Non-enzymatic Degradation of (1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan in Aqueous Processing of Oats

Cereal water-soluble β-glucan [(1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan] has well-evidenced health benefits and it contributes to the texture properties of foods. These functions are characteristically dependent on the excellent viscosity forming ability of this cell wall polysaccharide. The viscosity is affected by the molar mass, solubility and conformation of β-glucan molecule, which are further known to be altered during food processing. This study focused on demonstrating the degradation of β-glucan in water solutions following the addition of ascorbic acid, during heat treatments or high pressure homogenisation. Furthermore, the motivation of this study was in the non-enzymatic degradation mechanisms, particularly in oxidative cleavage via hydroxyl radicals. The addition of ascorbic acid at food-related concentrations (2-50 mM), autoclaving (120°C) treatments, and high pressure homogenisation (300-1000 bar) considerably cleaved the β-glucan chains, determined as a steep decrease in the viscosity of β-glucan solutions and decrease in the molar mass of β-glucan. The cleavage was more intense in a solution of native β-glucan with co-extracted compounds than in a solution of highly purified β-glucan. Despite the clear and immediate process-related degradation, β-glucan was less sensitive to these treatments compared to other water-soluble polysaccharides previously reported in the literature. In particular, the highly purified β-glucan was relatively resistant to the autoclaving treatments without the addition of ferrous ions. The formation of highly oxidative free radicals was detected at the elevated temperatures, and the formation was considerably accelerated by added ferrous ions. Also ascorbic acid pronounced the formation of these oxidative radicals, and oxygen was simultaneously consumed by ascorbic acid addition and by heating the β-glucan solutions. These results demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative reactions, most likely the metal catalysed Fenton-like reactions, in the β-glucan solutions during these processes. Furthermore, oxidized functional groups (carbonyls) were formed along the β-glucan chain by the treatments, including high pressure homogenisation, evidencing the oxidation of β-glucan by these treatments. The degradative forces acting on the particles in the high pressure homogenisation are generally considered to be the mechanical shear, but as shown here, carbohydrates are also easily degraded during the process, and oxidation may have a role in the modification of polysaccharides by this technique. In the present study, oat β-glucan was demonstrated to be susceptible to degradation during aqueous processing by non-enzymatic degradation mechanisms. Oxidation was for the first time shown to be a highly relevant degradation mechanism of β-glucan in food processing.

Orgaanisen aineen huuhtoutuminen ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät

English summary: The washing out of organic matter and factors affecting it.

Pikasuodatus pohjaveden raudan poistossa

Rapid filtration in iron removal from groundwater.

Veden ja järvisedimenttien laatu Vihtamonjoen valuma-alueella Sotkamossa

The study area, Vihtamonjoki catchment area, is 55 square kilometres and a third of it has been ditched. The largest ditchings have been done in years 1959-1970. The water system in the catchment area builds up of several lake basins, brooks and rivers. This study tries to discover the water quality at present. It also tries to determine the sedimentation rate and the changes on the sediment quality during the past decades. The water samples were collected in August 2003 and in March 2004 from several places in the catchment area. On March 2004 the sediment samples were collected from four lake basins. Organic matter, total phosphorus, iron, manganese, Fe/Mn-ratio, zinc and copper were determined from sediment samples. The water quality was determined by electric conductivity, alkalinity, pH, oxygen content and the content of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, chlorine and fluoride. Also the nutrients, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, were determined. Chemical analyses and loss on ignition analyses showed clear changes in sediment quality in samples taken from 15-25 cm depth, thus showing the time of the ditching. In most cases the forest ditching had caused increase in mineral matter, iron, zinc and copper and decrease in total phosphorus and organic matter. Sedimentation rates vary between 4,1 to 6,7 mm/year in lakes after the forest ditching. Sedimentation rates have probably increased due to the forest ditching. The Fe/Mn-ratio shows that there has been a lack of oxygen in the lakes for some years after the forest ditching. The water quality proved to be normal in the Vihtamonjoki catchment area. Oxygen content in March 2004 pointed to the conclusion that there might be lack of oxygen in winter. Other analysis showed the water quality to be typical for the Kainuu area.

Capital, trabalho, saúde e meio ambiente: uma relação destrutiva analisada em uma indústria de pelotização

O presente trabalho visa analisar as condições do processo de trabalho de uma empresa mineradora, de capital multinacional, em usinas de pelotização, instaladas em Anchieta/ES. Pretende, também, examinar os determinantes desse processo e as conseqüências para a saúde dos trabalhadores, levando em consideração sua exposição aos riscos, relacionadas à destruição do meio ambiente. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados na pesquisa consistiram basicamente de estudo bibliográfico, análise documental e aplicação de questionários aos trabalhadores da empresa residentes nesse município. O estudo parte da relação existente entre capital, trabalho e saúde do trabalhador, tendo como marco histórico a revolução industrial. Destacam-se nesse resgate os diferentes momentos do sistema produtivo capitalista, fazendo um paralelo com os sistemas de saúde em relação ao trabalhador. Verificamos que, com a expansão dos estudos sobre trabalho e saúde do trabalhador, as discussões não ficaram restritas ao chão da fábrica, passando a articular o mundo da produção e o ambiente de trabalho, introduzindo o debate sobre a deterioração das condições ambientais em escala planetária no atual estágio de desenvolvimento do capitalismo. O campo de análise em que os aspectos pontuados são examinados é a cidade de Anchieta/ES, onde se localiza a empresa pesquisada. O processo de operação das usinas de pelotização nessa localidade transformou o pequeno lugarejo praiano, que vivia apenas da pesca, da agricultura familiar e do turismo tradicional, no litoral sul do Espírito Santo, em sede de um possível conglomerado de empresas e indústrias ligadas ao minério, à siderurgia, ao petróleo e gás. Como resultantes dos efeitos desse processo de produção, nas condições de vida dos trabalhadores, observa-se que as alterações produzidas pela empresa influenciam destrutivamente as duas principais fontes de produção da sua riqueza: a natureza, configurada no meio-ambiente local e nacional, e a força de trabalho nela alocada que fica submetida a todos os fatores de risco a sua saúde.

Annotated record and chemical composition of iron-manganese nodules from the Baltic Sea

Iron-manganese concretions, closely related to lacustrine ores and deep sea manganese nodules, are presently forming in different parts of Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. They can be divided according to physical form into three distinct groups: (1) round pea-shaped concretions, (2) ring-shaped concrections, and (3) flat sheets and crusts of concretionary material. A definite correlation was found to exist between the form i.e. type of concretions and their chemical composition (Mn/Fe ratio). Trace element concentrations were generally rather high, although not as high as in deep sea manganese nodules. X-ray and DTA was used to study the mineralogy and crystal structure of the concretions. Surface concentrations and geographical distribution of the concretions were estimated on the basis of samples, diving observations and echo-grams.

Muinaisjäännöksiä Suomen suvun asumus-aloilta, järjestänyt ja valtioavulla julkaissut J. R. Aspelin ...

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