Diario sagrado y kalendario general para todo genero de personas, con un compendio de la vida del Santo de cada dia, y su imagen en curiosas laminas ... : primera parte, para los meses de Enero, Febrero y Marzo /

Mode of access: Internet.

Historia de la milicia española : desde las primeras noticias que se tienen por ciertas, hasta los tiempos presentes : ilustrada con laminas : tomo primero ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Instituciones chirurgicas y cirugia completa universal : ilustrada con un gran numero de laminas finas, y muy fieles ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Niveis de nitrogenio e laminas de irrigacao no rendimento do milho verde.

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de niveis de nitrogenio e laminas de irrigacao no rendimento do milho verde (Zea mays L.) cultivar BR-126, foi conduzido um experimento, numa varzea do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo, da EMBRAPA, em Sete Lagoas, MG, com quatro tratamentos de irrigacao (laminas equivalentes a 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da ETR) e seis subtratamentos de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg/ha de N). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, tendo quatro repeticoes. O N foi incorporado na forma de ureia, sendo 1/3 no plantio, e o restante, em cobertura, aos 49 dias apos o plantio. Considerando-se os efeitos das laminas de irrigacao e dos niveis de N no rendimento do milho verde, uma aplicacao de 120 kg/ha de N e uma lamina de irrigacao equivalente a 50% de ETR poderao ser recomendadas para as condicoes de estudo; entretanto, deve-se salientar a necessidade imprescindivel de um estudo economico mais detalhado desses fatores.

Extracellular matrix of the human cyclic corpus luteum

Extracellular matrix regulates many cellular processes likely to be important for development and regression of corpora lutea. Therefore, we identified the types and components of the extracellular matrix of the human corpus luteum at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Two different types of extracellular matrix were identified by electron microscopy; subendothelial basal laminas and an interstitial matrix located as aggregates at irregular intervals between the non-vascular cells. No basal laminas were associated with luteal cells. At all stages, collagen type IV α1 and laminins α5, β2 and γ1 were localized by immunohistochemistry to subendothelial basal laminas, and collagen type IV α1 and laminins α2, α5, β1 and β2 localized in the interstitial matrix. Laminin α4 and β1 chains occurred in the subendothelial basal lamina from mid-luteal stage to regression; at earlier stages, a punctate pattern of staining was observed. Therefore, human luteal subendothelial basal laminas potentially contain laminin 11 during early luteal development and, additionally, laminins 8, 9 and 10 at the mid-luteal phase. Laminin α1 and α3 chains were not detected in corpora lutea. Versican localized to the connective tissue extremities of the corpus luteum. Thus, during the formation of the human corpus luteum, remodelling of extracellular matrix does not result in basal laminas as present in the adrenal cortex or ovarian follicle. Instead, novel aggregates of interstitial matrix of collagen and laminin are deposited within the luteal parenchyma, and it remains to be seen whether this matrix is important for maintaining the luteal cell phenotype.

Morphological classification of bovine ovarian follicles

Follicle classification is an important aid to the understanding of follicular development and atresia. Some bovine primordial follicles have the classical primordial shape, but ellipsoidal shaped follicles with some cuboidal granulosa cells at the poles are far more common. Preantral follicles have one of two basal lamina phenotypes, either a single aligned layer or one with additional layers. In antral follicles <5 mm diameter, half of the healthy follicles have columnar shaped basal granulosa cells and additional layers of basal lamina, which appear as loops in cross section (‘loopy’). The remainder have aligned single-layered follicular basal laminas with rounded basal cells, and contain better quality oocytes than the loopy/columnar follicles. In sizes >5 mm, only aligned/rounded phenotypes are present. Dominant and subordinate follicles can be identified by ultrasound and/or histological examination of pairs of ovaries. Atretic follicles <5 mm are either basal atretic or antral atretic, named on the basis of the location in the membrana granulosa where cells die first. Basal atretic follicles have considerable biological differences to antral atretic follicles. In follicles >5 mm, only antral atresia is observed. The concentrations of follicular fluid steroid hormones can be used to classify atresia and distinguish some of the different types of atresia; however, this method is unlikely to identify follicles early in atresia, and hence misclassify them as healthy. Other biochemical and histological methods can be used, but since cell death is a part of normal homoeostatis, deciding when a follicle has entered atresia remains somewhat subjective.

Efecto de tres láminas de riego por goteo y tres momentos de aplicación de 100 kg.ha-1 de nitrógeno, sobre el crecimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) y rendimiento en chilote

El ensayo se estableció en las áreas de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en Managua km 12 ½ carretera norte, en los meses comprendido de febrero-mayo del año dos mil doce, para evaluar efecto de diferentes láminas de riego y momentos de aplicación de 100 kg. ha-1 de nitrógeno, sobre el crecimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) variedad NB-S y rendimiento del chilote, a una densidad de 62,500 Plantas.ha-1. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones y los factores en estudio fueron los siguientes: Factor A (Laminas de riego por goteo) con 3 niveles: a1 (4.5Litros de agua/metro lineal.día), a2 (3.6 Litros de agua/metro lineal día) y a3 (2.5Litros de agua/metro lineal día). Factor B: Fraccionamiento de la dosis de nitrógeno de 100 kg. ha-1, con 3 niveles: b1 (100 % de la dosis aplicada a los 21 ddg); b2 dosis fraccionada (50 % de la dosis aplicada a los 21 ddg y 50 % de la dosis aplicada a los 42 ddg) y b3 dosis completa (100 % de la dosis aplicada a los 42ddg). Las variables de crecimiento evaluadas fueron: altura de planta (cm), diámetro del tallo (cm) y numero de hojas por planta; para las varia bles del rendimiento del chilote y sus principales componentes fueron: altura de la primera y segunda inserción del chilote (cm), diámetro del chilote con y sin bráctea (cm), longitud del chilote con y sin bráctea (cm), peso de 12 chilotes con y sin bráctea (kg), y rendimiento de chilote con bráctea (kg.ha-1). El análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) realizado a las mediciones de crecimiento dio significativo para los niveles del Factor A, Factor B y la interacción A x B a los 35 y 48 días después de la germinación. El ANDEVA realizado a las variables del rendimiento y sus principales componentes dio significativas para los niveles del Factor A, Factor B y la interacción A x B a los 60 días después de la germinación. De los nueve tratamientos evaluados, el tratamiento a1 b2 indujo al mayor rendimiento dechilote con una producción de 1,925.52 kg de chilote. ha-1, con un total de costos variables de 4,458.00C$. ha-1, un beneficio neto de 11,716.37 C$.ha-1 y una tasa de retorno marginal del 1,102.53 por ciento.

Estudio de diferentes láminas de riego por goteo y aplicación fraccionada de 150kg.ha-1 de nitrógeno, sobre el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) en su rendimiento de chilote a una densidad de 62,500.00 plantas por hectáreas

En la Universidad Nacional Agraria (U.N.A) Ubicada en el km 12 1⁄2 Carretera Norte, cuyas coordenadas geográficas corresponden 12° 8' 56.52" latitud norte y 86° 9' 36.02" longitud oeste a una altura de 56 m.s.n.m, se estableció un ensayo en la época seca comprendido en el período durante los meses de Marzo-Mayo del 2012, se estableció un estudio del Efecto de diferentes láminas de riego por goteo y la aplicación fraccionada dela dosis de 150 kg. ha-1 de N, sobre el crecimiento del cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) y el rendimiento del chilote, en la variedad mejorada de Maíz NB-S a una densidad de 62,500.00 plantas/ha-1. Se estableció un ensayo bifactorial 3 x 3, utilizando un arreglo de parcelas divididas, en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos. Los Factores en estudio fueron: Factor A (Lámina riego /goteo) y Factor B (Momentos de aplicación de la dosis a raz ón de 150 kg. ha -1 de N) recolectando los datos en la etapa de campo a los 14, 35, 48 ddg y la cosecha a 60 ddg. Las variables evaluadas durante el crecimiento del cultivo fueron: Altura de planta (cm), Diámetro del tallo (cm) y Número de hoja por planta. A los 60 ddg se realizó la cosecha del chilote y se procedió a medir las siguientes variables: altura de la primera y segunda inserción del chilote en (cm), Peso del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (gr), Longitud del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (cm), Diámetro del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (cm), Rendimiento del chilote (kg. ha-1). Los datos recolectados se sometieron a un análisis estadístico de análisis de varianza, y de medias por rangos múltiples de Duncan (α=0.05). Para los 3 niveles evaluados del Factor A (Laminas de riego por goteo), el nivel al indujo al mayor rendimiento de chilote con una producción de 1,291.22 kg.ha -1; de los 3 niveles evaluados del Factor B (Fraccionamiento de la dosis de 150 kg.ha -1 de nitrógeno), el nivel b2 indujo al mayor rendimiento de chilote con una producción de 1,122.94 kg.ha-1. De los nueve tratamientos evaluados, la interacción a 1 b 2 ( 4.5 lt de agua/m/día; 150 kg.ha - 1 de N aplicado (Urea) el 50 % de la dosis a los 21 ddg y 50 % a los 42 ddg.) indujo al mayor rendimiento de chilote con una producción de 1,329.16 kg. ha - 1

中国西部亚热带常绿阔叶林木本植物小枝功能生态学初步研究

常绿阔叶林以其富饶的生物资源、丰富的生物多样性和巨大的生态与环境效益引起了人们越来越大的重视，它的研究已成为国际植被科学界关注的主题之一。我国分布着世界上面积最大的亚热带常绿阔叶林，在世界植被中具有重要地位，它的分布表现出明显的地带性差异，存在着多样的植物群系及其对应的气候特征。但是在植物功能性状领域，与全球范围其它生物群系相比，常绿阔叶林物种的研究较少，其功能性状间、功能性状与环境间的关系尚不清晰。 本研究以常绿阔叶林木本植物的当年生小枝为对象，试图从小枝水平上的生物量分配格局、叶片大小与数量的权衡关系、小枝茎的构型效应、叶片元素化学计量学，以及小枝大小的成本与效益分析等方面，较为系统地揭示小枝水平上的植物功能性状间及其与气候间的关系。因此，在华西雨屏带内部的不同纬度设置峨眉－青城－雷波－平武的温度梯度进行比较，并对有降水差异的川西南偏湿性（雷波）与偏干性常绿阔叶林（西昌）进行对比研究，同时在不同山体进行不同海拔梯度的比较研究。 本文主要研究结果如下： （1）小枝生物量分配格局叶水平上，叶片重－叶柄重（Y轴vs.X轴,下同）呈斜率小于1的异速生长关系，表明叶柄对叶内部的生物量分配影响显著。小枝水平上，叶和茎的生物量以及它们与小枝总生物量间基本呈等速生长关系，表明大的小枝或大叶物种不一定在叶生物量的分配上占优势。不同生活型间，在小枝或者茎的生物量一定时，常绿物种叶片的生物量比例较落叶物种稍高。与温度和水分较优越（峨眉及其低海拔）的生境相比，在相对低湿（螺髻）与低温（平武）的生境中的植物会减少对叶的投入而增加对支撑部分的投资比例。 （2）小枝叶片大小与数量的权衡无论是不同气候带还是不同生活型以及不同海拔梯度，叶片大小与出叶强度基本都是呈负的等速生长关系，表明了叶片大小－数量在小枝水平上的权衡。在不同气候梯度的对比中，叶片数量（出叶强度）一定时，高温和高水分生境（峨眉）比低温（平武）和低湿（螺髻山）生境中的物种的叶片大小（质量和面积）更大，表明不同生境的比较中，小的叶片可能具有较高的出叶强度和更高的适合度收益。“出叶强度优势”（Leafingintensitypremium）假说可能不适宜解释不同生境物种叶片大小差异。 （3）小枝茎的构型效应虽然茎长和茎径与叶片大小都呈正相关关系，与出叶强度都呈负相关关系，但茎长/茎径比与叶/茎生物量之比呈负相关关系；与叶片的大小呈负相关关系，与出叶强度呈正相关关系。这说明小枝构型能影响小枝叶/茎生物量分配和叶大小－数量的权衡关系。其影响机制可能是小枝内部的顶端优势。另外，茎长/茎径比在低湿和低温等不利生境中的植物中较高，而在降水和温度较适宜环境中较低。 （4）叶片C、N、P化学计量学N含量和P含量，C/N比和比叶重（LMA,leafmassperarea）呈正的等速生长关系，而N和LMA，P和LMA呈负的等速生长关系。在LMA一定时，C/N比随着生境胁迫压力的增加而降低，N、P含量随着生境压力的增加而增加。在P含量一定时，N含量随着生境压力的增加而降低，即N/P比在生境条件较优（峨眉及其低海拔）时较高。常绿和落叶植物叶片的N/P比没有差异，在LMA一定时，常绿植物的N、P含量较高、C/N比较低。总之，植物的C、N、P化学计量学特征受叶片属性如LMA与气候，及其相互作用的影响。 （5）小枝大小的代价与效益分析、TLA与小枝总重总叶面积（TLA,totalleafarea，Y轴，下同）与总叶重（X轴）均呈斜率小于1的异速生长关系，TLA与小枝横切面积呈斜率为1的等速生长关系。表明叶片面积的增加总是小于叶重和小枝总重的增加，随着小枝的增大，它的叶面积支撑效率下降。在热量和降水优越的生境（峨眉及其低海拔）中，相同小枝重或者相同茎横切面积的小枝，其叶面积支撑效率较低湿与低温环境下（螺髻山、平武及高海拔）的高。 总体上，本文初步研究了小枝水平上可能存在的以下三种权衡关系：叶－茎生物量分配权衡；叶片大小－数量的权衡；小枝茎长－茎径的权衡关系，以及气候要素等对这三种权衡关系的影响。在此基础上，我们还讨论了这些权衡关系的可能形成机制，及其与物种生态适应的联系。本研究丰富了生活史对策中关于权衡关系的研究内容，为我国常绿阔叶林功能生态学研究积累了材料。 Evergreen broad-leaved forests are attracting much more attention from vegetation ecologists than ever before because of their abundant nature resource and biological diversity, and also great ecological benefits. China has the largest distribution of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (temperate rainforests) that are typical and representative in the world. The forests span over more than ten degrees in latitude and more than 30 degrees in longitude, providing an ideal place to study plant functional ecology, i.e., the climatic effect on plant functional traits and the relationship between the traits. However, relative to the other biomes, there are few studies addressing functional ecology of the plant species from subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. In this study, I focused on the leaf size-twig size spectrum of the woody species of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern china. I collected data on leaf size and number, twig size in terms of both mass and volume, and stem architecture from five temperate mountains, and then I analyzed the relationships between leaf and stem biomass and between leaf size and number, the effect of stem length/diameter ratio on biomass allocation and on the relationship between leaf size and number, leaf C:N:P stoichiometry, and the twig efficiency of supporting leaf area in relation to twig size. I also addressed the climate effect on the spectrum. The temperature gradient from warm to cool sites was represented by Emei Mountain, Qingchengshan, Leibo, and Pingwu, and the rainfall gradient was assumed to emerge from the comparison between Leibo (High) and Luojishan (Low). In addition, altitudinal effects were analyzed with comparisons between low and high altitudes for each mountains. My main results are as follows. Isometric relationships were found between leaf mass and twig mass and between lamina mass and twig mass, suggesting that the biomass allocation to leaves or laminas was independent of twig mass. Petiole mass disproportionably increase with respect to lamina mass and twig mass, indicating the importance of leaf petioles to the within-twig biomass allocation. In addition, the investigated species tended to have a larger leaf and lamina mass, but a smaller stem mass at a given twig mass at favorable environments including warm and humid sites or at low altitude than unfavorable habitats, which might be due to the large requirements in physical support and transporting safety for the species living at unfavorable conditions. Moreover, the evergreen species invested more in leaves and laminas than the deciduous at given stem or twig biomass within any specified habitats. Negative, isometric scaling relationships between leaf number and size broadly existed in the species regardless of climate, altitude, and life forms, suggesting a leaf size/number trade-off within twigs. Along the climatic gradients, at given leaf number or leafing intensity, the leaves were larger in the favorable environments than the poor habitats. This suggested that the fitness benefit gained by small leaves could be larger than that with high leafing intensity in the stressful sites. I concluded that the “leafing intensity premium” hypothesis was not appropriate to interpreting between-habitat variation in leaf size. Both stem length and diameter were positively correlated to leaf size but negatively correlated to leafing intensity. The ratio of stem length to diameter was negatively correlated to leaf mass fraction, and it was negatively correlated to leaf size but positively correlated to leafing intensity. This suggested that the stem architecture influenced twig biomass allocation and the relationship between leaf size and number. The mechanism underlying the architectural effect might lie in the apical dominance within twig. Moreover, the ratio was greater in unfavorable habitats but smaller in favorable environments. Positive, isometric relationships were found between N and P contents per leaf mass, and between C/N ratio and leaf mass per area (LMA), but N and P contents scaled negatively to LMA. C/N ratio decreased but N and P increased with increasing habitat stress at a given LMA. N content declined with increasing habitat stress at given P content. These indicated that N/P and C/N were higher but LMA was lower in favorable habitats than in the other circumstances. The evergreen and deciduous species were non-heterogeneous in N/P, but the evergreen species have higher N and P contents and lower C/N than the deciduous ones. In general, C:N:P stoichiometry were related to both climatic conditions and other important functional traits like LMA. Total leaf area (TLA) allometricly scaled to leaf mass with a slope shallower than 1, similar to the relationship between TLA and total twig mass (leaf mass plus stem mass), suggesting that TLA failed to keep pace with the increase of leaf mass and twig size. However, TLA scaled isometricly to twig cross-sectional area. Thus, it could be inferred that the twig efficiency of displaying leaf area decreased with increasing twig size. In addition, the efficiency at a given twig size was large in favorable than unfavorable habitats. In general, in this preliminary study, I studied three tradeoff relationships within twigs, i.e., between leaf and stem biomass, between leaf number and size, and between stem length and diameter, as well as the climatic effect on the relationships. I discussed the mechanisms underlying the tradeoff relationships in view of biophysics and eco-physiology of plants. I believe that this study can serve as important materials advancing plant functional ecology of subtropical forest and that it will improve the understanding of life history strategies of plants from this particular biome.

塔里木盆地寒武－奥陶系白云岩类型、成因机理及其孔隙性研究

Cambrian-Ordovician dolostones in Tarim Basin are hydrocarbon reservoir rocks of vital importance. Under the guidance of the theories of sedimentology and the sedimentology of carbonate reservoir, based on the first-hand qualitative and quantitative data especially, combined with micro-study, geochemical and reservoir capacity analysis, and precursor research, the origin and reservoir characteristics of the dolostones were discussed. Based on detailed petrographic investigations, four types of dolostone have been recognized, which are, respecitively, mud-silt-sized dolostones, algal laminated dolostones (ALD), prophyritic dolostone, and neomorphic dolostone. Mud-silt-sized dolostones always presents as laminas together with evaporated signatures, its REE patterns and ΣREE are all close to that of the finely crystalline limestone. This kind of dolomite probably experienced relatively low fluid-rock ratio during diagenesis was formed in hypersaline and oxidizing environment and involved fast dolomitization process. It was dolomitized by evaporated seawater in sabkha environment.The main primary fabrics of algal lamination in algal laminated dolomite (ALD) can still be identified and its ΣREE (21.37) is very close to that of algae. This reveals that ALD was dolomitized during early diagenesis and algae possibly played an important role. The ALD was formed under mediation of organic matter and Mg2+ were supplied by magnesium concentrated algal laminites and sea water. Prophyritic dolostones presents mainly as patchy occurrence and yield the lowest δ13C and Z value. Its ΣREE is much less than that of the finely crystalline limestone. These characteristics reveal that the cloudy cores were dolomitized in shallow early diagenetic environments by pore fluids riched in Mg2+. Whereas the clear rims were likely formed in subsequent burial into deeper subsurface environments, and the Mg2+ needed for further dolomitization possibly was supplied by the transformations of clay minerals. Neomorphic dolostones consist of coarse, turbid crystals and exhibits sucrosic and mosaic textures. It has highest Fe2+ contents and average homogeneous temperature (110.2℃). Collectively, these characteristics demonstrate that the neomorphic dolostones was likely formed by recrystallization of pre-existing dolomites during deep burial. The ΣREE of the four types of dolostone distinctly differentiates from each other. However, their REE patterns are all enriched in LREE, depleted in HREE and have Eu negative anomalies. Its ΣREE 13.64 ppm, less than 1/4 of finely crystalline limestone, and ranks the lowest in the 4 types.These characteristics are comparable to those of finely crystalline limestone, and are mainly infuenced by the sea water. These four types of dolostone show similar REE mobility behaviour and no significant fractionation, althouth they have been subjected to evidently different diageneses. Seven main pore types are identified in the dolostones , which are fenestral, moldic, intercrystal, dissolved，breccia, dissolved breccia and stylolite pores. Fenestral pores are primary and the others are secondary. The dissolved pores and intercrystal pores are the most important reservoir spaces and followed by breccias and dissolved breccia pores, and the moldic and fenestral pores are less important. Stylolites can enhance permeability of reservoir rocks in one hand, for the other hand, the capacity of reservoir and permeability are enhanced and then better reservoir rocks can be formed when they are combined with patchy dolostones. The relationship between porosity and the type of dolostones is that the dissolved neomorphic dolostones have the highest porosity of 3.65%, than followed by dissolved Mud-silt-sized dolostones of 3.35%. The mud-silt-sized dolostones without dissolution have the lowest porosity of 0.90%. Moreover, the porosity of prophyritic dolostones and the neomorphic dolostones without dissolution are lower, respectively 1.675% and 1.41%. Although algal laminated dolostones consist of euhedral crystals and riched in intercrystal pores, its porosity just yields 1.20%. The relationship between permeability and the type of dolostones is that that algal laminated dolostones have the highest permeability of 0.462mD and followed by 0.065mD of prophyritic dolostones. Dissolution have no significant influence on the permeability of neomorphic dolostones and this presented by the permeability of dissolved and non-dissolved are very close, respectively 0.043mD and 0.062mD. No matter dissolved or not, mud-silt-sized dolostones are much less permeable. The permeability of non-dissolved and dissolved are 0.051mD and 0.016mD. Collectively, in the study area, neomorphic dolostones can form high quality reservoir.