Parents’ Perception of Medication Treatments for Preschool Children with or at – risk for ADHD

Introduction: ADHD is a chronic medical condition that affects 3-7% of school-aged children. Over the last few years, there has been increased attention with children in the preschool age range. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that treatment for ADHD in the preschool age range should take the form of behavior modification first, with medication only considered after behavior modification is not effective alone in treating the symptoms (AAP, 2011). However, little research has been done to examine parent perceptions of evidence-based treatment approaches for children in the preschool age range. Objective: This study sought to examine parent perceptions of psychotropic medication use for preschool age (4-6 years) children with or at-risk of ADHD. Method: Data was collected from 176 families who presented for treatment at a clinic in southeast Florida. Parents completed questionnaires about their family background, their child’s behavior, behavioral functioning, and their perceptions of medication treatment. Results: Preliminary results indicate that 50% of parents were not open to the possibility of medication, 44.6% of parents were open to the possibility of medication, and 5.4% of parents chose against medication when a physician recommended it. Results examining the extent to which severity of child behavior problems impacts parent perceptions of medication will also be presented. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that parents of preschool children are hesitant to consider medication as a treatment option for their young children. The findings of this study are important as more and more young children are being diagnosed with ADHD each year

Patterns of psychotropic prescribing and polypharmacy in older hospitalized patients in Ireland: the influence of dementia on prescribing

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) are ubiquitous in dementia and are often treated pharmacologically. The objectives of this study were to describe the use of psychotropic, anti-cholinergic, and deliriogenic medications and to identify the prevalence of polypharmacy and psychotropic polypharmacy, among older hospitalized patients in Ireland, with and without dementia. All older patients (≥ 70 years old) that had elective or emergency admissions to six Irish study hospitals were eligible for inclusion in a longitudinal observational study. Of 676 eligible patients, 598 patients were recruited and diagnosed as having dementia, or not, by medical experts. These 598 patients were assessed for delirium, medication use, co-morbidity, functional ability, and nutritional status. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of medication data on admission for 583/598 patients with complete medication data, and controlled for age, sex, and co-morbidity. Of 149 patients diagnosed with dementia, only 53 had a previous diagnosis. At hospital admission, 458/583 patients experienced polypharmacy (≥ 5 medications). People with dementia (PwD) were significantly more likely to be prescribed at least one psychotropic medication than patients without dementia (99/147 vs. 182/436; p < 0.001). PwD were also more likely to experience psychotropic polypharmacy (≥ two psychotropics) than those without dementia (54/147 vs. 61/436; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the prescribing patterns of anti-cholinergics (23/147 vs. 42/436; p = 0.18) or deliriogenics (79/147 vs. 235/436; p = 0.62). Polypharmacy and psychotropic drug use is highly prevalent in older Irish hospitalized patients, especially in PwD. Hospital admission presents an ideal time for medication reviews in PwD.

Elevated Amygdala Activity to Sad Facial Expressions: A State Marker of Bipolar but Not Unipolar Depression

Background: Difficulties in emotion processing and poor social function are common to bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) depression, resulting in many BID depressed individuals being misdiagnosed with MDD. The amygdala is a key region implicated in processing emotionally salient stimuli, including emotional facial expressions. It is unclear, however, whether abnormal amygdala activity during positive and negative emotion processing represents a persistent marker of BD regardless of illness phase or a state marker of depression common or specific to BID and MDD depression. Methods: Sixty adults were recruited: 15 depressed with BID type 1 (BDd), 15 depressed with recurrent MDD, 15 with BID in remission (BDr), diagnosed with DSM-IV and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Research Version criteria; and 15 healthy control subjects (HC). Groups were age- and gender ratio-matched; patient groups were matched for age of illness onset and illness duration; depressed groups were matched for depression severity. The BDd were taking more psychotropic medication than other patient groups. All individuals participated in three separate 3T neuroimaging event-related experiments, where they viewed mild and intense emotional and neutral faces of fear, happiness, or sadness from a standardized series. Results: The BDd-relative to HC, BDr, and MDD-showed elevated left amygdala activity to mild and neutral facial expressions in the sad (p < .009) but not other emotion experiments that was not associated with medication. There were no other significant between-group differences in amygdala activity. Conclusions: Abnormally elevated left amygdala activity to mild sad and neutral faces might be a depression-specific marker in BID but not MDD, suggesting different pathophysiologic processes for BD versus MDD depression.

Reduced gray matter volume in ventral prefrontal cortex but not amygdala in bipolar disorder: Significant effects of gender and trait anxiety

Neuroimaging studies in bipolar disorder report gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in neural regions implicated in emotion regulation. This includes a reduction in ventral/orbital medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) GMV and, inconsistently, increases in amygdala GMV. We aimed to examine OMPFC and amygdala GMV in bipolar disorder type 1 patients (BPI) versus healthy control participants (HC), and the potential confounding effects of gender, clinical and illness history variables and psychotropic medication upon any group differences that were demonstrated in OMPFC and amygdala GMV Images were acquired from 27 BPI (17 euthymic, 10 depressed) and 28 age- and gender-matched HC in a 3T Siemens scanner. Data were analyzed with SPM5 using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess main effects of diagnostic group and gender upon whole brain (WB) GMV. Post-hoc analyses were subsequently performed using SPSS to examine the extent to which clinical and illness history variables and psychotropic medication contributed to GMV abnormalities in BPI in a priori and non-a priori regions has demonstrated by the above VBM analyses. BPI showed reduced GMV in bilateral posteromedial rectal gyrus (PMRG), but no abnormalities in amygdala GMV. BPI also showed reduced GMV in two non-a priori regions: left parahippocampal gyrus and left putamen. For left PMRG GMV, there was a significant group by gender by trait anxiety interaction. GMV was significantly reduced in male low-trait anxiety BPI versus male low-trait anxiety HC, and in high-versus low-trait anxiety male BPI. Our results show that in BPI there were significant effects of gender and trait-anxiety, with male BPI and those high in trait-anxiety showing reduced left PMRG GMV. PMRG is part of medial prefrontal network implicated in visceromotor and emotion regulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Age and adverse drug reactions from psychopharmacological treatment: Data from the AMSP drug surveillance programme in Switzerland.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: The frequency of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from psychotropic drugs was investigated in hospitalised psychiatric patients in relation to their age. Specifically, the incidence of ADRs in patients up to 60 years was compared to that of patients older than 60 years. METHODS: Prescription rates of psychotropic drugs and reports of severe ADRs were collected in psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland between 2001 and 2010. The data stem from the drug surveillance programme AMSP. RESULTS: A total of 699 patients exhibited severe ADRs: 517 out of 28,282 patients up to 60 years (1.8%); 182 out of 11,446 elderly patients (1.6%, ns). Logistic regression analyses showed a significantly negative relationship between the incidence of ADRs and patients' age in general and in particular for weight gain, extrapyramidal motor system (EPMS) symptoms, increased liver enzymes and galactorrhoea. A significantly negative relationship was observed for age and the dosages of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, valproic acid and lamotrigine. When comparing age groups, frequency of ADRs was lower in general for antipsychotic drugs and anticonvulsants, in particular for valproic acid in the elderly. Weight gain was found to be lower in the elderly for antipsychotic drugs, in particular for olanzapine. For the group of mood-stabilising anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproic acid) the elderly exhibited a lower incidence of reported allergic skin reactions. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that for psychiatric inpatients the incidence of common severe ADRs (e.g., weight gain or EPMS symptoms) arising from psychotropic medication decreases with the age of patients.

Anterior cingulate cortex pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

To explore possible morphological abnormalities in the dorsal and subgenual parts of anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders and schizophrenia, we performed a quantitative postmortem study of 44 schizophrenic patients, 21 patients with sporadic bipolar disorder, 20 patients with sporadic major depression, and 55 age- and sex-matched control cases. All individuals were drug naïve or had received psychotropic medication for less than 6 months, and had no history of substance abuse. Neuron densities and size were estimated on cresyl violet-stained sections using a stereological counting approach. The distribution and density of microtubule-associated (MAP2, MAP1b) and tau proteins were assessed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative immunodot assay. Mean total and laminar cortical thicknesses as well as mean pyramidal neuron size were significantly decreased in the dorsal and subgenual parts of areas 24 (24sg) in schizophrenic cases. Patients with bipolar disorder showed a substantial decrease in laminar thickness and neuron densities in layers III, V, and VI of the subgenual part of area 24, whereas patients with major depression were comparable to controls. Immunodot assay showed a significant decrease of both MAP2 and MAP1b proteins in bipolar patients but not in patients with schizophrenia and major depression. The neuroanatomical and functional significance of these findings are discussed in the light of current hypotheses regarding the role of areas 24 and 24sg in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Microvascular changes in late-life schizophrenia and mood disorders: stereological assessment of capillary diameters in anterior cingulate cortex.

AIMS: Previous neuroimaging reports described morphological and functional abnormalities in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia and mood disorders. In earlier neuropathological studies, microvascular changes that could affect brain perfusion in these disorders have rarely been studied. Here, we analysed morphological parameters of capillaries in this area in elderly cases affected by these psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We analysed microvessel diameters in the dorsal and subgenual parts of the ACC in eight patients with schizophrenia, 10 patients with sporadic bipolar disorder, eight patients with sporadic major depression, and seven age- and gender-matched control cases on sections stained with modified Gallyas silver impregnation using a stereological counting approach. All individuals were drug-naïve or had received psychotropic medication for less than 6 months, and had no history of substance abuse. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis group comparisons with Bonferroni correction as well as multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Mean capillary diameter was significantly decreased in the dorsal and subgenual parts of areas 24 in bipolar and unipolar depression cases, both in layers III and V, whereas schizophrenia patients were comparable with controls. These differences persisted when controlling for age, local neuronal densities, and cortical thickness. In addition, cortical thickness was significantly smaller in both layers in schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that capillary diameters in bipolar and unipolar depression but not in schizophrenia are reduced in ACC. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the cytoarchitecture, brain metabolism and perfusion changes observed in ACC in mood disorders.

Vocally disruptive behavior (VDB) in the institutionalized elderly: A naturalistic multiple case report.

Employing a naturalistic multiple case study approach, we investigated the current clinical practice in the treatment and care of VDB among a convenience sample of 85 patients cared for in specialized old age psychiatric clinics and nursing homes in French and German-speaking Switzerland. We wished to clinically characterize VDB patients, to identify common approaches used to treat VDB in everyday practice, and to explore how the efficiency of the interventions employed was judged by the responsible carers. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Most patients with VDB in this study had dementia, of whom 75% had at least one current or premorbid psychiatric disorder and 25% had premorbid personality disorder. A majority of patients received multiple psychosocial care interventions that were often judged to be effective, but the potential of psychosocial interventions is underused. Many patients did not receive psychotropic medication specifically targeted at VDB, but about 70% of all prescriptions were judged to have positive effects. Premorbid psychiatric and personality disorders or traits are likely candidates to be entered into the etiopathogenic equation of VDB and set a new frame for approaches used to treat these underlying disorders.

Age and adverse drug reactions from psychopharmacological treatment: data from the AMSP drug surveillance programme in Switzerland.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: The frequency of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from psychotropic drugs was investigated in hospitalised psychiatric patients in relation to their age. Specifically, the incidence of ADRs in patients up to 60 years was compared to that of patients older than 60 years. METHODS: Prescription rates of psychotropic drugs and reports of severe ADRs were collected in psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland between 2001 and 2010. The data stem from the drug surveillance programme AMSP. RESULTS: A total of 699 patients exhibited severe ADRs: 517 out of 28,282 patients up to 60 years (1.8%); 182 out of 11,446 elderly patients (1.6%, ns). Logistic regression analyses showed a significantly negative relationship between the incidence of ADRs and patients' age in general and in particular for weight gain, extrapyramidal motor system (EPMS) symptoms, increased liver enzymes and galactorrhoea. A significantly negative relationship was observed for age and the dosages of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, valproic acid and lamotrigine. When comparing age groups, frequency of ADRs was lower in general for antipsychotic drugs and anticonvulsants, in particular for valproic acid in the elderly. Weight gain was found to be lower in the elderly for antipsychotic drugs, in particular for olanzapine. For the group of mood-stabilising anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproic acid) the elderly exhibited a lower incidence of reported allergic skin reactions. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that for psychiatric inpatients the incidence of common severe ADRs (e.g., weight gain or EPMS symptoms) arising from psychotropic medication decreases with the age of patients.

Smoking during pregnancy and fetal brain development

Background: Although the knowledge of adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy has increased in recent years, more research is needed to gain a better understanding of the effects of smoking during pregnancy. Smoking exposure is the most common preventable factor that causes adverse pregnancy outcomes. Aims and Methods: First, data on smoking habits during pregnancy from the Nordic Medical Birth Registers was used to study the national differences in trends of smoking during pregnancy. Second, the effects of prenatal smoking exposure on fetal brain development, assessed by brain MRI at term age, were studied by using data from the multidisciplinary PIPARI Study consisting of a 6-year cohort of VLBW/VLGA infants (n = 232, of which 18.1% were exposed to prenatal smoking) born in Turku University Hospital, Finland. Third, the effects of prenatal smoking exposure on psychiatric morbidity and use of psychotropic medication were studied in a cohort of children born from 1987–1989 in Finland (n = 175,869, of which 15.3% were exposed). The data used were obtained from population-based longitudinal registers from the National Institute of Health and Welfare, the Statistics Finland, and the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. Results: Smoking rates during pregnancy differed considerably between the countries. Smoking rates were highest among teenagers and women with lower socioeconomic positions. The smoking prevalence was found to be increasing among teenagers in both Finland and Norway. Prenatal smoking exposure was associated with smaller frontal lobe and cerebellar volumes in preterm infants. A clear association was found between prenatal smoking exposure and psychiatric morbidity treated with specialized hospital care and the use of various psychotropic medications. Conclusions: Prenatal smoking exposure had adverse effects on fetal brain development. These effects might explain part of the association found between smoking exposure and psychiatric problems in later life. Our study suggests that prenatal smoking exposure is linked with both mild and severe psychiatric problems. This study emphasizes the importance of efforts to reduce smoking during pregnancy.

Predictors of primary health care utilization by former residents of institutions in Ontario

For years institutionalization has been the primary method of service delivery for persons with developmental disabilities (DD). However, in Ontario the last institution was closed on March 31, 2009 with former residents now residing in small, communitybased homes. This study investigated potential predictors of primary health care utilization by former residents. Several indirect measures were employed to gather information from 60 participants on their age, health status, adaptive functioning level, problem behaviour, mental health status and, total psychotropic medication use. A direct measure was used to gather primary health care utilization information, which served as the dependent variable. A stepwise linear regression failed to reveal significant predictors of health care utilization. The data were subsequently dichotomized and the outcomes of a logistic regression analysis indicated that mental health status, psychotropic medication use and, an interaction between mental health status and health status significantly predicted higher primary health care usage.

Conditions de l’organisation du travail, consommation d’alcool à risque et médicaments psychotropes : le rôle modérateur des traits de personnalité

L'objectif principal de ce mémoire est d'évaluer le rôle modérateur de trois traits de personnalité, soit l'estime de soi, le sentiment de cohésion, ainsi que le centre de contrôle interne sur la relation entre les conditions de l'organisation du travail et la consommation d'alcool à risque, ainsi que la consommation de médicaments psychotropes des travailleurs canadiens. Les données sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés proviennent de l'Enquête Nationale sur la Santé de la Population (ENSP) de Statistique Canada. Celle-ci a été conduite à des intervalles de deux ans, de l’année 1994 jusqu'à l’année 2003, et comprend ainsi cinq cycles longitudinaux. Les analyses multiniveaux que nous avons effectuées nous ont permises d’identifier cinq variables des conditions de l'organisation du travail qui s’associent de manière significative à la consommation d'alcool à risque, soit l’utilisation des compétences qui augmente de 7% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation d’alcool à risque par un travailleur, les demandes psychologiques qui augmentent ce risque de 69%, et les travailleurs confrontés à un horaire de travail irrégulier qui consomment 61% plus d’alcool à risque que les travailleurs qui ont un horaire de travail régulier. Inversement, l’insécurité d’emploi réduit de 12% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation d’alcool à risque, et les travailleurs bénéficiant d’un soutien social au travail courent 5% moins de risque de consommation d’alcool à risque. Pour ce qui est des médicaments psychotropes, nos analyses multiniveaux nous ont permises d’identifier deux variables des conditions de l’organisation du travail qui y sont associées de manière significative. Il s’agit de l’utilisation des compétences qui augmente de 8% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation de médicaments psychotropes, alors que le nombre d’heures travaillées diminue de 1% ce risque. En ce qui concerne les traits de personnalité, l’estime de soi augmente de 17% le risque de consommation d’alcool à risque, alors que le sentiment de cohésion diminue de 1% ce risque. L’estime de soi joue un rôle modérateur faible entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la consommation d’alcool à risque, puisque celle-ci diminue de 3% l’effet pathogène des demandes physiques imposées sur les travailleurs sur leur consommation d’alcool à risque. Pour ce qui est des médicaments psychotropes, nos résultats indiquent que l’estime de soi diminue de 4% le risque de consommation de médicaments psychotropes, le centre de contrôle interne diminue de 9% ce risque, et le sentiment de cohésion quant à lui, diminue ce risque de 3%. D’ailleurs, aucun trait de personnalité ne joue un rôle modérateur entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la consommation de médicaments psychotropes.

Vue intérieure de la médication psychiatrique : l’expérience des personnes ayant cheminé avec la GAM

Cette recherche aborde la médication psychiatrique à partir du point de vue des usagers. Des entrevues en profondeur ont été réalisées auprès de dix personnes utilisatrices en provenance d’une ressource communautaire et alternative en santé mentale. Les répondants éprouvent ou ont éprouvé des problèmes importants de santé mentale. La majorité des usagers de notre échantillon consomme des neuroleptiques. Les participants sélectionnés ont cheminé avec l’approche de la gestion autonome de la médication en santé mentale (GAM). La GAM constitue un terrain fertile, car l’approche favorise la réflexion critique, la diversité de pratiques autour de la médication psychotrope. Un état des connaissances portant sur l’expérience subjective de la médication est présenté. Les effets de la médication sur les personnes et leur contexte de vie ainsi que les aspects symboliques ont été analysés. Parmi les effets majeurs de la médication, on compte : l’effet de « gel », la grande fatigue, les difficultés d’attribution, le désir d’arrêt et les effets paradoxaux. La médication peut avoir des effets positifs ou négatifs sur l’entourage, le travail, les études ou autres implications sociales. Le rapport des usagers relatif à la médication a évolué vers un usage planifié, modulé et moindre. À cet effet, les dix usagers sont passés d’une phase de « novice » à une « d’expert ». Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que la notion d’observance au traitement doit être revisitée et la notion d’efficacité élargie. Cette étude qualitative démontre que les versants « intérieurs » de la médication, l’expérience subjective et l’intersubjectif apportent une perspective plutôt rare, mais riche, du médicament en tant qu’objet social.

Portrait sociodémographique, anamnestique et psychopathologique des enfants placés en Centre jeunesse et à qui l'on prescrit des médicaments psychotropes.

Cette thèse a pour but de mieux comprendre le recours aux médicaments psychotropes chez les enfants hébergés en Centre jeunesse, une population qui compte parmi les plus médicalisées. Afin d’y parvenir, les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, anamnestiques et psychopathologiques des enfants placés qui reçoivent des psychopharmacoprescriptions ont été analysées. L’échantillon se compose de 101 enfants de 6 à 12 ans placés en foyer de groupe ou centre de réadaptation, dont 71 recevant des médicaments psychotropes. Les données ont été obtenues par le biais de questionnaires remplis par les éducateurs, par une entrevue semi-structurée réalisée auprès des enfants et une analyse du dossier. Sur le plan de la structure, cet ouvrage comprend une introduction, quatre articles et une conclusion. Le premier article comporte une recension des écrits sur l’usage de la psychopharmacothérapie chez les jeunes placés dans les services de la protection de la jeunesse. Il a été constaté que les taux de prescriptions peuvent varier entre 13% et 77%, selon le type de placement et les régions à l’étude. La symptomatologie des enfants placés qui reçoivent des médicaments psychotropes est caractérisée par des problèmes extériorisés et des troubles psychotiques. Les corrélats du recours à la prescription concernent à la fois la sévérité du tableau clinique, mais aussi le type et l’instabilité du placement, l’âge et le sexe de l’enfant ainsi que la formation des intervenants. Enfin, les écrits recensés font état de l’influence des neurosciences dans les milieux médicaux sur les décisions de prescrire. Le deuxième article présente la prévalence des psychopharmacoprescriptions chez les enfants de 6 à 12 ans placés hors d’un milieu familial. Les résultats indiquent que 70,3% des jeunes reçoivent au moins une prescription, le plus souvent signées par des médecins spécialistes. La plupart se composent de psychostimulants et d’antipsychotiques atypiques, prescrits pour des troubles de l’attention avec hyperactivité. Le troisième article cherche à préciser les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et anamnestiques des enfants placés qui prennent des médicaments psychotropes. Les résultats indiquent que les sujets médicamentés et non médicamentés ont vécu des stresseurs psychosociaux similaires. Par contre, les enfants placés qui reçoivent une psychopharmacothérapie ont été retirés de leur milieu familial à un plus jeune âge. Le quatrième article consiste à cibler leur portrait psychopathologique et à connaître leur niveau de fonctionnement global. Il s’intéresse également aux connaissances et aux perceptions des éducateurs sur la psychopharmacothérapie. Les résultats révèlent que les enfants médicamentés ont plus souvent un diagnostic de trouble mental inscrit à leur dossier. Selon les éducateurs, ils présentent davantage de problèmes extériorisés et intériorisés. À partir de données autorévélées, aucune distinction ne peut être établie entre les sujets, puisque les uns et les autres rapportent un niveau comparable de symptômes et de signes diagnostiques. Enfin, les symptômes de stress post-traumatique et l’opinion favorable des éducateurs sur la psychopharmacothérapie constituent des prédicteurs significatifs de la probabilité de recourir à un traitement médicamenteux. En conclusion, l’apport des résultats de cette recherche est analysé à la lumière des études antérieures. Les retombées cliniques sont discutées et des pistes de recherche futures sont suggérées. .

Facteurs socioéconomiques associés à l’usage des médicaments psychotropes chez les hommes et les femmes âgés de 65 à 74 ans vivant dans la communauté : l’étude internationale sur la mobilité des personnes âgées (IMIAS).

Objectif de l’étude : Estimer l'association entre la position socioéconomique et l'utilisation des médicaments psychotropes dans cinq populations différentes chez les personnes âgées de 65-74 ans. Méthode : L'échantillon d'étude était composé de 1995 personnes avec des données issues de la première vague de collecte de 2012 faite par l’International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS). Il se composait de 401 participants de Saint- Hyacinthe (Québec), 398 de Kingston (Ontario), 394 personnes âgées de Tirana (Albanie), 400 de Manizales (Colombie) et 402 de Natal (Brésil). Tous les médicaments psychotropes consommés pendant les 15 derniers jours ont été identifiés au cours d'une visite à domicile et codés selon la classification ATC. Les médicaments psychotropes inclus étaient les anxiolytiques, sédatifs et hypnotiques (ASH), les antidépresseurs (ADP) et les analgésiques/antiépileptiques/antiParkinson (AEP). Les associations entre la prévalence de la consommation des médicaments psychotropes et l'éducation, le revenu et l’occupation ont été estimés avec des ratios de prévalence (RP) obtenus en ajustant une régression de Poisson et en utilisant le modèle comportemental de Andersen et Newman sur l'utilisation des services de santé et en contrôlant les besoins (les maladies chroniques et la dépression), les facteurs prédisposants (âge et sexe) ainsi que les facteurs facilitants (en utilisant le site d'étude en tant que mandataire des facteurs lié au système de santé et à l'environnement). Résultats : Les personnes âgées vivant dans les sites canadiens consommaient plus de médicaments psychotropes que celles vivant dans les sites à l'extérieur du Canada, elles consommaient moins d’ASH à Manizales et ne consommaient pas d’ADP en Albanie. Les inégalités socioéconomiques varient selon les sites. Dans les sites canadiens, le faible niveau socioéconomique était associée à une plus grande consommation de médicaments psychotropes : en particulier, les personnes à faible niveau d’instruction consommaient plus d’antidépresseurs et celles à faible revenu consommaient plus d’AEP. Dans les sites de recherche d'Amérique latine, les personnes âgées de niveau d’instruction et de revenu élevé consommaient plus antidépresseurs et celles avec des occupations manuelles consommaient plus d’analgésiques/antiépileptiques/antiParkinson. À Tirana (Albanie), il n'y avait pas de consommation de médicaments antidépresseurs, mais la consommation d’ASH était plus élevée chez les personnes à faible revenu. Les analyses multivariées du modèle final cache les différences entre les sites qui se sont révélées dans les analyses spécifiques au niveau du Canada, de l’Amérique Latine et d’Albanie. Conclusion : Il existe des inégalités socioéconomiques liées à la consommation des médicaments psychotropes chez les personnes âgées. Ces inégalités varient selon les sites. L'utilisation des médicaments psychotropes était plus fréquente chez les personnes les moins instruites et les plus pauvres au Canada alors que l'inverse était vrai dans les sites d'Amérique latine. L'Albanie était caractérisée par une absence de consommation d'antidépresseurs alors qu’il y avait une plus grande utilisation des anxiolytiques, sédatifs et hypnotiques dans les groupes à faible revenu.