Pérennisation des changements et des résultats des interventions sanitaires dans les pays en développement (étude de cas du PNMLS)

Contexte : Pour les programmes sanitaires faits dans les pays à faibles ressources, la non-pérennisation des résultats est un phénomène important (Pluye, Potvin, & Denis, Making public health programs last: conceptualizing sustainability, 2004). Par contre, peu d’études ont été faites pour présenter des solutions à ce problème. Pour trouver des pistes de réponses, nous avons fait une étude de cas du programme national multisectoriel de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA (PNMLS) en République Démocratique du Congo. En 2004, le programme a été implanté avec l’aide de la Banque Mondiale à travers son programme MAP (Multi Aids Program). Le MAP s’est retiré en 2010. Objectifs : Le but de notre recherche était de déterminer, trois ans après le départ du MAP, quel a été le niveau de pérennisation des objectifs atteints. Notre autre objectif était de savoir quels ont été les facteurs qui ont influencé la pérennisation des objectifs atteints. Méthodes : Nous avons fait une revue de littérature sur la pérennisation et ainsi développé un cadre théorique mettant en lien les facteurs qui pourraient influencer la pérennisation des résultats. Nous avons observé le programme PNLMS dans son écosystème pour repérer quels sont les facteurs qui ont influé la pérennisation des résultats. Nous avons passé des entrevues aux acteurs clefs et avons fait une analyse documentaire, pour ainsi trouver des réponses à nos questions de recherche. Résultat : notre recherche supporte le concept qu’une approche multisectorielle aurait un impact positif sur la pérennisation des résultats. Par contre, il est important d’adapter cette approche multisectorielle à l’environnement et l’écosystème dans lequel évolue le programme. Cette adaptation doit se faire dès l’implantation du programme.

Acceleration of radio network optimisation algorithms

The increasing demand for cheaper-faster-better services anytime and anywhere has made radio network optimisation much more complex than ever before. In order to dynamically optimise the serving network, Dynamic Network Optimisation (DNO), is proposed as the ultimate solution and future trend. The realization of DNO, however, has been hindered by a significant bottleneck of the optimisation speed as the network complexity grows. This paper presents a multi-threaded parallel solution to accelerate complicated proprietary network optimisation algorithms, under a rigid condition of numerical consistency. ariesoACP product from Arieso Ltd serves as the platform for parallelisation. This parallel solution has been benchmarked and results exhibit a high scalability and a run-time reduction by 11% to 42% based on the technology, subscriber density and blocking rate of a given network in comparison with the original version. Further, it is highly essential that the parallel version produces equivalent optimisation quality in terms of identical optimisation outputs.

NANA: Novel assessment of nutrition and ageing

Purpose NANA is a 3-year project using sensitively-designed technology to improve data collection and integrate information on nutrition, physical and cognitive function and mental health to identify individuals at risk of under-nourishment and improve targeting of interventions. This research will also improve our understanding of the interactions between these factors, in order to better medical treatment and social provision. The toolkit has potential for commercial development for additional segments of the population. Method This is a multi-disciplinary program involving psychology, nutrition, engineering and software engineering. The first phase is a user needs analysis and will involve consulting with a broad cross-section of older people, caregivers, and health professionals, to establish what technical approaches would be useful and acceptable. The second phase focuses on the development of an integrated measurement toolkit. There are three inter-related subsections: (i) an iterative program to develop the assessment technology, (ii) techniques for dietary assessment in older people, and (iii) a parallel investigation of measures of cognition and mental health in older people. It includes a full validation of the assessment toolkit and will comprise a comparison of the new, integrated assessment with traditional 'pen and paper' methods with volunteers having the equipment installed in their homes.

Reuse Mechanisms and Concurrency: From Actors to Agent-Oriented Programming

La presente tesi è dedicata al riuso nel software. Eccettuata un'introduzione organica al tema, l'analisi è a livello dei meccanismi offerti dai linguaggi di programmazione e delle tecniche di sviluppo, con speciale attenzione rivolta al tema della concorrenza. Il primo capitolo fornisce un quadro generale nel quale il riuso del software è descritto, assieme alle ragioni che ne determinano l'importanza e ai punti cruciali relativi alla sua attuazione. Si individuano diversi livelli di riuso sulla base dell'astrazione e degli artefatti in gioco, e si sottolinea come i linguaggi contribuiscano alla riusabilità e alla realizzazione del riuso. In seguito, viene esplorato, con esempi di codice, il supporto al riuso da parte del paradigma ad oggetti, in termini di incapsulamento, ereditarietà, polimorfismo, composizione. La trattazione prosegue analizzando differenti feature – tipizzazione, interfacce, mixin, generics – offerte da vari linguaggi di programmazione, mostrando come esse intervengano sulla riusabilità dei componenti software. A chiudere il capitolo, qualche parola contestualizzata sull'inversione di controllo, la programmazione orientata agli aspetti, e il meccanismo della delega. Il secondo capitolo abbraccia il tema della concorrenza. Dopo aver introdotto l'argomento, vengono approfonditi alcuni significativi modelli di concorrenza: programmazione multi-threaded, task nel linguaggio Ada, SCOOP, modello ad Attori. Essi vengono descritti negli elementi fondamentali e ne vengono evidenziati gli aspetti cruciali in termini di contributo al riuso, con esempi di codice. Relativamente al modello ad Attori, viene presentata la sua implementazione in Scala/Akka come caso studio. Infine, viene esaminato il problema dell'inheritance anomaly, sulla base di esempi e delle tre classi principali di anomalia, e si analizza la suscettibilità del supporto di concorrenza di Scala/Akka a riscontrare tali problemi. Inoltre, in questo capitolo si nota come alcuni aspetti relativi al binomio riuso/concorrenza, tra cui il significato profondo dello stesso, non siano ancora stati adeguatamente affrontati dalla comunità informatica. Il terzo e ultimo capitolo esordisce con una panoramica dell'agent-oriented programming, prendendo il linguaggio simpAL come riferimento. In seguito, si prova ad estendere al caso degli agenti la nozione di riuso approfondita nei capitoli precedenti.

Incremental Dynamic Updates with First-class Contexts

Highly available software systems occasionally need to be updated while avoiding downtime. Dynamic software updates reduce down-time, but still require the system to reach a quiescent state in which a global update can be performed. This can be difficult for multi-threaded systems. We present a novel approach to dynamic updates using first-class contexts, called Theseus. First-class contexts make global updates unnecessary: existing threads run to termination in an old context, while new threads start in a new, updated context; consistency between contexts is ensured with the help of bidirectional transformations. We show that for multi-threaded systems with coherent memory, first-class contexts offer a practical and flexible approach to dynamic updates, with acceptable overhead.

A static heap analysis for shape and connectivity: Unified memory analysis: The base framework

Modeling the evolution of the state of program memory during program execution is critical to many parallehzation techniques. Current memory analysis techniques either provide very accurate information but run prohibitively slowly or produce very conservative results. An approach based on abstract interpretation is presented for analyzing programs at compile time, which can accurately determine many important program properties such as aliasing, logical data structures and shape. These properties are known to be critical for transforming a single threaded program into a versión that can be run on múltiple execution units in parallel. The analysis is shown to be of polynomial complexity in the size of the memory heap. Experimental results for benchmarks in the Jolden suite are given. These results show that in practice the analysis method is efflcient and is capable of accurately determining shape information in programs that créate and manipúlate complex data structures.

A design pattern for efficient retrieval of large data sets from remote data sources

Retrieving large amounts of information over wide area networks, including the Internet, is problematic due to issues arising from latency of response, lack of direct memory access to data serving resources, and fault tolerance. This paper describes a design pattern for solving the issues of handling results from queries that return large amounts of data. Typically these queries would be made by a client process across a wide area network (or Internet), with one or more middle-tiers, to a relational database residing on a remote server. The solution involves implementing a combination of data retrieval strategies, including the use of iterators for traversing data sets and providing an appropriate level of abstraction to the client, double-buffering of data subsets, multi-threaded data retrieval, and query slicing. This design has recently been implemented and incorporated into the framework of a commercial software product developed at Oracle Corporation.

High performance numerical modeling of ultra-short laser pulse propagation based on multithreaded parallel hardware

The focus of this study is development of parallelised version of severely sequential and iterative numerical algorithms based on multi-threaded parallel platform such as a graphics processing unit. This requires design and development of a platform-specific numerical solution that can benefit from the parallel capabilities of the chosen platform. Graphics processing unit was chosen as a parallel platform for design and development of a numerical solution for a specific physical model in non-linear optics. This problem appears in describing ultra-short pulse propagation in bulk transparent media that has recently been subject to several theoretical and numerical studies. The mathematical model describing this phenomenon is a challenging and complex problem and its numerical modeling limited on current modern workstations. Numerical modeling of this problem requires a parallelisation of an essentially serial algorithms and elimination of numerical bottlenecks. The main challenge to overcome is parallelisation of the globally non-local mathematical model. This thesis presents a numerical solution for elimination of numerical bottleneck associated with the non-local nature of the mathematical model. The accuracy and performance of the parallel code is identified by back-to-back testing with a similar serial version.

Parallel Semi-supervised EM-algorithm (MT-SSEM)

Report published in the Proceedings of the National Conference on "Education in the Information Society", Plovdiv, May, 2013

Évolution des aptitudes physiques et motrices d’élèves-athlètes inscrits dans un programme de spécialisation sportive et d’élèves-athlètes inscrits dans un programme de diversification sportive.

Résumé : L’entrainement sportif est « un processus de perfectionnement de l’athlète dirigé selon des principes scientifiques et qui, par des influences planifiées et systématiques (charges) sur la capacité de performance, vise à mener le sportif vers des performances élevées et supérieures dans un sport ou une discipline sportive » (Harre, 1982). Un entrainement sportif approprié devrait commencer dès l’enfance. Ainsi, le jeune sportif pourrait progressivement et systématiquement développer son corps et son esprit afin d’atteindre l’excellence sportive (Bompa, 2000; Weineck, 1997). Or plusieurs entraineurs, dans leur tentative de parvenir à des résultats de haut niveau rapidement, exposent les jeunes athlètes à une formation sportive très spécifique et rigoureuse, sans prendre le temps de développer convenablement les aptitudes physiques et motrices et les habiletés motrices fondamentales sous-jacentes aux habiletés sportives spécifiques (Bompa, 2000), d’où l’appellation « spécialisation hâtive ». Afin de contrer les conséquences néfastes de la spécialisation hâtive, de nouvelles approches d’entrainement ont été proposées. Une des façons d’y arriver consisterait notamment à pratiquer différents sports en bas âge (Fraser-Thomas, Côté et Deakin, 2008; Gould et Carson, 2004; Judge et Gilreath, 2009; LeBlanc et Dickson, 1997; Mostafavifar, Best et Myer, 2013), d’où l’appellation « diversification sportive ». Plusieurs organisations sportives et professionnelles ont décidé de valoriser et de mettre en place des programmes basés sur la diversification sportive (Kaleth et Mikesky, 2010). C’est donc à la suite d’une prise de conscience des effets néfastes de la spécialisation hâtive que des professionnels de l’activité physique d’une école secondaire du Québec (éducateur physique, kinésiologue et agent de développement sportif) ont mis en place un programme multisports-études novateur au premier cycle du secondaire, inspiré des sciences du sport et des lignes directrices du modèle de développement à long terme de l’athlète (DLTA) (Balyi, Cardinal, Higgs, Norris et Way, 2005). Le présent projet de recherche porte sur le développement des aptitudes physiques et motrices chez de jeunes sportifs inscrits à un programme de spécialisation sportive et de jeunes sportifs inscrits à un programme de diversification sportive à l’étape « S’entrainer à s’entrainer » (12 à 16 ans) du modèle de développement à long terme de l’athlète (Balyi et al., 2005). L’objectif principal de cette étude est de rendre compte de l’évolution des aptitudes physiques et motrices de jeunes élèves-athlètes inscrits, d’une part, à un programme sport-études soccer (spécialisation) et, d’autre part, à un programme multisports-études (diversification). Plus spécifiquement, cette étude tente de (a) dresser un portrait détaillé de l’évolution des aptitudes physiques et motrices des élèves-athlètes de chaque programme et de faire un parallèle avec la planification annuelle de chaque programme sportif et (b) de rendre compte des différences d’aptitudes physiques et motrices observées entre les deux programmes. Le projet de recherche a été réalisé dans une école secondaire de la province de Québec. Au total, 53 élèves-athlètes de première secondaire ont été retenus pour le projet de recherche selon leur volonté de participer à l’étude, soit 23 élèves-athlètes de première secondaire inscrits au programme sport-études soccer et 30 élèves-athlètes de première secondaire inscrits au programme multisports-études. Les élèves-athlètes étaient tous âgés de 11 à 13 ans. Treize épreuves standardisées d’aptitudes physiques et motrices ont été administrées aux élèves-athlètes des deux programmes sportifs en début, en milieu et en fin d’année scolaire. Le traitement des données s’est effectué à l’aide de statistiques descriptives et d’une analyse de variance à mesures répétées. Les résultats révèlent que (a) l’ensemble des aptitudes physiques et motrices des élèves-athlètes des deux programmes sportifs se sont améliorées au cours de l’année scolaire, (b) il est relativement facile de faire un parallèle entre l’évolution des aptitudes physiques et motrices des élèves-athlètes et la planification annuelle de chaque programme sportif, (c) les élèves-athlètes du programme multisports-études ont, en général, des performances semblables à celles des élèves-athlètes du programme sport-études soccer et (d) les élèves-athlètes du programme sport-études soccer ont, au cours de l’année scolaire, amélioré davantage leur endurance cardiorespiratoire, alors que ceux du programme multisports-études ont amélioré davantage (a) leur vitesse segmentaire des bras, (b) leur agilité à l’épreuve de course en cercle et (c) leur puissance musculaire des membres inférieurs, confirmant ainsi que les aptitudes physiques et motrices développées chez de jeunes athlètes qui se spécialisent tôt sont plutôt spécifiques au sport pratiqué (Balyi et al., 2005; Bompa, 1999; Cloes, Delfosse, Ledent et Piéron, 1994; Mattson et Richards, 2010), alors que celles développées à travers la diversification sportive sont davantage diversifiées (Coakley, 2010; Gould et Carson, 2004; White et Oatman, 2009). Ces résultats peuvent s’expliquer par (a) la spécificité ou la diversité des tâches proposées durant les séances d’entrainement, (b) le temps consacré à chacune de ces tâches et (c) les exigences reliées à la pratique du soccer comparativement aux exigences reliées à la pratique de plusieurs disciplines sportives. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus restent complexes à interpréter en raison de différents biais : (a) la maturation physique, (b) le nombre d’heures d’entrainement effectué au cours de l’année scolaire précédente, (c) le nombre d’heures d’entrainement offert par les deux programmes sportifs à l’étude et (d) les activités physiques et sportives pratiquées à l’extérieur de l’école. De plus, cette étude ne permet pas d’évaluer la qualité des interventions et des exercices proposés lors des entrainements ni la motivation des élèves-athlètes à prendre part aux séances d’entrainement ou aux épreuves physiques et motrices. Finalement, il serait intéressant de reprendre la présente étude auprès de disciplines sportives différentes et de mettre en évidence les contributions particulières de chaque discipline sportive sur le développement des aptitudes physiques et motrices de jeunes athlètes.

Energy Efficiency of Software Transactional Memory in a Heterogeneous Architecture

Hardware vendors make an important effort creating low-power CPUs that keep battery duration and durability above acceptable levels. In order to achieve this goal and provide good performance-energy for a wide variety of applications, ARM designed the big.LITTLE architecture. This heterogeneous multi-core architecture features two different types of cores: big cores oriented to performance and little cores, slower and aimed to save energy consumption. As all the cores have access to the same memory, multi-threaded applications must resort to some mutual exclusion mechanism to coordinate the access to shared data by the concurrent threads. Transactional Memory (TM) represents an optimistic approach for shared-memory synchronization. To take full advantage of the features offered by software TM, but also benefit from the characteristics of the heterogeneous big.LITTLE architectures, our focus is to propose TM solutions that take into account the power/performance requirements of the application and what it is offered by the architecture. In order to understand the current state-of-the-art and obtain useful information for future power-aware software TM solutions, we have performed an analysis of a popular TM library running on top of an ARM big.LITTLE processor. Experiments show, in general, better scalability for the LITTLE cores for most of the applications except for one, which requires the computing performance that the big cores offer.

MDASH: a multi-core-enabled program for structure solution from powder diffraction data

The simulated annealing approach to structure solution from powder diffraction data, as implemented in the DASH program, is easily amenable to parallelization at the individual run level. Modest increases in speed of execution can therefore be achieved by executing individual DASH runs on the individual cores of CPUs.

Effects of a multi-session Cognitive Bias Modification program on interpretative biases and social anxiety symptoms in a sample of Iranian socially-anxious students

This study examines the effects of a multi-session Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) program on interpretative biases and social anxiety in an Iranian sample. Thirty-six volunteers with a high score on social anxiety measures were recruited from a student population and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, participants received 4 sessions of positive CBM for interpretative biases (CBM-I) over 2 weeks in the laboratory. Participants in the control condition completed a neutral task matched the active CBM-I intervention in format and duration but did not encourage positive disambiguation of socially ambiguous scenarios. The results indicated that after training the positive CBM-I group exhibited more positive (and less negative) interpretations of ambiguous scenarios and less social anxiety symptoms relative to the control condition at both 1 week post-test and 7 weeks follow-up. It is suggested that clinical trials are required to establish the clinical efficacy of this intervention for social anxiety.

A Multi- Faceted, Intensive Family Preservation Program Evaluation

This evaluation of a county intensive family preservation services (ifps) program makes several important methodological contributions to assessing post-treatment placement patterns of ifps clients. It is the first published ifps evaluation that utilizes an interval-level, overall measure of restrictiveness of placement, and one of the few that has followed placement patterns for a full two-years after treatment. The study is also a good example of complementing placement data with measures of family health and stability, and with qualitative feedback from former ifps clients. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential for doing methodologically sound evaluations of local ifps programs.

Program Trixy : multi-group analysis of nuclear reactors in three space dimensions : for the IBM type 704 computer /

"Physics and Math. TID-4500 (15th Ed.)"--Title page.