Aerodinâmica de leitos vibrofluidizados: uma revisão

Application of mechanical vibration to aid fluidization and to improve heat, mass and momentum transfer are usual processes in agricultural industry and it has found nowadays extensive applications in particle processing of materials difficult-to-fluidized. Equations and experimental data found in literature for the aerodynamics characteristics of vibro-fluidized beds are presented and discussed, emphasizing the vibration effect in the bed.

Fluidodinâmica de sementes de brócolos em leito fluizado e leito de jorro

The spouted and fluidized bed technologies are usually employed in operations of drying, coating and granulation of particles by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The use of these techniques in agronomy is limited to the treatment of some species of seeds. In this work, the objective was to analyse the fluid-dynamics of fluidized and spouted beds when broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) seeds are used and also to verify the influence on seed germination after 60 min of seed exposition to spouting or fluidization, at room temperature. The fluid-dynamics was defined by the measurements of the bed pressure drop as a function of the air flow rate for different seeds loads. The experimental conditions were based on the physical properties of the seeds and were limited by the apparatus dimensions. The cone-cylindrical bed was constructed in plexyglass to permit flow visualization. The values of the parameters: maximum pressure drop, minimum spouting flow rate and pressure drop, and stable spout pressure drop were experimentally obtained from the fluid-dynamic analysis and were compared with the values calculated by empirical equations found in the literature. The same procedure was carried out with the fluidized bed and the important parameters for this regime were the air velocity and the bed pressure drop at minimum fluidization. The analysis of seed germination indicated that no damage was caused to the seeds by the spout or fluidization processes.

Dimensionamento de um secador em leito fluidizado para secagem de cereais

O objectivo desta tese é dimensionar um secador em leito fluidizado para secagem de cereais, nomeadamente, secagem de sementes de trigo. Inicialmente determinaram-se as condições de hidrodinâmica (velocidade de fluidização, TDH, condições mínimas de “slugging”, expansão do leito, dimensionamento do distribuidor e queda de pressão). Com as condições de hidrodinâmica definidas, foi possível estimar as dimensões físicas do secador. Neste ponto, foram realizados estudos relativamente à cinética da secagem e à própria secagem. Foi também estudado o transporte pneumático das sementes. Deste modo, determinaram-se as velocidades necessárias ao transporte pneumático e respectivas quedas de pressão. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise custos para que se soubesse o custo deste sistema de secagem. O estudo da secagem foi feito para uma temperatura de operação de 50ºC, tendo a ressalva que no limite se poderia trabalhar com 60ºC. A velocidade de operação é de 2,43 m/s, a altura do leito fixo é de 0,4 m, a qual sofre uma expansão durante a fluidização, assumindo o valor de 0,79 m. O valor do TDH obtido foi de 1,97 m, que somado à expansão do leito permite obter uma altura total da coluna de 2,76 m. A altura do leito fixo permite retirar o valor do diâmetro que é de 0,52 m. Verifica-se que a altura do leito expandido é inferior à altura mínima de “slugging” (1,20 m), no entanto, a velocidade de operação é superior à velocidade mínima de “slugging” (1,13 m/s). Como só uma das condições mínimas é cumprida, existe a possibilidade da ocorrência de “slugging”. Finalmente, foi necessário dimensionar o distribuidor, que com o diâmetro de orifício de 3 mm, valor inferior ao da partícula (3,48 mm), permite a distruibuição do fluido de secagem na coluna através dos seus 3061 orifícios. O inicio do estudo da secagem centrou-se na determinação do tempo de secagem. Além das duas temperaturas atrás referidas, foram igualmente consideradas duas humidades iniciais para os cereais (21,33% e 18,91%). Temperaturas superiores traduzem-se em tempos de secagem inferiores, paralelamente, teores de humidade inicial inferiores indicam tempos menores. Para a temperatura de 50ºC, os tempos de secagem assumiram os valores de 2,8 horas para a 21,33% de humidade e 2,7 horas para 18,91% de humidade. Foram também tidas em conta três alturas do ano para a captação do ar de secagem, Verão e Inverno representando os extremos, e a Meia- Estação. Para estes três casos, foi possível verificar que a humidade específica do ar não apresenta alterações significativas entre a entrada no secador e a corrente de saída do mesmo equipamento, do mesmo modo que a temperatura de saída pouco difere da de entrada. Este desvio de cerca de 1% para as humidades e para as temperaturas é explicado pela ausência de humidade externa nas sementes e na pouca quantidade de humidade interna. Desta forma, estes desvios de 1% permitem a utilização de uma razão de reciclagem na ordem dos 100% sem que o comportamento da secagem se altere significativamente. O uso de 100% de reciclagem permite uma poupança energética de cerca de 98% no Inverno e na Meia-Estação e de cerca de 93% no Verão. Caso não fosse realizada reciclagem, seria necessário fornecer à corrente de ar cerca de 18,81 kW para elevar a sua temperatura de 20ºC para 50ºC (Meia-Estação), cerca de 24,67 kW para elevar a sua temperatura de 10ºC para 50ºC (Inverno) e na ordem dos 8,90 kW para elevar a sua temperatura dos 35ºC para 50ºC (Verão). No caso do transporte pneumático, existem duas linhas, uma horizontal e uma vertical, logo foi necessário estimar o valor da velocidade das partículas para estes dois casos. Na linha vertical, a velocidade da partícula é cerca de 25,03 m/s e cerca de 35,95 m/s na linha horizontal. O menor valor para a linha vertical prende-se com o facto de nesta zona ter que se vencer a força gravítica. Em ambos os circuitos a velocidade do fluido é cerca de 47,17 m/s. No interior da coluna, a velocidade do fluido tem o valor de 10,90 m/s e a velocidade das partículas é de 1,04 m/s. A queda de pressão total no sistema é cerca de 2408 Pa. A análise de custos ao sistema de secagem indicou que este sistema irá acarretar um custo total (fabrico mais transporte) de cerca de 153035€. Este sistema necessita de electricidade para funcionar, e esta irá acarretar um custo anual de cerca de 7951,4€. Embora este sistema de secagem apresente a possibilidade de se realizar uma razão de reciclagem na ordem dos 100% e também seja possível adaptar o mesmo para diferentes tipos de cereais, e até outros tipos de materiais, desde que possam ser fluidizados, o seu custo impede que a realização deste investimento não seja atractiva, especialmente tendo em consideração que se trata de uma instalação à escala piloto com uma capacidade de 45 kgs.

Untersuchung der Fluiddynamik eines Strahlschichtapparates mit zwei parallelen Gaseintritten und seine Anwendung auf die Beschichtung feindisperser Feststoffteilchen

Spouted bed, hydrodynamic, gas-solid fluidization, flow regime, minimum spouting velocity, fluid oscillation, carbon coating, diabas, filler, fine particles

Influence of Angle of Air Injection and Particles in Bed Hydrodynamics of Swirling Fluidized Bed

The thesis presented here unveils an experimental study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of swirling fluidized bed viz. pressure drop across the distributor and the bed, minimum fluidizing velocity, bed behaviour and angle of air injection. In swirling fluidized bed the air is admitted to the bed at an angle 'Ѳ' to the horizontal. The vertical component of the velocity v sin Ѳ causes fluidization and the horizontal component v cos Ѳ contributes to swirl motion of the bed material.The study was conducted using spherical particles having sizes 3.2 mm, 5.5 mm & 7.4 mm as the bed materials. Each of these particles was made from high density polyethylene, nylon and acetal having relative densities of 0.93, 1.05 and 1.47 respectively.The experiments were conducted using conidour type distributors having four rows of slits. Altogether four distributors having angles of air injection (Φ)- 0°, 5°, 10° & 15° were designed and fabricated for the study. The total number of slits in each distributor was 144. The area of opening was 6220 mm2 making the percentage area of opening to 9.17. But the percentage useful area of opening of the distributor was 96.The experiments on the variation of distributor pressure drop with superficial velocity revealed that the distributor pressure drop decreases with angle of air injection. Investigations related to bed hydrodynamics were conducted using 2.5 kg of bed material. The bed pressure drop measurements were made along the radial direction of the distributor at distances of 60 mm, 90 mm, 120 mm & 150 mm from the centre of the distributor. It was noticed that after attaining minimum fluidizing velocity, the bed pressure drop increases along the radial direction of the distributor. But at a radial distance of 90 mm from the distributor centre, after attaining minimum fluidizing velocity the bed pressure drop remains almost constant. It was also observed that the bed pressure drop varies inversely with particle size as well as particle density.An attempt was made to determine the effect of various parameters on minimum fluidizing velocity. It was noticed that the minimum fluidizing velocity varies directly with angle of air injection (Φ), particle size and particle density.The study on the bed behaviour showed that the superficial velocity required for initiating various bed phenomena (such as swirl motion and separation of particles from the cone at the centre) increase with increase in particle size as well as particle density. It was also observed that the particle size and particle density directly influence the superficial velocity required for various regimes of bed behaviour such as linear variation of bed pressure drop, constant bed pressure drop and sudden increase or decrease in bed pressure drop.Experiments were also performed to study the effect of angle of air injection (Φ). It was noticed that the bed pressure drop decreases with angle of air injection. It was also noticed that the angle of air injection directly influence the superficial velocity required for initiating various bed phenomena as well as the various regimes of bed behaviour.

Determinação dos parâmetros de fluidização do carvão de charqueadas a temperatura ambiente

Foi construído um equipamento que possibilitou a determinação dos parâmetros de fluidização de amostras de granulometrias simples e de misturas binárias, de carvão de Charqueadas com granulonetrias entre 9 e 28 malhas (mesh number), à temperatura ambiente, tendo-se obtido uma correlação para o cálculo da velocidade mínima de fluidização em função do diâmetro das partículas.

Adaptação de protocolos invasivos e não invasivos para avaliações aeróbias e anaeróbias específicas ao basquetebol feminino

OBJECTIVE: To adapted the critical velocity (CV), RAST test and lactate minimum (LM) to evaluation of female basketball players. METHODS: Twelve well-trained female basketball players (19 ± 1yrs) were submitted to four intensities running (10 - 14 km/h) at shuttle exercise until exhaustion, applied on alternate days. The linear model 'velocity vs. 1/tlim' was adopted to determine the aerobic (CV) and anaerobic (CCA) parameters. The lactate minimum test consisted of two phases: 1) hiperlactatemia induction using the RAST test and 2) incremental test composed by five shuttle run (20-m) at 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 km/h. Blood samples were collected at the end of each stage. RESULTS: The velocity (vLM) and blood lactate concentration at LM were obtained by two polynomial adjustments: lactate vs. intensity (LM1) and lactate vs. time (LM2). ANOVA one-way, Student t-test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. The CV was obtained at 10.3 ± 0.2 km/h and the CCA estimated at 73.0 ± 3.4 m. The RAST was capable to induce the hiperlactatemia and to determine the Pmax (3.6 ± 0.2 W/kg), Pmed (2.8 ± 0.1 W/kg), Pmin (2.3 ± 0.1 W/kg) and FI (30 ± 3%). The vLM1 and vLM2 were obtained, respectively, at 9.47 ±0.13 km/h and 9.8 ± 0.13 km/h, and CV was higher than vLM1. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the non-invasive model can be used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic parameters. Furthermore, the LM test adapted to basketball using RAST and progressive phase was effective to evaluate female athletes considering the specificity of modality, with high success rates observed in polynomial adjustment 'lactate vs. time' (LM2).

Evaluation of ductus venosus and inferior vena cava by using multiple Doppler ultrasound parameters in healthy fetuses

The objective of this study was to describe multiple Doppler ultrasound parameters of ductus venosus and inferior vena cava in fetuses at gestational ages ranging from 22 to 38 weeks. In this prospective observational study, Doppler ultrasound exams were performed in 45 healthy fetuses at 22, 26, 34, and 38 weeks. Maximum venous velocity, minimum venous velocity, venous pulsatility index, and venous acceleration time (VAT) (defined as the time between minimum and maximum venous velocity) were evaluated at those gestational periods. Increase in the velocities and decrease in the pulsatility index were observed in these vessels throughout gestational age. The VAT increased with gestational age. The VAT, a Doppler parameter still not described elsewhere, increased during pregnancy could be related to a longer period of time needed to fill the atrium in bigger hearts. In this study, we provide reference values for VAT in healthy fetuses.

CFD study of penetration and mixing of fuel in a circulating fluidized bed furnace

The aim of this thesis is to study the mixing of fuel and, also to some extent, the mixing of air in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. In the literature survey part of this thesis, a review is made of the previous experimental studies related to the fuel and air mixing in the circulating fluidized beds. In the simulation part of it the commercial computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT) is used with the Eulerian multiphase model for studying the fuel mixing in the two and three-dimensional furnace geometries. The results of the three-dimensional simulations are promising and, therefore suggestions are made for the future simulations. The two-dimensional studies give new information of the effects of the fluidization velocity, fuel particle size and fuel density on the fuel mixing. However, the present results show that three-dimensional models produce more realistic representation of the circulating fluidized bed behavior.

Heterogeneous mass transfer in fluidized beds by computational fluid dynamics

The main objective of this research is to estimate and characterize heterogeneous mass transfer coefficients in bench- and pilot-scale fluidized bed processes by the means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A further objective is to benchmark the heterogeneous mass transfer coefficients predicted by fine-grid Eulerian CFD simulations against empirical data presented in the scientific literature. First, a fine-grid two-dimensional Eulerian CFD model with a solid and gas phase has been designed. The model is applied for transient two-dimensional simulations of char combustion in small-scale bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds. The same approach is used to simulate a novel fluidized bed energy conversion process developed for the carbon capture, chemical looping combustion operated with a gaseous fuel. In order to analyze the results of the CFD simulations, two one-dimensional fluidized bed models have been formulated. The single-phase and bubble-emulsion models were applied to derive the average gas-bed and interphase mass transfer coefficients, respectively. In the analysis, the effects of various fluidized bed operation parameters, such as fluidization, velocity, particle and bubble diameter, reactor size, and chemical kinetics, on the heterogeneous mass transfer coefficients in the lower fluidized bed are evaluated extensively. The analysis shows that the fine-grid Eulerian CFD model can predict the heterogeneous mass transfer coefficients quantitatively with acceptable accuracy. Qualitatively, the CFD-based research of fluidized bed process revealed several new scientific results, such as parametrical relationships. The huge variance of seven orders of magnitude within the bed Sherwood numbers presented in the literature could be explained by the change of controlling mechanisms in the overall heterogeneous mass transfer process with the varied process conditions. The research opens new process-specific insights into the reactive fluidized bed processes, such as a strong mass transfer control over heterogeneous reaction rate, a dominance of interphase mass transfer in the fine-particle fluidized beds and a strong chemical kinetic dependence of the average gas-bed mass transfer. The obtained mass transfer coefficients can be applied in fluidized bed models used for various engineering design, reactor scale-up and process research tasks, and they consequently provide an enhanced prediction accuracy of the performance of fluidized bed processes.

Hydrodynamic Study of Swirling Fluidized Bed and the Role of Distributor

The study aims to the hydrodynamic characteristics of swirling fluidized bed, using large particles (Geldart D-type) selected from locally available agricultural produce (coffee beans and black pepper). The important variables considered in the present study include percentage area of opening, angle of air injection and the percentage useful area of the distributor. A total of seven distributors have been designed and fabricated for a bed column of 300 mm, namely single row vane type distributors (15˚ and 20˚ vane angle), inclined hole type distributors (15˚ and 20˚ vane angle) and perforated plate distributors. The useful area of distributor of single row vane type, three now vane-type and inclined hole-type distributors are respectively 64%,91% and 94%. The hydrodynamic parameters considered in the present study include distributor pressure drop, air velocity, minimum fluidizing velocity, bed pressure drop, bed height and the bed behaviour. It has been observed that, in general, the distributor pressure drop decreases with an increase in the percentage area of opening, Further, and increase in the area of opening above 17% will not considerably reduce the distributor pressure drop. In the present study, for the distributor with an area of opening 17%, and corresponding to the maximum measured superficial velocity of 4.33 m/s, the distributor pressure drop obtained was 55.25mm of water. The study on the bed behavior revealed that, in a swirling fluidized bed, once swirl motion starts, the bed pressure drop increases with superficial velocity in the outer region and it decreases in the inner region. This means that, with higher superficial velocity, the air might get by-passed through the inner boundary of the bed (around the cone). So, depending on the process for which the bed is used, the maximum superficial velocity is to be limited to have an optimum bed performance.

Kinematic analysis of Labrador Retrievers and Rottweilers trotting on a treadmill

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Kinematic analysis in healthy and hip-dysplastic German Shepherd dogs

This study investigated kinematic patterns in clinically normal German Shepherd dogs (GSDs) compared to those with hip dysplasia and with no clinical signs of lameness. Two groups of GSDs, including 10 clinically healthy dogs (G1) and 10 with hip dysplasia (G2), were trotted on a treadmill at a constant speed. Kinematic data were collected by a 3-camera system and analysed by a motion-analysis program. Flexion and extension joint angles and angular velocities were determined for the shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, and tarsal joints.Within each group, the differences between the right and left limbs in all kinematic variables were not significant. Minimum angle, angular displacement and minimum angular velocity did not differ between groups. Significant differences were observed in the maximum angular velocity and maximum angle of the hip joint (dysplastic. >. healthy), and in the maximum angular velocity of the carpal joint (healthy. >. dysplastic). It was concluded that, when trotting on a treadmill, dysplastic dogs with no signs of lameness may present joint kinematic alterations in the hind as well as the forelimbs. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Ultrasound evaluation of common carotid artery blood flow in the Labrador retriever

Background: Doppler ultrasound (DUS) examination provides quantitative and qualitative information concerning the blood flow in veins and arteries, enabling their morphological evaluation and the collection of hemodynamic data. Dogs and cats as well as humans may display neurological signs of brain hypoperfusion secondary to common carotid alterations. Hence, DUS examination might aid in the differential diagnosis of neurological disorders of ischemic origin, among other causes. The objective of this study was to register normal values for systolic peak velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, diameter and resistance index of both common carotid arteries of 12 healthy Labrador retriever dogs between 2 and 5 years of age. By gathering these values, we might be able to improve the sensitivity of hemodynamic studies in clinically important brain disorders. Results: There were no statistical differences between the values for the right and left vessels: the systolic peak velocity was 75.8 ± 16 cm/s, minimum diastolic velocity was 12.2 ± 4 cm/s, common carotid diameter was 0.545 ± 0.063 cm, and resistance index was 0.83 ± 0.07. Conclusions: The results of this study might be used to establish normal parameters for Labrador retriever dogs and thus help in the diagnosis of neurological disorders associated with alterations of the carotid arteries. Similar studies must be performed to evaluate the same parameters in other dog breeds of different sizes and skull conformations. © 2013 Svicero et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Análise experimental do comportamento fluidodinâmico e da secagem de sementes de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) em leito de jorro

A linhaça é a semente da planta do linho (Linum usitatissimum L.), uma espécie polimorfa originária do linho, sendo considerada uma das 6 plantas atualmente reconhecidas pelo Instituto Nacional do Câncer dos Estados Unidos (US National Cancer Institute - NCI) por suas propriedades específicas no combate ao câncer. Parte desse reconhecimento deve-se a notável característica de ser a fonte mais rica de precursores de lignina (esteróide vegetal de ação análoga ao estrógeno de mamíferos) na dieta humana. A variedade utilizada neste trabalho foi a “Linseed” de cor marrom e o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a fluidodinâmica dessa partícula em leito de jorro, estabelecida pelas medidas de tomadas de queda de pressão no leito a partir das deflexões em relação às velocidades de ar crescente e decrescente, obtendo assim informações para a determinação de parâmetros correlacionados ao processo, como: velocidade de mínimo jorro, queda de pressão máxima, queda de pressão no jorro estável e queda de pressão no mínimo jorro. Estes valores foram comparados aos correspondentes valores obtidos por equações empíricas citadas na literatura. Foi também avaliado o comportamento da secagem da matéria prima, mediante um planejamento estatístico 2², tendo com as variáveis de entrada temperatura do gás (T_g) e o tempo de operação (t), para a quantificação das variáveis de resposta razão de umidade (Xr, adim.), germinação (G, %) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG, t^-1) e analisadas estatisticamente pelo planejamento fatorial completo com três repetições no ponto central. A cinética de secagem das sementes de linhaça, previamente umidificadas, foi realizada nas temperaturas de 45, 55 e 65 °C, e dentre os três modelos propostos, o modelo de Midilli et al., foi que melhor descreveu aos dados experimentais. Para os parâmetros fluidodinâmicos observou-se que a correlação de Gorshtein e Mukhlenov (1965) apresentou os menores desvios para queda e pressão de mínimo jorro e jorro estável, Abdelrazek (1969) apresentou o menor desvio para a velocidade no mínimo jorro e Pallai e Németh (1969) descreveu adequadamente a queda de pressão máxima. Foi observado que a carga de sementes e a temperatura exerceram influência significativa nos parâmetros fluidodinâmicos em leito de jorro. Com base na análise do planejamento estatístico proposto pode-se concluir que os parâmetros de entrada temperatura do gás e tempo de operação exerceram influência significativa sobre todas as variáveis de resposta, sendo observada influência quadrática das variáveis de entrada ao se observar a significância da curvatura sobre os parâmetros: Razão de umidade, Germinação e Índice de Velocidade de Germinação, propondo-se modelos representativos destes parâmetros com a presença da curvatura, apresentando um coeficiente de determinação (R²) superior a 99 %.