WH-Constructions in Cape Verdean Creole

This dissertation concerns two types of wh-constructions – interrogative and relative clauses – of Cape Verdean Creole (CVC), a Portuguese-based Creole language spoken on the archipelago of Cape Verde, specifically the variety spoken on Santiago Island, in the coast of West Africa. Chapter 2 focus on some aspects of the syntax of CVC, claiming that the possibilities of S-V inversion are very limited and that verbs stay in Vº, except for the Present tense form of the copula verb e ‘to be’, which is the spell out of the formal feature [Present] of T. It is proposed that CVC exhibits a clause functional structure that is similar to English: [CP [TP [NegP [AspP [VP … ]]]]]. In this chapter, it is also suggested that a non Split-CP, based on the formal features [±D, ±V, ±Q, ±Wh, ±T], correctly accounts for the distribution of the complementizers in CVC. Chapter 3 presents the wh-question formation strategies exhibited by CVC, showing that some of them involve Move, while others do not. Considering CVC data, it is said that the language has two clausal typing processes: an ambiguous complementizer ki ([±Q, ±Wh]), whose checking domain is strictly local; and an unambiguous complementizer Ø ([+Q, +Wh]), whose checking domain is not strictly local. The first one derives fronted wh-questions and the second one accounts for wh-in- -situ. Chapter 4 describes the relativization strategies displayed by CVC, focusing on the fact that PP pied-piping is ruled out and that resumption is possible both inside and outside syntactic islands. It is suggested a revision of Bianchi’s (2002a) head raising analysis for the structure of relative clauses. Chapter 5 discusses the properties of the defective copy strategy ([wh[+PL] … el]) and presents evidence in favor of a distinction between this type of wh-strategy and resumption ([wh[+PL] … es]). It is argued that the language requires an overt pronominal form (3SG) to occur in the complement position of the preposition because CVC types the clause with a complementizer ki [uCat +D] and does not allow for preposition incorporation. The set of formal features of the lower copy is ‘shrinked’, i.e. the features are deleted but not erased, being accessible to PF. This analysis of the defective copy xiv strategy predicts that it only applies to PPs and that it is an autonomous process involving wh-movement, which is distinct from resumption.

Prepositionsbruk på olika färdighetsnivåer i svenska

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kartoittaa ruotsin prepositioiden käyttöä suomen-kielisten oppijakielessä. Ennen kaikkea olen kiinnostunut selvittämään, esiintyykö prepositioiden käytössä eroja eri taitotasojen välillä. Tarkemmin sanottuna tutkin, mitä eri prepositioita oppijat käyttävät ja millaisissa funktioissa. Tämän lisäksi tavoitteena on selvittää, mitkä prepositiot vaikuttavat olen oppijoille vaikeimpia ja mitkä taas helpoimpia. Tutkin myös sitä, millaiset kontekstit todennäköisimmin ennustavat prepositioiden oikeaoppista käyttöä ja mitkä taas helposti johtavat virheisiin. Virheiden osalta tarkastelen, millaiset virheet näyttäisivät olevan suomenkielisille oppijoilla tyypillisiä. Materiaalini on osa laajempaa tutkimusmateriaalia Topling-nimisestä projektista. Materiaali koostuu lukiolaisten ja yliopisto-opiskelijoiden kirjoittamasta 137 aineesta, kertomuksista ja mielipideteksteistä, jotka kaikki on arvioitu Eurooppalaisen viitekehyksen taitotasoskaalan mukaan. Tutkittavat aineet sijoittuvat taitotasoille A1, A2, B1 ja B2. Käytetyt tutkimusmenetelmät ovat pääasiassa kvantitatiivisia, mutta myös kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä on hyödynnetty määrällisen analyysin tukena. Ei-normatiivinen analyysi osoittaa, että kolme selvästi yleisintä prepositiota oppijakielessä ovat i, till ja på tässä järjestyksessä. Muita tavallisia prepositioita ovat för, med, av, om ja från. Alimmilla taitotasoilla esiintyy lähes yksinomaan vain kahdeksaa tavallisinta prepositiota, kun taas ylemmillä taitotasoilla esiintyy runsaasti myös muita prepositioita. Tavallisin funktio prepositiolausekkeelle on paikanadverbiaalit, joiden osuus kaikista funktioita kuitenkin laskee alimmalta taitotasolta ylimmälle. Päinvastainen kehityssuunta pätee ”muihin funktioihin”, joiden osuus lisääntyy alimmalta tasolta ylimmälle. Kaiken kaikkiaan prepositioiden käyttö eri funktioissa näyttää kehittyvän konkreettisista funktioista abstraktimpiin funktioihin. Normatiivisesta analyysistä käy ilmi, että taitotaso korreloi voimakkaasti prepositioiden käytön oikeellisuuden kanssa sekä ei-obligatorisissa että obligatorisissa konteksteissa. Keskimäärin parhaiten osataan prepositiot med, av ja från, kun taas eniten vaikeuksia tuottaa prepositio på. Eri funktioista parhaiten hallitaan paikanilmaukset sekä ”muut funktiot”. Ylivoimaisesti eniten vaikeuksia kaikilla taitotasoille tuottaa preposition valinta. Erityisen vaikeaa oppijoille on valita prepositioiden i ja på välillä, kun kyse on ajan- ja paikanilmauksista. Ylimääräisiä prepositioita esiintyy lähinnä tietyissä paikanilmauksissa. Preposition poisjättöä taas tavataan prepositioverbien yhteydessä. Kaikkien tutkimuskysymysten osalta suurimmat taitotasojen väliset erot esiintyvät tasojen A2 ja B1 välillä.

El español de los inmigrantes de los Andes bolivianos en el Norte Grande de Chile : convergencias y divergencias dialectales en el marco de una situación de contacto

Cette thèse a été financée par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (numéro de référence 767-2010-1310)

The relative perceptual weight of two Swedish prosodic contrasts

Abstract. In addition to 9 vowel and 18 consonant phonemes, Swedish has three prosodic phonemic contrasts: word stress, quantity and tonal word accent. There are also examples of distinctive phrase or sentence stress, where a verb can be followed by either an unstressed preposition or a stressed particle. This study focuses on word level and more specifically on word stress and tonal word accent in disyllabic words. When making curriculums for second language learners, teachers are helped by knowing which phonetic or phonological features are more or less crucial for the intelligibility of speech and there are some structural and anecdotal evidence that word stress should play a more important role for intelligibility of Swedish, than the tonal word accent. The Swedish word stress is about prominence contrasts between syllables, mainly signaled by syllable duration, while the tonal word accent is signaled mainly by pitch contour. The word stress contrast, as in armen [´arːmən] ‘the arm’ - armén [ar´meːn] ‘the army’, the first word trochaic and the second iambic, is present in all regional varieties of Swedish, and realized with roughly the same acoustic cues, while the tonal word accent, as in anden [´anːdən] ‘the duck’ - anden [`anːdən] ‘the spirit’ is absent in some dialects (as well as in singing), and also signaled with a variety of tonal patterns depending on region. The present study aims at comparing the respective perceptual weight of the two mentioned contrasts. Two lexical decision tests were carried out where in total 34 native Swedish listeners should decide whether a stimulus was a real word or a non-word. Real words of all mentioned categories were mixed with nonsense words and words that were mispronounced with opposite stress pattern or opposite tonal word accent category. The results show that distorted word stress caused more non-word judgments and more loss, than distorted word accent. Our conclusion is that intelligibility of Swedish is more sensitive to distorted word stress pattern than to distorted tonal word accent pattern. This is in compliance with the structural arguments presented above, and also with our own intuition.

Um olhar sociológico sobre a criança e o brincar: espaço e tempo de construção, reinvenção e aprendizagem

This research I discuss the play, also talking with the other subjects that make up the universe in which the play is inserted, such as family, school and culture. The fundamental proposition of this dissertation assumes that the absence of play in children's lives affect their physical structure, psychological, biological, cultural, social, historical and theirs development. The initial questions were: What are the spacetimes reserved in the school for play? What is the importance of play in the development of children? Does the school recognize the importance of play in its social space? How the children perceive and use the spacetimes to play at school? Are there spacetimes at school to play? This is a theoretical and empirical research of exploratory study. The research‟s field was the Municipal School Professor Ulysses Góes, located in district of Nova Descoberta, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte and, as research techniques, I used: participant observation, photography, structured interviews with students and questionnaires with teachers. The results indicate that for most of children, the school allows the play, few disagree with this preposition.Teachers recognize the importance of play in school, but for various reasons do not provide your practice. The dissertation points the possibility of new studies and developments for the theme.

Estratégias de relativização no português brasileiro e implicações para o ensino: o caso das cortadoras

This work consists of a cognitive-functional approach of relativization strategies of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), this is, standard relatives (with preposition or without it) and non-standard relatives (copiadora and the deletion pattern), and it emphasizes the last one. We investigate the use of the relative construction strategies in spoken and written texts produced by speakers from different school levels in a specific situation: a face-to-face interviewing. Our database is the corpora Discurso & Gramática: a língua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal e a língua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. We contrast the use of the standard relative to the deletion pattern in prepositional context, by considering cognitive, social and interactional motivations for the use of the deletion pattern instead of the standard one. Our research leads us to verify that the deletion pattern is fixing as the preferred relativization strategy in prepositional contexts, and, in this way, it brings out a grammaticalization process in working. For this reason, we propose to take this relative construction as a common way to structure a relative clause, in the same way we take the standard pattern. Finally, we discuss the treatment of questions related to the processes of teaching and learning of Portuguese language and some suggestions are given in terms of class activities. We expect that the development of this research may give both support for the Portuguese teachers and suggestions to improve the teaching and learning process of Portuguese language, contributing in special to the treatment of the syntax of complex clauses.

Encalhes de tubarões anequins e de raias-pretas no litoral do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil: Relato de casos

Stranding of oceanic-pelagic elasmo branchs in the southeastern Brazil are reported. Data comes from animals observed in the coast of São Paulo state, between 1999 and 2012. Nine individuals of two species were recorded: Pteroplatytrygon violacea (n = 5; mostly during the winter) and Isurus oxyrinchus (n = 4; two in the winter and two in the summer). For P. violacea the strandings restricted to the austral winter suggest that the species follows the intrusion of high temperatures water masses recorded in southeastern Brazil during this season, bringing some individuals to shallow waters. For I. oxyrinchus is possible that individuals escaped from hooks of the commercial pelagic long line fishery and suffered injuries in the esophagus and in the gastric wall, stranding due to difficulties in locomotion and feeding. As these stranded sharks were not necropsied and only two animals were observed during the austral summer, we cannot exclude other causes of beaching such diseases or the intrusion of cold water masses in the continental shelf during this season.

As peças didáticas de Bertolt Brecht e o processo de alfabetização

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

Construção exploratória de uma prepnet para o português do Brasil: uma incursão linguistico-computacional no universo das preposições indicativas de espaço

Pós-graduação em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa - FCLAR

A preposição para e o processo de contrução referencial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Um estudo funcional da perífrase conjuncional 'Desde que' sob a ótica da gramaticalização

Pós-graduação em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa - FCLAR

Estudo diacrônico do uso das preposições: documentos latino-portugueses e português paulista moderno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estrutura morfológica das formas futuras nas cantigas de Santa Maria

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Variação e gramaticalização no uso de preposições em contextos de verbos de movimento no português brasileiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Variação e gênero textual: o uso das preposições nas cartas de leitoras brasileiras e portuguesas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)