Línguas em contato no Oiapoque: as comunidades indígenas karipuna

Esta pesquisa está direcionada à análise da situação sociolingüística de cinco aldeias nas Terras Indígenas Uaçá no município do Oiapoque no Estado do Amapá: Espírito Santo, Taminã, Cutiti, Santa Isabel e Txipidon. Nesse contexto duas línguas estão presentes, quais sejam, língua crioula e língua portuguesa. O objetivo deste trabalho está centrado no reconhecimento da real situação sociolingüística desse espaço de lingüístico-geográfico, vislumbrando a língua materna da etnia, as comunidades, a situação dos sujeitos bilíngües, os usos sociais das línguas e situação escolar em contexto bilíngüe. A análise é embasada na concepção de diglossia sem estabilidade e de bilingüismo como fenômeno não estável, situado, com definição de sujeito bilíngüe relacionado ao contexto em que as línguas se encontram. A situação escolar é vista tendo por base os planejamentos lingüísticos de Hamel. Os dados são analisados sob a ótica da metodologia descritivo-interpretativa, com dados quantitativos auxiliando na descrição qualitativa da pesquisa. Moradores das cinco aldeias e professores índios e não índios fazem parte do corpus da pesquisa. Os resultados confirmam a língua portuguesa como a mais representativa, no repertório verbal das aldeias Santa Isabel e Txipidon e a língua crioula como língua materna de Espírito Santo, Taminã e Cutiti, aldeias de uma etnia em comum, a Karipuna.. Essas comunidades estão em conflito diglóssico, com a língua portuguesa ocupando espaço da língua crioula em alguns domínios lingüísticos. Confirma-se o bilingüismo apresentado pelos falantes como relativo ao contexto, com graus diferenciados de bilinguidade em cada aldeia, considerando-se as quatro habilidades lingüística: compreender, falar, ler e escreve. Essa é a situação que deve ser considerada pela escola em seus planejamentos lingüísticos e não somente as diferentes línguas maternas das comunidades.

Family Management Style Framework and Its Use With Families Who Have a Child Undergoing Palliative Care at Home

Palliative care settings in many countries acknowledge families as their prime focus of care, but in Brazil, to date, researchers have devoted scant attention to that practice setting. In this article, we report the findings of a study that explored how families define and manage their lives when they have a child or adolescent undergoing palliative care at home. Data included individual semistructured interviews with 14 family members of 11 different families. Interviews were transcribed and the coding procedure featured qualitative content analysis methods. The deductive coding was based on the major components of the Family Management Style Framework and the eight dimensions comprising these components. The analysis provides insight into families' daily practices and problems inherent in managing their everyday lives that are encountered when they have a child in palliative care. The article features discussion of implications for the palliative care related development of family nursing practice.

A theoretical study of the characterization and the absorption spectrum of Mg: Tetracycline complexes in aqueous environment.

The complex formed by the tetracycline (TC) molecule with the Mg ion is able to prevent the replication of the genetic material in the bacterial ribosome, making an excellent antibiotic. In general, the absorption and emission spectra of TC are very sensitive to the host ions and the pH of the solvent that the set is immersed. However, the theoretical absorption spectrum available in the literature is scarce and limited to simple models that do not consider the fluctuations of the liquid. Our aim is to obtain the electronic absorption spectrum of TC and the complex Mg:TC in the ratio 1:1 and 2:1. Moreover, we analyze the changes in intensity and shifts of the bands in the systems listed. We performed the simulation using the classical Monte Carlo technique with the Lennard-Jones plus Coulomb potential applied to each atom of the both TC molecule and the Mg:TC complexes in water. The electronic absorption spectrum was obtained from the time-dependent density functional theory using different solvent models. In general, we obtained a good qualitative description of the spectra when compared with the experimental results. The Mg atom shifts the first band by 4 nm in our models, in excellent agreement to the experimental result of 4 nm. The second absorption band is found here to be useful for the characterization of the position where the ion attaches to the TC.

Additive homeopathy in cancer patients: Retrospective survival data from a homeopathic outpatient unit at the Medical University of Vienna

Background: Current literature suggests a positive influence of additive classical homeopathyon global health and well-being in cancer patients. Besides encouraging case reports, thereis little if any research on long-term survival of patients who obtain homeopathic care duringcancer treatment. Design: Data from cancer patients who had undergone homeopathic treatment complementaryto conventional anti-cancer treatment at the Outpatient Unit for Homeopathy in MalignantDiseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria, were collected,described and a retrospective subgroup-analysis with regard to survival time was performed.Patient inclusion criteria were at least three homeopathic consultations, fatal prognosis ofdisease, quantitative and qualitative description of patient characteristics, and survival time. Results: In four years, a total of 538 patients were recorded to have visited the OutpatientUnit Homeopathy in Malignant Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria. 62.8% of them were women, and nearly 20% had breast cancer. From the 53.7%(n = 287) who had undergone at least three homeopathic consultations within four years, 18.7%(n = 54) fulfilled inclusion criteria for survival analysis. The surveyed neoplasms were glioblas-toma, lung, cholangiocellular and pancreatic carcinomas, metastasized sarcoma, and renal cellcarcinoma. Median overall survival was compared to expert expectations of survival outcomesby specific cancer type and was prolonged across observed cancer entities (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Extended survival time in this sample of cancer patients with fatal prognosis butadditive homeopathic treatment is interesting. However, findings are based on a small sample,and with only limited data available about patient and treatment characteristics. The relationshipbetween homeopathic treatment and survival time requires prospective investigation in largersamples possibly using matched-pair control analysis or randomized trials.

Computer simulations of sample preconcentration in carrier-free systems and isoelectric focusing in microchannels using simple ampholytes.

In this work, electrophoretic preconcentration of protein and peptide samples in microchannels was studied theoretically using the 1D dynamic simulator GENTRANS, and experimentally combined with MS. In all configurations studied, the sample was uniformly distributed throughout the channel before power application, and driving electrodes were used as microchannel ends. In the first part, previously obtained experimental results from carrier-free systems are compared to simulation results, and the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide and impurities in the sample solution are examined. Simulation provided insight into the dynamics of the transport of all components under the applied electric field and revealed the formation of a pure water zone in the channel center. In the second part, the use of an IEF procedure with simple well defined amphoteric carrier components, i.e. amino acids, for concentration and fractionation of peptides was investigated. By performing simulations a qualitative description of the analyte behavior in this system was obtained. Neurotensin and [Glu1]-Fibrinopeptide B were separated by IEF in microchannels featuring a liquid lid for simple sample handling and placement of the driving electrodes. Component distributions in the channel were detected using MALDI- and nano-ESI-MS and data were in agreement with those obtained by simulation. Dynamic simulations are demonstrated to represent an effective tool to investigate the electrophoretic behavior of all components in the microchannel.

Air photography Samoylov Island

For the qualitative description of surface properties like vegetation cover or land-water-ratio of Samoylov Island as well as for the evaluation of fetch homogeneity considerations of the eddy covariance measurements and for the up-scaling of chamber flux measurements, a detailed surface classification of the island at the sub-polygonal scale is necessary. However, up to know only grey-scale Corona satellite images from the 1960s with a resolution of 2 x 2 m and recent multi-spectral LandSat images with a resolution of 30 x 30 m were available for this region. Both are not useable for the desired classification because of missing spectral information and inadequate resolution, respectively. During the Lena 2003 expedition, a survey of the island by air photography was carried out in order to obtain images for surface classification. The photographs were taken from a helicopter on 10.07.2002, using a Canon EOS100 reflex camera, a Soligor 19-23 mm lens and colour slide film. The height from which the photographs were taken was approximately 600 meters. Due to limited flight time, not all the area of the island could be photographed and some regions could only be photographed with a slanted view. As a result, the images are of a varying quality and resolution. In Potsdam, after processing the films were scanned using a Nikon LS-2000 scanner at maximal resolution setting. This resulted in a ground resolution of the scanned images of approximately 0.3x0.3 m. The images were subsequently geo-referenced using the ENVI software and a referenced Corona image dating from 18.07.1964 (Spott, 2003). Geo-referencing was only possible for the Holocene river terrace areas; the floodplain regions in the western part of the island could not be referenced due to the lack of ground reference points. In Figure 3.7-1, the aerial view of Samoylov Island composed of the geo-referenced images is shown. Further work is necessary for the classification and interpretation of the images. If possible, air photography surveys will be carried out during future expeditions in order to determine changes in surface pattern and composition.

Ensayos de seguridad eléctrica orientados a la vigilancia del mercado

El presente estudio recopila los diferentes bancos de pruebas de EMC, Radio, SAR y seguridad eléctrica que se utiliza en la vigilancia del mercado. Describe las pruebas realizadas por el Estado español para llevar a cabo el seguimiento y control de los equipos vendidos. En primer lugar se presenta una descripción cualitativa de los ambientes clasificados por requisitos que explica en qué consisten las pruebas que se hacen, cómo se configura el entorno de medida y cuáles son los equipos que se deben utilizar. Está ilustrado con fotografías de los bastidores, antenas, amplificadores, generadores y otros equipos que la SETSI tiene en su laboratorio en El Casar (Guadalajara). La vigilancia de los equipos se realiza periódicamente en los estados miembros de la Unión Europea. Los funcionarios responsables también se reúnen periódicamente a nivel europeo para sacar conclusiones y hacer proyecciones futuras. El equipo adquirido en centros comerciales de venta al público, después de poco más de un mes, en el que se pasan las pruebas, vuelve a la cadena de comercialización, por lo que los dispositivos no se puedan dañar. Las pruebas realizadas en el laboratorio no pueden ser perjudiciales para los dispositivos por lo que es necesario tomar precauciones en la ejecución de las pruebas. El centro del PFC es el área de la Seguridad Eléctrica. El capítulo 4 es una reproducción de la Norma internacional IEC 60950-1:2007/A11 sobre seguridad en equipos de tecnología de la información adaptada a los requisitos de la vigilancia de mercado. Las autoridades competentes se basan en este estándar para evaluar y garantizar la seguridad del usuario en los equipos de consumo. Diseñados los procedimientos de ensayo y montado un banco de acuerdo a estos ensayos, se ha preparado un manual de operador, capítulo 5, en el que se recogen cada una de las pruebas y controles visuales que deben realizarse para probar que el equipo es conforme. Para finalizar, en el capítulo 6, se ejecutan ensayos de ejemplo sobre tres dispositivos de prueba y se elaboran las correspondientes hojas de ensayo. El propósito es proporcionar al operador un manual completo del banco de seguridad eléctrica, es por ello que en el manual de operador se han repetido muchos fragmentos de la norma para facilitar al operador el objetivo concreto de las pruebas y el acceso fácil a la información. This dissertation presents the different test benches of EMC, Radio, SAR and Electrical Safety that are used in market surveillance. Describes the tests performed by the Spanish State to carry out the monitoring and control of equipment sold. First a qualitative description of the environments classified by requisites that explains in that consist the tests that are make it, how it configures the measure environment and which are the equipment that it should use. It is illustrated with photographs of the racks, antennas, amplifiers, generators and other equipment that the S.E.T.S.I has in its laboratory on El Casar (Guadalajara). The surveillance of equipment is performed periodically in the member states of the European Union. Responsible officials also periodically meet at European level to draw conclusions and make future projections. The equipment purchased in malls public sale, after little more than a month, in which the tests are passed, returned to the trade chain, which is why the devices cannot be damaged. The tests done in the laboratory may not be harmful for devices are thus necessary to take precautions in the execution of the tests. The center of this dissertation is the area of Electrical Safety. Chapter 4 is a reproduction of the International Standard IEC 60950-1:2007/A11 safety in teams of information technology, adapted to the requirements of market surveillance. The competent authorities are based on this standard to assess and ensure the user's safety in the consumption equipment. Designed test procedures and mounted on a bench according to these tests, it has prepared a manual operator, in Chapter 5, with each of the tests and visual inspections in order to prove that the equipment complies. Finally, in Chapter 6, such tests run on three devices are developed test and test some leaves. The purpose of this book is to provide an operator manual of the bench of electrical safety, which is why the operator manual have been repeated fragments of the standard, in chapter 5, to facilitate the operator to test execution and access to information.

Analysis, monitoring, and management of quality of experience in video delivery services over IP

Esta tesis estudia la monitorización y gestión de la Calidad de Experiencia (QoE) en los servicios de distribución de vídeo sobre IP. Aborda el problema de cómo prevenir, detectar, medir y reaccionar a las degradaciones de la QoE desde la perspectiva de un proveedor de servicios: la solución debe ser escalable para una red IP extensa que entregue flujos individuales a miles de usuarios simultáneamente. La solución de monitorización propuesta se ha denominado QuEM(Qualitative Experience Monitoring, o Monitorización Cualitativa de la Experiencia). Se basa en la detección de las degradaciones de la calidad de servicio de red (pérdidas de paquetes, disminuciones abruptas del ancho de banda...) e inferir de cada una una descripción cualitativa de su efecto en la Calidad de Experiencia percibida (silencios, defectos en el vídeo...). Este análisis se apoya en la información de transporte y de la capa de abstracción de red de los flujos codificados, y permite caracterizar los defectos más relevantes que se observan en este tipo de servicios: congelaciones, efecto de “cuadros”, silencios, pérdida de calidad del vídeo, retardos e interrupciones en el servicio. Los resultados se han validado mediante pruebas de calidad subjetiva. La metodología usada en esas pruebas se ha desarrollado a su vez para imitar lo más posible las condiciones de visualización de un usuario de este tipo de servicios: los defectos que se evalúan se introducen de forma aleatoria en medio de una secuencia de vídeo continua. Se han propuesto también algunas aplicaciones basadas en la solución de monitorización: un sistema de protección desigual frente a errores que ofrece más protección a las partes del vídeo más sensibles a pérdidas, una solución para minimizar el impacto de la interrupción de la descarga de segmentos de Streaming Adaptativo sobre HTTP, y un sistema de cifrado selectivo que encripta únicamente las partes del vídeo más sensibles. También se ha presentado una solución de cambio rápido de canal, así como el análisis de la aplicabilidad de los resultados anteriores a un escenario de vídeo en 3D. ABSTRACT This thesis proposes a comprehensive approach to the monitoring and management of Quality of Experience (QoE) in multimedia delivery services over IP. It addresses the problem of preventing, detecting, measuring, and reacting to QoE degradations, under the constraints of a service provider: the solution must scale for a wide IP network delivering individual media streams to thousands of users. The solution proposed for the monitoring is called QuEM (Qualitative Experience Monitoring). It is based on the detection of degradations in the network Quality of Service (packet losses, bandwidth drops...) and the mapping of each degradation event to a qualitative description of its effect in the perceived Quality of Experience (audio mutes, video artifacts...). This mapping is based on the analysis of the transport and Network Abstraction Layer information of the coded stream, and allows a good characterization of the most relevant defects that exist in this kind of services: screen freezing, macroblocking, audio mutes, video quality drops, delay issues, and service outages. The results have been validated by subjective quality assessment tests. The methodology used for those test has also been designed to mimic as much as possible the conditions of a real user of those services: the impairments to evaluate are introduced randomly in the middle of a continuous video stream. Based on the monitoring solution, several applications have been proposed as well: an unequal error protection system which provides higher protection to the parts of the stream which are more critical for the QoE, a solution which applies the same principles to minimize the impact of incomplete segment downloads in HTTP Adaptive Streaming, and a selective scrambling algorithm which ciphers only the most sensitive parts of the media stream. A fast channel change application is also presented, as well as a discussion about how to apply the previous results and concepts in a 3D video scenario.

Analytical Calculation of Stall-inception and Surge Points for an Axial-flow Compresor Rotor

Recently, a theoretical criterion to calculate the stability of an axial-flow compressor rotor has been presented in the scientific literature. This theoretical criterion was used for determining the locus of the stability line over the rotor map and for predicting the post-stall evolution of the constant-speed line of a rotor. The main objective of this paper is to improve the predictions of such a model. To do that, the paper proposes a different characterization of the characteristic azimuthal length and a calculation of the ratio of specific heats based on a polytropic exponent. Thanks to these new values, the model predicts two bifurcation points in the behaviour of the flow: the inception point of the instability and the surge point. Experimental data from a pure axial compressor are used to validate the model showing that the prediction of the flow coefficient at the surge point has an error inferior to 5%. For the rotor studied, the paper provides a quantitative and qualitative description of the inception of the instability and of the mechanism involved in the instable region of the compressor map. The paper also discusses the role of rotor efficiency in the position of the bifurcations and gives a sensitivity analysis of its position. Finally, it presents a discussion about how the model can explain the different behaviours exhibited by the same rotor when the flow coefficient is reduced

Chemical studies of plasma etchants used in integrated circuit manufacture

Plasma or "dry" etching is an essential process for the production of modern microelectronic circuits. However, despite intensive research, many aspects of the etch process are not fully understood. The results of studies of the plasma etching of Si and Si02 in fluorine-containing discharges, and the complementary technique of plasma polymerisation are presented in this thesis. Optical emission spectroscopy with argon actinometry was used as the principle plasma diagnostic. Statistical experimental design was used to model and compare Si and Si02 etch rates in CF4 and SF6 discharges as a function of flow, pressure and power. Etch mechanisms m both systems, including the potential reduction of Si etch rates in CF4 due to fluorocarbon polymer formation, are discussed. Si etch rates in CF4 /SF6 mixtures were successfully accounted for by the models produced. Si etch rates in CF4/C2F6 and CHF3 as a function of the addition of oxygen-containing additives (02, N20 and CO2) are shown to be consistent with a simple competition between F, 0 and CFx species for Si surface sites. For the range of conditions studied, Si02 etch rates were not dependent on F-atom concentration, but the presence of fluorine was essential in order to achieve significant etch rates. The influence of a wide range of electrode materials on the etch rate of Si and Si02 in CF4 and CF4 /02 plasmas was studied. It was found that the Si etch rate in a CF4 plasma was considerably enhanced, relative to an anodised aluminium electrode, in the presence of soda glass or sodium or potassium "doped" quartz. The effect was even more pronounced in a CF4 /02 discharge. In the latter system lead and copper electrodes also enhanced the Si etch rate. These results could not be accounted for by a corresponding rise in atomic fluorine concentration. Three possible etch enhancement mechanisms are discussed. Fluorocarbon polymer deposition was studied, both because of its relevance to etch mechanisms and its intrinsic interest, as a function of fluorocarbon source gas (CF4, C2F6, C3F8 and CHF3), process time, RF power and percentage hydrogen addition. Gas phase concentrations of F, H and CF2 were measured by optical emission spectroscopy, and the resultant polymer structure determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Thermal and electrical properties were measured also. Hydrogen additions are shown to have a dominant role in determining deposition rate and polymer composition. A qualitative description of the polymer growth mechanism is presented which accounts for both changes in growth rate and structure, and leads to an empirical deposition rate model.

La «Relación de lugares y pueblos donde se saca la grana de la Ciudad de Cholula » (México) de 1600. Alcance y contenido

Asturias ha sido una región emigrante y América uno de los destinos más buscados por muchos de los asturianos emigrantes desde tiempos de la Edad Moderna. Fruto de esas migraciones, los archivos nobiliarios asturianos albergan algunos documentos que hacen referencia explícita al territorio americano o a las estancias de asturianos en América. En este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer un documento «americano» que hace referencia exclusiva a un territorio de América, la ciudad de Cholula (México) y que se conserva descontextualizado en un fondo nobiliario del occidente de Asturias. En él se hace una descripción cuantitativa y cualitativa del número de nopales y su cultivo en la Cholula del siglo XVI. Se realiza también un análisis de la naturaleza del documento como fuente histórica en relación con el fondo documental en el que se custodia y se contrasta con obras contemporáneas.

Primary Health Care Providers' Perspectives: Facilitating Older Patients' Access to Community Support Services

The purpose of the study examined in this article was to understand how non-physician health care professionals working in Canadian primary health care settings facilitate older persons’ access to community support services (CSSs). The use of CSSs has positive impacts for clients, yet they are underused from lack of awareness. Using a qualitative description approach, we interviewed 20 health care professionals from various disciplines and primary health care models about the processes they use to link older patients to CSSs. Participants collaborated extensively with interprofessional colleagues within and outside their organizations to fi nd relevant CSSs. They actively engaged patients and families in making these linkages and ensured follow-up. It was troubling to fi nd that they relied on out-of-date resources and ineffi cient search strategies to fi nd CSSs. Our fi ndings can be used to develop resources and approaches to better support primary health care providers in linking older adults to relevant CSSs. 

An auditory, acoustic, articulatory and sociophonetic study of Swedish Viby-i

The study investigates the acoustic, articulatory and sociophonetic properties of the Swedish /iː/ variant known as 'Viby-i' in 13 speakers of Central Swedish from Stockholm, Gothenburg, Varberg, Jönköping and Katrineholm. The vowel is described in terms of its auditory quality, its acoustic F1 and F2 values, and its tongue configuration. A brief, qualitative description of lip position is also included. Variation in /iː/ production is mapped against five sociolinguistic factors: city, dialectal region, metropolitan vs. urban location, sex and socioeconomic rating. Articulatory data is collected using ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), for which the study proposes and evaluates a methodology. The study shows that Viby-i varies in auditory strength between speakers, and that strong instances of the vowel are associated with a high F1 and low F2, a trend which becomes more pronounced as the strength of Viby-i increases. The articulation of Viby-i is characterised by a lowered and backed tongue body, sometimes accompanied by a double-bunched tongue shape. The relationship between tongue position and acoustic results appears to be non-linear, suggesting either a measurement error or the influence of additional articulatory factors. Preliminary images of the lips show that Viby-i is produced with a spread but lax lip posture. The lip data also reveals parts of the tongue, which in many speakers appears to be extremely fronted and braced against the lower teeth, or sometimes protruded, when producing Viby-i. No sociophonetic difference is found between speakers from different cities or dialect regions. Metropolitan speakers are found to have an auditorily and acoustically stronger Viby-i than urban speakers, but this pattern is not matched in tongue backing or lowering. Overall the data shows a weak trend towards higher-class females having stronger Viby-i, but these results are tentative due to the limited size and stratification of the sample. Further research is needed to fully explore the sociophonetic properties of Viby-i.

Making visible the coding process : Using qualitative data software in a post-structural study

Qualitative research methods require transparency to ensure the ‘trustworthiness’ of the data analysis. The intricate processes of organizing, coding and analyzing the data are often rendered invisible in the presentation of the research findings, which requires a ‘leap of faith’ for the reader. Computer assisted data analysis software can be used to make the research process more transparent, without sacrificing rich, interpretive analysis by the researcher. This article describes in detail how one software package was used in a poststructural study to link and code multiple forms of data to four research questions for fine-grained analysis. This description will be useful for researchers seeking to use qualitative data analysis software as an analytic tool.