Organophosphate resistance in the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais: Magnitude and behavior

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of phenobarbital on inducing insecticide tolerance and esterase changes in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spectroscopic studies of the interactions of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate with gramicidin

Fenvalerate is a pyrethroid insecticide which interacts with ionic channels. Using circular dichroism technique we have studied the interaction of fenvalerate with gramicidin, a model channel peptide which transports ions. In most organic solvents, gramicidin exists as a double helix except in trifluoroethanol where it exists as a channel forming single stranded beta(6.3) helical monomer. In model lipid membranes, under certain experimental conditions, gramicidin exists as a channel forming single stranded beta(6.3) helical dimer. Our results show that fenvalerate interacts more with the single stranded beta(6.3) helical monomer or dimer than with the double helical form of gramicidin. This was further confirmed by an increase in the rate of gramicidin mediated proton transport in liposomes by fenvalerate, using the pH sensitive fluorophore, pyranine.

Purification of a bacterial organophosphate-hydrolysing phosphatase by cibacron 3GA-Sepharose affinity chromatography

A phosphatase catalysing the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides was purified to homogeneity using Cibacron 3GA-Sepharose CL 6B affinity chromatography. The enzyme which is localized in the periplasm of the bacterium Image NC5 was extracted by treating with 0.2M MgCl2, pH 8.4. The enzyme was adsorbed to the Cibacron-Sepharose at pH 7.0 and eluted with Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0, with 47 per cent recovery. The enzyme thus obtained was electrophoretically homogeneous. This simple affinity purification procedure enhances the potential for its use in large scale detoxification systems.

Evaluation of a systems approach to control Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)in stonefruit as an alternative to fenthion

Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is a significant quarantine pest of stonefruit. To access domestic markets within Australia stonefruit require treatment to ensure they are free of fruit flies. Due to the recent restriction of the organophosphate pesticides, fenthion and dimethoate, the stonefruit industry now faces a significant challenge to control fruit flies. In this field trial we quantified the level of control achieved by a 'best case' systems approach that relied on currently available and registered control measures. This system included protein bait sprays, Male Annihilation Technique, insecticide cover sprays of trichlorfon, maldison and spinetoram and inspection and culling of damaged fruit. We found that in two out of the three trial orchards, packed fruit samples from Gatton (QLD) and Bangalow (NSW) had low levels of fruit fly infestation; 1.47 and 2.97% respectively. However, at the third property located at Alstonville (NSW) a high level of infestation (51.63%) was found in packed nectarines, which was likely attributed to the late implementation of the systems approach. This trial has demonstrated the potential for fruit fly control without relying on fenthion, however further modification of the system is needed to refine and increase efficacy.

Hydrolysis of Organophosphate Esters: Phosphotriesterase Activity of Metallo-beta-lactamase and Its Functional Mimics

The phosphotriesterase (PTE) activity of a series of binuclear and mononuclear zinc(II) complexes and metallo-beta-lactamase (m beta 1) from Bacillus cereus was studied. The binuclear complex 1, which exhibits good m beta 1 activity, shows poor PTE activity. In contrast,complex 2, a poor mimic of m beta 1, exhibits much higher activity than 1 The replacement of Cl- ligands by OH- is important for the high PTE activity of complex 2 because this complex does not show any catalytic activity in methanol. The natural enzyme m beta 1 from B. cereus is also found to be an inefficient catalyst in the hydrolysis of phosphotriesters. These observations indicate that the binding of beta-lactam substrates at the binuclear zinc(II) center is different from that of phosphotriesters. Furthermore, phosphodiesters, the products from the hydrolysis of triesters, significantly inhibit the PTE activity of m beta 1 and its functional mimics. Although the mononuclear complexes 3 and 4 exhibited significant m beta 1 activity, these complexes are found to be almost inactive in the hydrolysis of phosphotriesters. These observations indicate that the elimination of phosphodiesters from the reaction site is important for the PTE activity of zinc(II) complexes.

Effect of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide on membrane fluidity

Fenvalerate is a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide, used to control a wide range of pests. We have studied its interaction with the membrane using fluorescence polarization and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Fenvalerate was found to decrease the DPH fluorescence polarization value of synaptosomal and microsomal membrane, implicating that it makes the membrane more fluid. At different concentrations of fenvalerate, the activation energy of the probe molecule in the membrane also changes revealed from the change in slope of the Arrhenius plot. At higher concentrations the insecticide slowly saturates the membrane. The effects of fenvalerate on model membrane were also studied with liposomes reconstituted with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Fenvalerate decreased the phase transition temperature (Tm) of DPPC by 1.5 °C at 40 μM concentration, but there was no effect on the cooperativity of the transition as interpreted from the DSC thermogram. From the change in the thermogram profile with fenvalerate it has been interpreted that it localizes in the acyl chain region of the lipid, possibly between C10 and C16 region and weakens the acyl chain packing. Fenvalerate was also found to interact with DPPC liposomes containing cholesterol to fluidize it.

Effect of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate on sodium current of rat dorsal root ganglion neuron

Fenvalerate is a widely used pyrethroid insecticide. The report presents our findings on the effect of fenvalerate on isolated whole-cell sodium currents in single rat dorsal root ganglionic neurons in culture, studied with patch-clamp technique. Fenvalerate decreased the amplitude of whole-cell sodium current and slowed the inactivation and tail current kinetics.

The effect of malathion, an organophosphate, on the plasma FSH, 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone concentrations and acetylcholinesterase activity and conception in dairy cattle

The effect of malathion on jugular plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) on conception in dairy cattle during a cloprostenol (prostaglandin F2-alpha analogue, PG)-induced estrus was studied. Malathion (1 mg/kg, intraruminally) given at the onset of estrus (48 h after PG) did not alter the plasma FSH or E2 concentrations but significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited plasma P4 concentration. The mean P4 concentration in the malathion-treated group on days 8 and 12 were 0.8 +/- 0.4 and 1.0 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, as compared to 2.6 +/- 0.0 and 2.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml in the control group. There was a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) inhibition of plasma AchE activity in malathion-treated cattle. Conception was 16.6% in malathion-treated cows and 50% in controls. Inhibition of progesterone secretion and poor conception occurred after the single intraruminal dose of malathion at the onset of estrus.

Application of insecticide in various volumes of waterat stages of Sorghum development for control of fall armyworm (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae)

Una debilidad en las aplicaciones de insecticidas para el control de plagas del sorgo, es el desconocimiento existente acerca del efecto de los volúmenes de agua sobre la efectividad del producto químico aplicado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de diferentes volúmenes de agua aplicados en diferentes etapas fonológicas del cultivo sobre la efectividad de clorpirifos sobre el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (lnsecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) . El ensayo se estableció el 20 de Septiembre de 2001, en terrenos de la es~ación experimental numero 2 del Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA), ubicado en SanAndrés, departamento de la Libertad, El Salvador .. Se efectuaron aplicaciones de chlorpyrifos en dosis de ~ .4 1 ha·, utilizando 285 y ~42 litros de agua, aplicado en dos etapas de crecimiento del cultivo de sorgo (25 y 45 días después de siembra). Los tratamientos incluyeron una aplicación a un determinado volumen y tiempo (25 días después de siembra), y dos a aplicaciones a determinados volúmenes y tiempo, una a los 25 y otra a los 45 días después de siembra. La aplicación de Chlorpyrifos redujo de significativamente la intestación de larvas a las 24 horas después de la primera aplicación, cuando se le compara con el tratamiento control. Sin embargo, no se determinaron diferencias significativas en la eficacia del insecticida, cuando se comparó la infestación de larvas en parcelas tratadas con diferentes cantidades de agua. El volumen mayor de agua pareciera que mejora la distribución del producto qufmico sobre la planta, lo que conduce a una mayor mortalidad de larvas. Una segunda aplicación de insecticida, 20 días después de la primera aplicación, redujo significativamente la infestación de larvas comparada con una sola aplicación. Esta información indica que el incremento en los volúmenes de agua mejora la eficacia del insecticida Chlorpyrifos contra el gusano cogollero en el cultivo de sorgo. Una segunda aplicación del tratamiento insecticida es efectiva contra relnfestaciones de larvas y sugiere que el cogollero que se alimenta de estructuras vegetativas del sorgo, en los ntveles encontrados en este estudio en el Salvador, puede reducir la producción de grano del sorgo.

Frequency of insecticide spray application for control of fall armyworm (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae) on sorghum

Existe desconocimiento del efecto de frecuencias de aplicación de los insecticidas sobre el comportamiento de las poblaciones del gu· sano cogollero ( Spodoptera frugipercta) y la repercusión de estas en los rendimientos del sorgo granifero (Sorghum bicolor l. Moench). El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental dos del Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA), ubicado en San Andrés, departamento de La Libertad, El Salvador, durante los meses de septiembre del año 2001 y enero de 2002. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto del numero de aplicaciones de clorpirifos sobre las poblaciones de larvas de gusano cogollero en el cultivo del sorgo. Para este ensayo se estableció un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Se realizaron aplicaciones de Chlorpyrifos en el cultivo del sorgo, en dosis de 1.4 1 ha·1, en 285 1 de agua durante cuatro fechas (4 estados de desarrollo de la planta), específicamente a los 15, 25, 35 y 45 días después de la siembra. Las parcelas contratamientos recibieron 1 , 2, 3 y 4 aplicaciones de insecticidas y fueron comparadas con una parcela sin aplicación. Cada tratamiento insecticida inicialmente tuvo reducciones significativas en las poblaciones de cogollero, comparados con la parcela sin aplicación. Tratamientos con cada aplicación adicional tuvo reducciones significativas en las poblaciones de larvas vivas, comparados con tratamientos que tuvieron menor numero de aplicaciones. El cogollero, tuvo reinfestaciones, en las parcelas que recibieron ya sea una, dos o tres aplicaciones de insecticidas, durante el periodo de observación después de cada uno de los tres tratamientos. Estos resultados muestran las reinfecciones de las poblaciones de cogollero después de las aplicaciones de insecticidas, y la carencia de efecto residual de los mismos. A pesar de que no se determinaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de grano, las diferencias numéricas oscilaron desde 555 a 1 674 kg ha·1 mas allá del rendimiento observado en el tratamiento sin aplicación, lo cual sugiere que el manejo efectivo del daño ocasionado por el cogollero en el cultivo de sorgo, puede resultar en mejora de los rendimientos.

Responses of Cyprinus carpio var. communis to Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide

Haematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to sub-lethal toxicity of the insecticide cyhalothrin were studied. During the treatment, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and protein content decreased, whereas leucocyte count and glucose level increased. The data are discussed in relation to the significance of haematological and biochemical changes as non-specific biomarkers against anthropogenic stress.

Effect of organophosphate, diazinon on some immunophysiological, haematological and histological variable of Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky,1901)

The acute toxicity and effects of diazinon on some haematological parameters of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901) weighing 613.33 g±157.06 g were studied under static water quality conditions at 15°C ± 2ºC in winter and spring 2009. The effective physical and chemical parameters of water were pH= 7-8.2, dh= 300mg/L (caco3), DO= 7 ppm and T= 15°C±2ºC. The first test was primarily to determine the effects of acute toxicity (LC5096 h) of the agricultural toxicant diazinon (emulsion 60%) on kutum male brood stocks. For this purpose, 4 treatments were used to test toxicity; each treatment was repeated in 3 tanks with 9 fish per treatment and with 180 litres water capacity. After obtaining the final results, the information was analysed statistically with Probit version 1.5 (USEPA, 1985), and we determined the LC10, LC50 and LC90 values at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours; the maximum allowable concentration value (LC5096 h divided by 10) (TRC, 1984); and the degree of toxicity. The second stage of testing consists of four treatments: LC0= 0 as experimental treatment, treatment A with a concentration of LC1= 0.107 mg/L, treatment B with concentration of LC5= 0.157 mg/L, treatment C with concentration of MAC value= 0.04 mg/L. Male brood stocks of kutum were treated with these concentrations for 45 days. Experiments were carried out under static conditions based on the standard TRC, 1984 method over 45 days. Our results show that long-term exposure to diazinon causes a decrease in the erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leucocyte count (WBC), lymphocyte, testosterone, iron (Fe), sodium (Na), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cholinesterase (CHeS). In addition, diazinon also causes an increase in prolymphocyte, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and adrenaline (P<0.05). There are no significant effects on monocyte, eosinophil, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), glucose (BS), urea (BUN), uric acid (U.A), triglyceride (TG), calcium (Ca), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), cortisol, noradrenaline and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in kutum male brood stocks (P>0.05). Pathology results showed toxin diazinon no effect on average weight and fish body length, the average weight of heart, brain, spleen, liver, kidney and liver index but caueses decrease of gonad weigth and gonad index and also, cause complications of tissue necrosis, vascular congestion, inflammation in the liver, a sharp reduction in the number of glomeruli, necrosis, vascular congestion and haemorage in the kidney, capsule thickening and fibrosis, atrophy, vascular congestion, macrophages release increased, increasing sediment Hemosiderine and thickening of artery walls in the spleen, atrophy, fibrosis and necrosis in testis , vascular congestion, increased distance between the myocardium and fibrous string in heart and neuronal loss, vascular congestion and edema in the brain of kutum male brood stocks.