Applications of GIS and remote sensing techniques for studying the housing patterns in Cairo Governorate

The main objective of this study is to reveal the housing patterns in Cairo as one of the most rapidly urbanizing city in the developing world. The study outlines the evolution of the housing problem and its influencing factors in Egypt generally and in Cairo specifically. The study takes into account the political transition from the national state economy to the open door policy, the neo-liberal period and finally to the housing situation after the January 2011 Revolution. The resulting housing patterns in Cairo Governorate were identified as (1) squatter settlements, (2) semi-informal settlements, (3) deteriorated inner pockets, and (4) formal settlements. rnThe study concluded that the housing patterns in Cairo are reflecting a multifaceted problem resulting in: (1) the imbalance between the high demand for affordable housing units for low-income families and the oversupply of upper-income housing, (2) the vast expansion of informal areas both on agricultural and desert lands, (3) the deterioration of the old parts of Cairo without upgrading or appropriate replacement of the housing structure, and (4) the high vacancy rate of newly constructed apartmentsrnThe evolution and development of the current housing problem were attributed to a number of factors. These factors are demographic factors represented in the rapid growth of the population associated with urbanization under the dictates of poverty, and the progressive increase of the prices of both buildable land and building materials. The study underlined that the current pattern of population density in Cairo Governorate is a direct result of the current housing problems. Around the depopulation core of the city, a ring of relatively stable areas in terms of population density has developed. Population densification, at the expense of the depopulation core, is characterizing the peripheries of the city. The population density in relation to the built-up area was examined using Landsat-7 ETM+ image (176/039). The image was acquired on 24 August 2006 and considered as an ideal source for land cover classification in Cairo since it is compatible with the population census 2006.rnConsidering that the socio-economic setting is a driving force of change of housing demand and that it is an outcome of the accumulated housing problems, the socio-economic deprivations of the inhabitants of Cairo Governorate are analyzed. Small administrative units in Cairo are categorized into four classes based on the Socio-Economic Opportunity Index (SEOI). This index is developed by using multiple domains focusing on the economic, educational and health situation of the residential population. The results show four levels of deprivation which are consistent with the existing housing patterns. Informal areas on state owned land are included in the first category, namely, the “severely deprived” level. Ex-formal areas or deteriorated inner pockets are characterized as “deprived” urban quarters. Semi-informal areas on agricultural land concentrate in the third category of “medium deprived” settlements. Formal or planned areas are included mostly in the fourth category of the “less deprived” parts of Cairo Governorate. rnFor a better understanding of the differences and similarities among the various housing patterns, four areas based on the smallest administrative units of shiakhat were selected for a detailed study. These areas are: (1) El-Ma’desa is representing a severely deprived squatter settlement, (2) Ain el-Sira is an example for an ex-formal deprived area, (3) El-Marg el-Qibliya was selected as a typical semi-informal and medium deprived settlement, and (4) El-Nozha is representing a formal and less deprived area.rnThe analysis at shiakhat level reveals how the socio-economic characteristics and the unregulated urban growth are greatly reflected in the morphological characteristics of the housing patterns in terms of street network and types of residential buildings as well as types of housing tenure. It is also reflected in the functional characteristics in terms of land use mix and its degree of compatibility. It is concluded that the provision and accessibility to public services represents a performance measure of the dysfunctional structure dominating squatter and semi-informal settlements on one hand and ample public services and accessibility in formal areas on the other hand.rn

Stunted and Distorted Industrialization in Myanmar

More than 15 years have passed since Myanmar embarked on its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one. The purpose of this paper is to provide a bird-eye's view of industrial changes from the 1990s up to 2005. The industrial sector showed a preliminary development in the first half of the 1990s due to an "open door" policy and liberalization measures. However, a brief period of growth failed to effect any changes in the economic fundamentals. The industrial sector still suffers from poor power supplies, limited access to imported raw materials and machinery, exchange rate instability, limited credit, and frequent changes of government regulation. Public ownership is still high in key infrastructure sectors, and has failed to provide sufficient services to private industries. What the government must do first is to get the fundamentals right.

In Memory of Dr. Ali Al-Gritly (1913-1982): His Views on Egypt's experience with Socialism

This essay reexamines the great contributions made by Dr. Ali Al-Gritly to Egypt. He was the finance minister for a short period at the beginning of the 1950s and later was appointed as chairman of the Bank of Alexandria. In 1966, he completed a book (Al-Gritly [1966 (1974)]) on the economic history of Egypt. However, the book was banned from publication due to irresistible circumstances. At that time, with Arab Socialism on the ascendance, his views on certain policies were not welcomed by the top political hierarchy. In 1974, the book was finally allowed to be published, and he wrote and published another book in 1977 (Al-Gritly [1977]) on the development of the Open Door Policy and the new economic policies accompanying it.

Atlas de Exodus

Cuando el cineasta y periodista Rem Koolhaas aterriza con 24 años de edad, en 1968, en el terreno de la arquitectura, lo hace con un objetivo todavía pendiente: liberar a la arquitectura de la propia arquitectura. Arropándose con el título del Proyecto de Graduación que Rem Koolhaas entrega en 1972 en la Architectural Association, Exodus or the Voluntary Prisoners of the Architecture (en adelante Exodus), proyecto sobre el que el autor de este trabajo realizó la Tesis fin de Máster, bajo el marco académico del Máster en Proyectos Arquitectónicos Avanzados en la ETSA de Madrid, este trabajo se presenta como una continuación y ampliación del anterior, aunque con objetivos complementarios. Así pues, si antes Atlas de Exodus consistía en el profundo análisis de un proyecto de relevancia capital, que servía para entender las intenciones proyectuales de Rem Koolhaas en su desarrollo profesional posterior en Office for Metropolitan Architecture, ahora ese análisis se extiende retrospectivamente a los años previos a la entrega de este proyecto, centrándose en torno a 1968 y 1972. La hipótesis de este trabajo es que Rem Koolhaas quiere liberar a la arquitectura de la propia arquitectura o, aprovechando el juego de palabras, desea provocar el éxodo de la arquitectura hacia el terreno lo infraordinario.2 Este rastreo, durante el transcurso narrativo de la tesis, abstrae las herramientas de liberación utilizadas para la consecución de este objetivo. Herramientas que se compilan, clasifican y enumeran como conclusiones del Atlas del éxodo de la arquitectura y que dejan la puerta abierta para la continuación de esta empresa en los días actuales. La hipótesis alarga su vigencia hasta el momento presente, ya que en opinión del autor, Rem Koolhaas no ha conseguido lo que se proponía y existen evidencias de que no desiste en su búsqueda. Atlas de Exodus se centra más en lo que el arquitecto no ha conseguido que en lo que sí. ABSTRACT When the filmmaker and journalist Rem Koolhaas lands, with 24 years old, in 1968, in the architecture field, he does it with an ambition that still is pending: liberate architecture from the architecture. Using the title fo the Graduation Project that Rem Koolhaas deliver in 1972, at the Architectural Association, named “Exodus or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture”, project on which the author of this dissertation developed his Final Master’s Thesis, under the academic frame of the Máster en Proyectos Arquitectónicos Avanzados in the ETSAM, this work is introduced as a continuation and an extension of the former one, but with complementary goals. So, if before Atlas of Exodus was focused on Rem Koolhaas’ Graduation project on 1972, now it is extended retrospectively to 1968. The hypothesis of the dissertation is that Rem Koolhaas wanted and wants to liberate architecture from architecture, or using the pun, he wants to provoque the exodus of architecture to the terrain of the infra-ordinary.4 During the narrative course of the dissertation it abstracts the Liberation Tools that Rem Koolhaas used in order to achieve this goal. This tools that are compiled, classified and listed as the conclusions of this Atlas. They leave an open door for a practical continuation of this issue in the present days. The hypothesis extends its validity to the present time because, in the opinion of the author, Rem Koolhaas didn´t achieve what he wanted in the beginning of his career as an architect, and there are evidences that he didn´t give up in his goal. Atlas of Exodus is focused more in what the architect didn´t get than in what he really got.

Sistema domótico controlado por mensajería instantánea Whatsapp para personas con discapacidad

El presente PFC tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un gestor domótico basado en el dictado de voz de la red social WhatsApp. Dicho gestor no solo sustituirá el concepto dañino de que la integración de la domótica hoy en día es cara e inservible sino que acercará a aquellas personas con una discapacidad a tener una mejora en la calidad de vida. Estas personas, con un simple comando de voz a su aplicación WhatsApp de su terminal móvil, podrán activar o desactivar todos los elementos domóticos que su vivienda tenga instalados, “activar lámpara”, “encender Horno”, “abrir Puerta”… Todo a un muy bajo precio y utilizando tecnologías OpenSource El objetivo principal de este PFC es ayudar a la gente con una discapacidad a tener mejor calidad de vida, haciéndose independiente en las labores del hogar, ya que será el hogar quien haga las labores. La accesibilidad de este servicio, es por tanto, la mayor de las metas. Para conseguir accesibilidad para todas las personas, se necesita un servicio barato y de fácil aprendizaje. Se elige la red social WhatsApp como interprete, ya que no necesita de formación al ser una aplicación usada mayoritariamente en España y por la capacidad del dictado de voz, y se eligen las tecnologías OpenSource por ser la gran mayoría de ellas gratuitas o de pago solo el hardware. La utilización de la Red social WhatsApp se justifica por sí sola, en septiembre de 2015 se registraron 900 millones de usuarios. Este dato es fruto, también, de la reciente adquisición por parte de Facebook y hace que cumpla el primer requisito de accesibilidad para el servicio domotico que se presenta. Desde hace casi 5 años existe una API liberada de WhatsApp, que la comunidad OpenSource ha utilizado, para crear sus propios clientes o aplicaciones de envío de mensajes, usando la infraestructura de la red social. La empresa no lo aprueba abiertamente, pero la liberación de la API fue legal y su uso también lo es. Por otra parte la empresa se reserva el derecho de bloquear cuentas por el uso fraudulento de su infraestructura. Las tecnologías OpenSource utilizadas han sido, distribuciones Linux (Raspbian) y lenguajes de programación PHP, Python y BASHSCRIPT, todo cubierto por la comunidad, ofreciendo soporte y escalabilidad. Es por ello que se utiliza, como matriz y gestor domotico central, una RaspberryPI. Los servicios que el gestor ofrece en su primera versión incluyen el control domotico de la iluminación eléctrica general o personal, el control de todo tipo de electrodomésticos, el control de accesos para la puerta principal de entrada y el control de medios audiovisuales. ABSTRACT. This final thesis aims to develop a domotic manager based on the speech recognition capacity implemented in the social network, WhatsApp. This Manager not only banish the wrong idea about how expensive and useless is a domotic installation, this manager will give an opportunity to handicapped people to improve their quality of life. These people, with a simple voice command to their own WhatsApp, could enable or disable all the domotics devices installed in their living places. “On Lamp”, “ON Oven”, “Open Door”… This service reduce considerably the budgets because the use of OpenSource Technologies. The main achievement of this thesis is help handicapped people improving their quality of life, making independent from the housework. The house will do the work. The accessibility is, by the way, the goal to achieve. To get accessibility to a width range, we need a cheap, easy to learn and easy to use service. The social Network WhatsApp is one part of the answer, this app does not need explanation because is used all over the world, moreover, integrates the speech recognition capacity. The OpenSource technologies is the other part of the answer due to the low costs or, even, the free costs of their implementations. The use of the social network WhatsApp is explained by itself. In September 2015 were registered around 900 million users, of course, the recent acquisition by Facebook has helped in this astronomic number and match the first law of this service about the accessibility. Since five years exists, in the internet, a free WhatsApp API. The OpenSource community has used this API to develop their own messaging apps or desktop-clients, using the WhatsApp infrastructure. The company does not approve officially, however le API freedom is legal and the use of the API is legal too. On the other hand, the company can block accounts who makes a fraudulent use of his infrastructure. OpenSource technologies used in this thesis are: Linux distributions (Raspbian) and programming languages PHP, Python and BASHCSRIPT, all of these technologies are covered by the community offering support and scalability. Due to that, it is used a RaspberryPI as the Central Domotic Manager. The domotic services that currently this manager achieve are: Domotic lighting control, electronic devices control, access control to the main door and Media Control.

Towards a lasting settlement,

The basis of permanent peace, by G. L. Dickinson.--Nationality, by C. R. Buxton.--The freedom of the seas, by H. Sidebotham.--The open door, by J. A. Hobson.--The parrallel of the great French war, by Irene C. Willis.--War and the woman's movement, by A. Maude Royden.--The organization of peace, by H. N. Brailsford.--Democracy and publicity in foreign affairs, by P. Snowden.--The democratic principle and international relations, by Vernon Lee [pseud.]

Selected stories;

v. 1. Ball-of-Suet ; A family affair ; The artist's model ; The letters ; Cemetery sirens ; The dying peasant ; A madman's journal ; Checkmate! ; The shepherd's leap ; A husband's confession ; Madame Parisse ; The wedding night ; Father and son ; The false jewels ; The umbrella! ; The clock ; The dowry ; The lancer's wife ; Prisoners of war ; Woman's love ; The devil's visit ; Was it a dream? ; Simon's papa ; The diamond necklace ; Duchoux ; Timbuctoo ; Denis -- v. 2. The horla ; Monsieur Parent ; Miss Harriet ; Mad! ; Mademoiselle Pearl ; The farmer's wife ; A coward ; Mount Olivet ; The flight of years ; The old maid ; The Tellier house ; The parricide ; The fortune of war ; Humble happiness ; The mysterious groom ; The open door ; Wife and mistress ; The fathers ; The mountain inn ; Madame Husson's rosier ; An unfortunate resemblance -- v. 3. The Sunday outings of a bourgeois ; Little Louise Rocque ; A voice from the deep ; The father ; Magnetism ; The wrong house ; Moiron ; Monsieur Bombard's little game ; Madame Baptiste ; The Parisian accent ; A fashionable woman ; Mademoiselle Cocotte ; Who knows? ; Boitelle ; Uncle Jules ; The hand ; A lock of hair ; On the river ; My Uncle Sosthenes ; An artist ; Father Toine ; The viaticum ; True forgiveness ; A twelfth-night supper ; Father Matthew's saints ; A bit of string ; The minuet ; The relics ; A farm girl's story -- v. 4. The legacy ; Two little soldiers ; A state affair ; Old Amable ; Mademoiselle Fifi ; The ghost ; Useless beauty ; The fishing-hole ; The Rondoli family ; Châli ; The odalisque ; The wicked Mohammed ; Marroca ; Allouma ; A strange meeting ; Feminine wiles ; A strange night in Paris ; All over!

Five little plays /

The man in the stalls.--A marriage has been arranged.--The man on the kerb.--The open door.--The bracelet.

Rear View of Van Containing the Charles Perry Papers

Charles Perry donated his papers of his time as president of the university to the FIU library where they are held in the archives. An interview, filmed by Richard Pabon and Elizabeth Marsh from FIU’s Broadcast Video Production team, recorded this event.

The democratization of higher education in Jamaica: The role of the University of the West Indies

The University of the West Indies (UWI), established in the British colony of Jamaica in 1948, was mandated to serve the “brightest and the best” of the British colonies. Unfortunately, the austerity of Jamaica's economy has not helped to augment an “open door” access to higher education, and UWI is often criticized for not implementing policies to sustain the democratization of higher education; it is accused of functioning as an elitist institution. ^ The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine whether UWI functions democratically as an institution to influence the equity of higher education in Jamaica. A review of the literature reveals many interpretations of the democratization of higher education. Three of Spaulding and Kargodorian's four criteria were utilized to analyze this research. They were (1) equality of access to higher education, (2) equality of participation within the institution of higher education, and (3) equality of educational results. Multiple sources of written data augmented by interviews in Jamaica and Miami were utilized. ^ The analysis revealed that UWI functions in a collaborative relationship with Jamaica's Centralized Educational System as well as with the country's political, economic, and social realms to impact the democratization of higher education. Documentation suggests that, although strong traditional influences continue to exist, UWI has deviated from its original mandate and instead, flexible admittance policies and diversification of expanded programs have contributed to greater accessibility. ^ Despite UWI's reports of improvements which have contributed to more access, UNESCO and some interviewees have not been impressed. A World Bank report on enrollment ratio at the university level in English speaking Caribbean countries reflects less than one percent of the age cohort. The Jamaicans interviewed, especially those from the lower class, felt that their democratic right to receive higher education was not met. UNESCO regards UWI's efforts as just putting a “dent” in the problem. ^ Recommendations include continuing efforts towards developing curricula more relevant to the Jamaican society, increasing distance education in order to ease UWI's load, expanding financial partnerships with private sectors, and extending research in collaboration with large local and foreign private companies. ^

Investing in Hospitality Operations in the People's Republic of China: The Legal Framework

In the late 1970s, the People's Republic of China announced its "Open Door Policy. "After being closed to the outside world for decades, the Western world was not certain what to make of this turnaround. The author looks at a number of questions: Was China sincere in its statements that it wanted foreign investment on its soil? Was it willing to provide the economic and legal framework within which foreign investors could feel secure about placing their investment dollars? What concerns or issues still remain with regard to such investment decisions today?

A retrospective-longitudinal examination of the relationship between apportionment of seat time in community-college algebra courses and student academic performance

During the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase by postsecondary institutions in providing academic programs and course offerings in a multitude of formats and venues (Biemiller, 2009; Kucsera & Zimmaro, 2010; Lang, 2009; Mangan, 2008). Strategies pertaining to reapportionment of course-delivery seat time have been a major facet of these institutional initiatives; most notably, within many open-door 2-year colleges. Often, these enrollment-management decisions are driven by the desire to increase market-share, optimize the usage of finite facility capacity, and contain costs, especially during these economically turbulent times. So, while enrollments have surged to the point where nearly one in three 18-to-24 year-old U.S. undergraduates are community college students (Pew Research Center, 2009), graduation rates, on average, still remain distressingly low (Complete College America, 2011). Among the learning-theory constructs related to seat-time reapportionment efforts is the cognitive phenomenon commonly referred to as the spacing effect, the degree to which learning is enhanced by a series of shorter, separated sessions as opposed to fewer, more massed episodes. This ex post facto study explored whether seat time in a postsecondary developmental-level algebra course is significantly related to: course success; course-enrollment persistence; and, longitudinally, the time to successfully complete a general-education-level mathematics course. Hierarchical logistic regression and discrete-time survival analysis were used to perform a multi-level, multivariable analysis of a student cohort (N = 3,284) enrolled at a large, multi-campus, urban community college. The subjects were retrospectively tracked over a 2-year longitudinal period. The study found that students in long seat-time classes tended to withdraw earlier and more often than did their peers in short seat-time classes (p < .05). Additionally, a model comprised of nine statistically significant covariates (all with p-values less than .01) was constructed. However, no longitudinal seat-time group differences were detected nor was there sufficient statistical evidence to conclude that seat time was predictive of developmental-level course success. A principal aim of this study was to demonstrate—to educational leaders, researchers, and institutional-research/business-intelligence professionals—the advantages and computational practicability of survival analysis, an underused but more powerful way to investigate changes in students over time.

Uma Missão ao Interior: O início do movimento batista regular no Brasil (1936-1950)

Tendo como recorte o Vale do Cariri nos anos de 1930 a 1950, esta pesquisa visa contribuir para a história da inserção da Igreja Batista Regular no Brasil. A referência ao Vale do Cariri é necessária para captar o contexto e as relações sociais vigentes na chegada do missionário batista regular ao local. A inserção batista regular em solo brasileiro, mais especificamente em Juazeiro do Norte, de certa forma, se deu em terreno já preparado com a religiosidade nordestina construída num longo período. Tentamos observar os costumes, as crenças, as dores, os medos e os sonhos do carirense, como ponto de partida para identificarmos suas ações e reações à nova religiosidade oferecida pelos batistas regulares. Intentamos mostrar que o espaço deixado por Pe. Cícero e certa semelhança entre algumas posturas do missionário batista com aquelas do padre carismático foram pontos fundamentais para inserção e posterior institucionalização dos batistas regulares no nordeste brasileiro.

A competência global na aula de língua inglesa : como preparar os alunos para viver e agir no mundo atual?

Este estudo teve como principais objetivos compreender os efeitos de um projeto de educação global nos conhecimentos, capacidades e atitudes de um grupo de alunos portugueses do 11.º ano, bem como compreender as potencialidades da aula de língua inglesa no âmbito de uma educação promotora da participação ativa numa sociedade globalizada. Tratando-se de um estudo de tipo investigação-ação, ancorado no paradigma socio-crítico, foram recolhidos dados através de questionários, aplicados aos alunos antes e após o projeto de intervenção, de gravações vídeo de quatro sessões de educação global e de uma entrevista realizada à professora cooperante. Recorreu-se ainda à recolha documental de trabalhos dos alunos, bem como do Programa de Inglês (continuação) dos 10.º, 11.º e 12.º anos. A análise dos dados recolhidos, efetuada segundo diferentes métodos e instrumentos, permitiu concluir que o projeto de educação global teve efeitos mais significativos no desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos dos alunos, sobretudo relacionados com problemas globais específicos, tendo estes compreendido que o que acontece em outros locais tem relevância na vida de cada um. O estudo permitiu ainda verificar que as aulas de língua inglesa são o espaço ideal para se trabalhar a educação global, funcionando como uma porta aberta para outras línguas, culturas e mundivisões. Estes resultados sugerem que é possível e necessário promover o desenvolvimento da competência global na aula de línguas, mobilizando e incorporando saberes e recursos que valorizem capacidades de trabalho colaborativo, de comunicação e de resolução de problemas, bem como atitudes de respeito pelos Outros, imprescindíveis para o exercício da cidadania e para desafiar as injustiças e desigualdades que nos rodeiam.

New silk road : trade and investment. perspectives for eu and new partnerships

China has already given a fundamental contribution to the present globalization process and have also highly benefited from it by integrating becoming the final stage of the Global Chains Production networks in Asia. This process in China was the result of a survival economic strategy that saw in the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment in intensive low cost workmanship oriented to exports, a fundamental condition to overpass it´s millenary delay. This strategy accepted that the add value that remain in China, although very small was very important to give jobs to millions of Chinese and take them out of the absolute poverty line where they were in 1978 when Deng Xiao Ping launch the 4 Modernizations and the Open Door Policies. Other policies token during the first 30 years of the China Economic Reform, like the Grasp the Big Let Go the Small, the Socialist Market Economy, the Go West and the Go Global were equally important transforming Chinese economy in the second world biggest one. This first globalization stage had its big push in 2001 when China joined the WTO we can say that a new world economic order had begun in that date, placing China in the center of the world.