed, Weibull probability density function parameters and production estimates, considering the installation of one wind turbine in each site. Results showed that the second tested approach is the one that produces values closest to the measured ones, and fairly acceptable deviations were found using this coupling technique in terms of estimated annual production. However, mesoscale output should not be used directly in wind farm sitting projects, mainly due to the mesoscale model terrain data poor resolution. Instead, the use of mesoscale output in microscale models should be seen as a valid alternative to in situ data mainly for preliminary wind resource assessments, although the application of mesoscale and microscale coupling in areas with complex topography should be done with extreme caution.
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A procedure for coupling mesoscale and CFD codes is presented, enabling the inclusion of realistic stratification flow regimes and boundary conditions in CFD simulations of relevance to site and resource assessment studies in complex terrain. Two distinct techniques are derived: (i) in the first one, boundary conditions are extracted from mesoscale results to produce time-varying CFD solutions; (ii) in the second case, a statistical treatment of mesoscale data leads to steady-state flow boundary conditions believed to be more representative than the idealised profiles which are current industry practice. Results are compared with measured data and traditional CFD approaches.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores
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The main purpose of this work was the development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric ows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM. For this aim, tools and procedures were developed apart from this code for the preprocessing and data extraction, which were thereafter applied in the simulation of a real case. For the generation of the computational domain, a systematic method able to translate the terrain elevation model to a native OpenFOAM format (blockMeshDict) was developed. The outcome was a structured mesh, in which the user has the ability to de ne the number of control volumes and its dimensions. With this procedure, the di culties of case set up and the high computation computational e ort reported in literature associated to the use of snappyHexMesh, the OpenFOAM resource explored until then for the accomplishment of this task, were considered to be overwhelmed. Developed procedures for the generation of boundary conditions allowed for the automatic creation of idealized inlet vertical pro les, de nition of wall functions boundary conditions and the calculation of internal eld rst guesses for the iterative solution process, having as input experimental data supplied by the user. The applicability of the generated boundary conditions was limited to the simulation of turbulent, steady-state, incompressible and neutrally strati ed atmospheric ows, always recurring to RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) models. For the modelling of terrain roughness, the developed procedure allowed to the user the de nition of idealized conditions, like an uniform aerodynamic roughness length or making its value variable as a function of topography characteristic values, or the using of real site data, and it was complemented by the development of techniques for the visual inspection of generated roughness maps. The absence and the non inclusion of a forest canopy model limited the applicability of this procedure to low aerodynamic roughness lengths. The developed tools and procedures were then applied in the simulation of a neutrally strati ed atmospheric ow over the Askervein hill. In the performed simulations was evaluated the solution sensibility to di erent convection schemes, mesh dimensions, ground roughness and formulations of the k - ε and k - ω models. When compared to experimental data, calculated values showed a good agreement of speed-up in hill top and lee side, with a relative error of less than 10% at a height of 10 m above ground level. Turbulent kinetic energy was considered to be well simulated in the hill windward and hill top, and grossly predicted in the lee side, where a zone of ow separation was also identi ed. Despite the need of more work to evaluate the importance of the downstream recirculation zone in the quality of gathered results, the agreement between the calculated and experimental values and the OpenFOAM sensibility to the tested parameters were considered to be generally in line with the simulations presented in the reviewed bibliographic sources.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores