Högläsning – En gemensam väg in i språket : En multipel fallstudie av fyra lärares medvetna högläsning i årskurs 4 och i årskurs 6

Studien undersöker och jämför hur fyra lärare arbetar medvetet med sin högläsning i klassrummet och ifall deras arbete förändras mellan årskurs 4 och årskurs 6. Undersökningen är disponerad som en multipel fallstudie, där varje enskilt fall först analyseras separat för att därpå korsanalyseras. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes en empirisk undersökning där de fyra fallen studerades genom metoderna enkät, observation, intervju och deltagarvalidering. Därefter analyserades fallen utifrån den sociokulturella teorin om lärande, skolans styrdokument och tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet. Resultaten ger en positiv inblick i lärares arbete med högläsning i klassrummet. De didaktiska val som ligger bakom de deltagande lärarnas högläsning går att koppla till läroplanens syfte och centrala innehåll. Lärarna verkar arbeta varierat och eleverna tränas med högläsningen som utgångspunkt i läroplanens övergripande förmågor. Lärarna har alla märkt ett generellt minskat läsintresse hos barn och elever men anser sig överlag inte märka så mycket av detta i sina egna klassrum, vilket de kopplar till att de aktivt arbetar med att läsa högt för eleverna. Vidare anser de att elevernas språkutveckling och ordförståelse gynnas av högläsning då de får lyssna till det skrivna ordet. Studiens lärare är överens om att det är viktigt att avsätta tid till högläsning i undervisningen och använder sig av en dialogisk uppläsning i sina klassrum, där högläsningen blir ett pedagogiskt verktyg. Endast en av lärarna säger sig uttryckligen arbeta med specifika metoder och strategier utifrån ämnesdidaktisk forskning, men vid besöken observerades att även de övriga lärarna intuitivt arbetar implicit med lässtrategier i sin undervisning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de ofta väljer att arbeta ämnesintegrerat och att högläsningen blir en naturlig del i ett tematiskt arbete. De menar också att behovet av deras högläsning i undervisningen snarast ökar i och med att eleverna blir äldre, då de möts av mer komplexa texter ju äldre de blir.

Elevers läs- och skrivförmåga över tid : en longitudinell kohortstudie av läsförståelse och stavning i årskurs 1-6 i en finlandssvensk skola

Reports have shown that a growing number of students are leaving school without adequate reading and writing skills. At the same time, finnish children have improved in reading lit-eracy over the past decade. The school´s primary mission is to support student´s reading and writing development and follow it over time. Not only individual students´development has to be followd over time, as seen in this study, to be able to plan interventions. The purpose of this licentiate thesis is to study how the results in grades 1–6 exhibit in reading compre-hension and spelling over time in a school for the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. Even gender differences in reading comprehension and spelling are being examined, as well as students with low performance. The data collection has been done during a period of twelwe years, 1997–2009, where data from practically every two years has been used for this study. Results are reported for the years 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 and 2009. The measuring instruments are standardized and normative tests in reading comprehension and spelling. The same instruments were used all of the years. The number of students was 1 037 and when possible, students partici-pated more than once. There was a minimal loss of data. The groups of students mostly came from urban districts, and a smaller number came from rural districts. Students with special needs were included in the group, but none of the students in special units participat-ed. The results show that the skills in reading comprehension and spelling haven´t changed appreciably over time. The trend shows slightly positive or unchanged direction except in spelling in grade 1 and reading comprehension in grade 5 where the trend is slightly nega-tive. The most obvious change can be noticed over time in reading comprehension in grade 2, where performance has improved significantly. Significant differences between boys´and girls´performances occur some years and in favor of the girls, but more often in spelling than in reading comprehension. In grade 4, there are no differences in results between boys and girls in any year, neither in reading comprehension nor in spelling, nor in grade 2 in reading comprehension. When the results shows gender differences, there are always differ-ences in both reading comprehension and spelling. Poor performances are also analyzed over time. Isolated reading comprehension difficulties were common for those who was performing poorly. In grade 2, as the only grade, most common was a double deficit in both reading comprehension and spelling, and in grade 4, most students who performed poorly had isolated difficulties in spelling. The amount of poor results varies over time, and no particular trend can be discerned. In grade 2, however, the poor results decreased over time, especially for the boys. Even in reading comprehension for grade 6 the amount of poor results, especially for the boys (10th percentile), has decreased over time, at least in the later years, while the poor results in-creased in spelling generally. In grade 4 the amount of poor results in spelling (10th perc.) seems to be reduced for the girls.

Polarization effects in molecular dynamics simulations of glass-formers Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot nH(2)O, n=4, 6, and 8

Thermodynamics, equilibrium structure, and dynamics of glass-forming liquids Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot nH(2)O, n=4, 6, and 8, have been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A polarizable model was considered for H(2)O and NO(3)- on the basis of previous fluctuating charge models for pure water and the molten salt 2Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot 3KNO(3). Similar thermodynamic properties have been obtained with nonpolarizable and polarizable models. The glass transition temperature, T(g), estimated from MD simulations was dependent on polarization, in particular the dependence of T(g) with electrolyte concentration. Significant polarization effects on equilibrium structure were observed in cation-cation, cation-anion, and water-water structures. Polarization increases the diffusion coefficient of H(2)O, but does not change significantly the diffusion coefficients of ions. Viscosity decreases upon inclusion of polarization, but the conductivity calculated with the polarizable model is smaller than the nonpolarizable model because polarization enhances anion-cation interactions.

2-pyrazinylnitrene and 4-pyrimidylnitrene. Ring expansion to 1,3,5-triazacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene and ring opening to (2-isocyanovinyl)carbodiimide

Tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine/2-azidopyrazine 9T/9A undergo photolysis in Ar matrix at cryogenic temperatures to yield 1,3,5-triazacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 21 as the first observable intermediate, and 1-cyanoimidazole 11 and (2-isocyanovinyl)carbodiimide 22 as the final products. The latter tautomerizes to 2-(isocyanovinyl)cyanamide 23 on warming to 40 K. The same intermediate 21 and the same final products are obtained on matrix photolysis of the isomeric tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine/4-azidopyrimidine 24T/24A. These photolysis results as well as those of the previously reported thermal ring contraction of N-15-labeled 2-pyrazinyl- and 4-pyrimidylnitrenes to 1-cyanoimidazoles can all be rationalized in terms of selective ring opening of 21 or nitrine 10 to a nitrile ylide zwitterion 28 prior to formation of the final products, 11 and 22. The results are supported by high-level ab initio and DFT calculations (CASPT2-CASSCF(6,6), G3(MP2), and B3LYP/6-31+G*) of the energies and IR spectra of the intermediates and products.

2,6,,9-trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes and 2,4,6,8-tetraoxaadamantanes: Novel chiral spacer units in macrocyclic polyethers

The unusual chiral heterocyclic systems, trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes (bridged bisdioxines), are incorporated as novel spacer molecules into macrocyclic polyether ring systems of various sizes (8, 9 as well as 11-15) by cyclocondensation reaction of the! bisacid chloride 4b or bisesters 6,7 and 10, with several ethylene glycols. The 2:2 macrocycles 12-14 are obtained in approximately 50:50 mixtures of diastereomers. These conclusions are mainly based on HPLC data presented in Table I as well as X-ray analyses of (1R,5R)-8c (space group Pbca, a = 10.163(3) Angstrom, b = 18.999(4) Angstrom, c = 36.187(10) Angstrom, V = 6987(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 8, d(calc) = 1.218 g cm(-3), 6974 reflections, R = 0.0553.), mesolrac-11 (space group P (1) over bar, a = 10.472(5) Angstrom, b = 16.390(5) Angstrom, c = 17.211(5) Angstrom, alpha = 98.69(2)degrees, beta = 93.04(2)degrees, gamma = 98.52(2)degrees, V = 2879.3(18) Angstrom(3), Z = 2, d(calc) = 1.173 g cm(-3), 11,162 reflections, R = 0.0945) and meso-12 (space group P2(1)/c, a = 9.927(2), b = 18.166(3), c = 17.820(3) Angstrom, beta = 96.590(10)degrees, V = 3192.3(10)Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-c = 1.109 g cm(-3), 3490 reflections, R = 0.0646). The 1:1 macrocycles 8b,c are also formed by intramolecular transesterification of the open-chain bisesters 7b,c and their formation is favored by the use of metal ions as templates. The bridged bisdioxine moieties in 8b and 12 are converted into the corresponding chiral tetra-oxaadamantane spacers to afford macrocycles 16 and 17. Preliminary metal ion complexation studies with selected species (8c, 11-14) were also performed.

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic and seed quality traits in an F-2 and F-4 : 6 soybean population

Molecular breeding is becoming more practical as better technology emerges. The use of molecular markers in plant breeding for indirect selection of important traits can favorably impact breeding efficiency. The purpose of this research is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) on molecular linkage groups (MLG) which are associated with seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, seed size, plant height, lodging, and maturity, in a population from a cross between the soybean cultivars 'Essex' and 'Williams.' DNA was extracted from F-2 generation soybean leaves and amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Markers that were polymorphic between the parents were analyzed against phenotypic trait data from the F-2 and F-4:6 generation. For the F-2 population, significant additive QTL were Satt540 (MLG M, maturity, r(2)=0.11; height, r(2)=0.04, seed size, r(2)=0.061, Satt373 (MLG L, seed size, r(2)=0.04; height, r(2)=0.14), Satt50 (MLG A1, maturity r(2)=0.07), Satt14 (MLG D2, oil, r(2)=0.05), and Satt251 (protein r(2)=0.03, oil, r(2)=0.04). Significant dominant QTL for the F-2 population were Satt540 (MLG M, height, r(2)=0.04; seed size, r(2)=0.06) and Satt14 (MLG D2, oil, r(2)=0.05). In the F-4:6 generation significant additive QTL were Satt239 (MLG I, height, r(2)=0.02 at Knoxville, TN and r(2)=0.03 at Springfield, TN), Satt14 (MLG D2, seed size, r(2)=0.14 at Knoxville, TN), Satt373 (MLG L, protein, r(2)=0.04 at Knoxville, TN) and Satt251 (MLG B I, lodging r(2)=0.04 at Springfield, TN). Averaged over both environments in the F-4:6 generation, significant additive QTL were identified as Satt251 (MLG B 1, protein, r(2)=0.03), and Satt239 (MLG 1, height, r(2)=0.03). The results found in this study indicate that selections based solely on these QTL would produce limited gains (based on low r(2) values). Few QTL were detected to be stable across environments. Further research to identify stable QTL over environments is needed to make marker-assisted approaches more widely adopted by soybean breeders.

4,6,8,10,16-penta- and 4,6,8,10,16,18-hexamethyldocosanes from the cane beetle Antitrogus parvulus - Cuticular hydrocarbons with unprecedented structure and stereochemistry

[GRAPHICS] The major cuticular hydrocarbons from the cane beetle species Antitrogus parvulus were deduced to be 4,6,8,10,16,18-hexa- and 4,6,8,10,16-pentamethyldocosanes 2 and 3, respectively. Isomers of 2,4,6,8-tetramethylundecanal 27, 36, and 37, derived from 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, were coupled with the phosphoranes 28 and 29 to furnish alkenes and, by reduction, diastereomers of 2 and 3. Chromatographic and spectroscopic comparisons confirmed 2 as either 6a or 6b and 3 as either 34a or 34b.

Disciplina 4.6: monitoramento e avalia????o de pol??ticas p??blicas

A disciplina teve como conte??dos: conceitua????o e tipos de avalia????o: avalia????o de pol??ticas p??blicas; avalia????o de projetos sociais; monitoramento. Tipos de avalia????o: avalia????o ex-ante e ex-post, avalia????o de resultados e de impacto, interna, externa, mista, participativa. Avalia????o de processo. Crit??rios de efici??ncia, efic??cia e efetividade. Metodologias e sua aplica????o. Incorporando a implementa????o ?? avalia????o

Disciplina 4.6: gest??o, avalia????o e revis??o do PPA

Ciclo de gest??o do PPA; gest??o integrada do plano; a responsabiliza????o por resultados. Modelo e Gest??o do PPA 2012-2015: os atores, arranjos para a gest??o dos programas e Sistema de Monitoramento e Avalia????o. Monitoramento de Programas: conceitos gerais utilizados no governo federal, tipos de monitoramento, informa????es gerenciais e gest??o de restri????es. Instrumentos de monitoramento e sistemas da Uni??o. Monitoramento intensivo. Avalia????o de Programas: conceito e tipos de avalia????o. Avalia????o do PPA. Revis??o do Plano

2,4,6- Ttrichloroanisol:a consumer panel evaluation

“Cork taint” is a major problem in wine industry and is caused by contamination of wines. This contamination is usually attributed to wine cork stoppers and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) is one of the compounds mostly associated to this off-flavour. In this work, a consumer panel performed “forced choice” triangular tests in order to measure Odour Detection Thresholds (ODT) and Taste Detection Thresholds (TDT) of 2,4,6-TCA in water, hydro-alcoholic solutions (11.5% and 18% ethanol) and white and red wines. A paired preference test was also performed by the panel in order to measure Odour Rejection Threshold (ORT) in white and red wine spiked with 2,4,6-TCA. Results obtained show that the ODT and the TDT for 2,4,6-TCA in water were 0.2 and 0.3 ng/L, respectively. In hydro-alcoholic solutions with 11.5% and 18% ethanol the ODT were 4 and 10 ng/L respectively. In red wine the ODT and the TDT were 0.9 and 1.7 ng/L and in white wine were 1.5 and 1.0 ng/L respectively. ORT for white was 10.4 ng/L and for red wines 16.0 ng/L. These results suggest that although this group of consumers detected very low concentrations of 2,4,6-TCA in wines, they did not reject the wine at these low concentration values.

Método para deteção de 2,4,6-TCA por contaminação de gases halogenados de uma superfície emissora de iões positivos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Física

Caso de estudo: UI-equipar. Procedimento de amostragem de aparas para quantificação de 2,4,6-Tricloroanisol

O sector da cortiça apresenta uma grande importância em Portugal, o líder mundial na sua exportação. Liderança encabeçada pelo Grupo Amorim, o líder mundial na transformação da cortiça. A cortiça, um material de excelência, apresenta múltiplas aplicações, das quais a mais rentável é a rolha natural, seguida da rolha técnica. É nesta última que a UI-Equipar se foca e na qual a presente dissertação foi realizada. Este material encontra-se sobre um grande escrutínio em termos de qualidade. Apresentando-se a contaminação por 2,4,6-tricloroanisol como um dos factores mais alarmantes. A presente dissertação visa a melhoria na caracterização da cortiça de trituração para quantificação de 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, ou TCA, no controlo deste composto no início do processo produtivo. Para tal, elaborou-se uma hipótese de trabalho na qual se avaliou a aplicação da trituração da cortiça no controlo em estudo. Realizaram-se uma serie de análises sobre as aparas Refugo, Broca e Especial em que se averiguou o efeito da área de exposição, da representatividade da amostragem, do volume de análise e da presença das partes mais sujas da cortiça, as Terras. As evidências apontam para que, apesar da grande heterogeneidade quanto à presença de 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, apenas para a apara Refugo e para a apara Broca a percentagem de detecção de contaminações por TCA aumenta em consequência do aumento da área de exposição do material em análise e através de uma melhor representatividade da cortiça (comparativamente ao procedimento actualmente em prática). Mostra-se ainda que para a apara Refugo e para a apara Broca os resultados obtidos da análise de cortiça triturada são estatisticamente diferentes dos resultados das análises em apara e que da implementação de meio litro ou dois litros; e da presença ou ausência de terras não se obtêm diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Recomenda-se que a amostragem complementada com a trituração, com uma maceração em meio litro, seja aplicada às aparas Refugo e Broca, mantendo-se inalterada o controlo sobre a apara Especial.

Rotavirus G2P[4] and G2P[4]+[6] infections during norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak: summer season 2010, Brazil

IntroductionThis study aimed to monitor the seasonality of rotavirus infection, and gain insight into the variability of Brazilian strains.MethodsA total of 28 stool samples were analyzed from 698 revised cases of gastroenteritis during a norovirus outbreak in the summer of 2010 in Guarujá, Brazil. Diagnosis was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing.ResultsRotavirus infection was detected in 17.9% (5/28) of samples; 4 samples were G2P[4] genotype, and one G2P[4]+P[6] genotype. G2 and P[4] sequences showed a genetic relationship to strains from India and Russia, respectively.ConclusionsThe seasonal pattern of rotavirus may be a consequence of human activity apart from climate factors.

საქართველო 1921 №4, იანვარი 6

"საქართველო". 1915-1921. საქართველოს ეროვნულ-დემოკრატიული პარტიის მთავარი კომიტეტის ორგანო. ყოველდღიური გაზეთი. თბილისი. რედაქტორი (1915 და 1916 წწ.) - სანდრო შანშიაშვილი, 1917 წლიდან მთავარი რედაქტორი გრიგოლ ვეშაპელი.