Much ado about nothing? Tracing the progress of innovations borne on enterprise social network sites

Enterprise social networks are organizationally bounded online platforms for users to interact with another and maintain interpersonal relationships. The allure of these technologies is often seen in intra-organizational communication, collaboration and innovation. How these technologies actually support organizational innovation efforts remains unclear. A specific challenge is whether digital content on these platforms converts to actual innovation development efforts. In this study we set out to examine innovation-centric content flows on enterprise social networking platforms, and advance a conceptual model that seeks to explain which innovation conveyed in the digital content will traverse from the digital platform into regular processes. We describe important constructs of our model and offer strategies for the operationalization of the constructs. We conclude with an outlook to our ongoing empirical study that will explore and validate the key propositions of our model, and we sketch some potential implications for industry and academia.

Media innovations, user innovations, societal innovations

As the Journal of Media Innovations comes into existence, this article reflects on the first and most obvious question: just what do we mean by “media innovations”? Drawing on the examples of a range of recent innovations in media technologies and practices, initiated by a variety of media audiences, users, professionals, and providers, it explores the interplay between the different drivers of innovation and the effects of such innovation on the complex frameworks of contemporary society and the media ecology which supports it. In doing so, this article makes a number of key observations: first, it notes that media innovation is an innovation in media practices at least as much as in media technologies, and that changes to the practices of media both reflect and promote societal changes as well – media innovations are never just media technology innovations. Second, it shows that the continuing mediatisation of society, and the shift towards a more widespread participation of ordinary users as active content creators and media innovators, make it all the more important to investigate in detail these interlinked, incremental, everyday processes of media and societal change – media innovations are almost always also user innovations. Finally, it suggests that a full understanding of these processes as they unfold across diverse interleaved media spaces and complex societal structures necessarily requires a holistic perspective on media innovations, which considers the contemporary media ecology as a crucial constitutive element of societal structures and seeks to trace the repercussions of innovations across both media and society – media innovations are inextricably interlinked with societal innovations (even if, at times, they may not be considered to be improvements to the status quo).

Exploring a biomimicry based approach and key barriers to evolving water infrastructure systems

Access to clean water is essential for human life and a critical issue facing much of modern society, especially as a result of the 21st Century triad of challenges – population growth, resource scarcity and pollution – which contribute to the rising complexity of providing adequate access to this essential resource for large parts of society. As such, there is now an increasing need for innovative solutions to source, treat and distribute water to cities across the globe. This position paper explores biomimicry – emulating natural form, function, process and systems – as an alternative and sustainable design approach to traditional water infrastructure systems. The key barriers to innovations such as biomimicry are summarised, indicating that regulatory and economic grounds are some of the major hindrances to integrating alternative design approaches in the water sector in developed countries. This paper examines some of the benefits of moving past these barriers to develop sustainable, efficient and resilient solutions that provide adequate access to water in the face of contemporary challenges.

Key business factors for eco-innovation: an overview of recent firm-level empirical studies

[EN] The increasing interest in eco-innovation or environmental innovation as a strategy not only to address the serious global environmental problems but also as a source of competitive advantages for companies and for the emergence of new business areas, leads us to try to identify the different factors that act as determinants of its development and adoption at the micro level.

Inserting innovations in-service

Military platforms have exceptionally long lifecycles and given the state of defense budgets there is a significant trend in sustaining the operational capability of legacy platforms for much greater periods than originally designed. In the context of through-life management, one of the key questions is how to manage the flow of technology for platform modernization during the in-service phase of the lifecycle? Inserting technological innovations in-service is achieved through technology insertion processes. Technology insertion is the pre-eminent activity for both maintaining and enhancing the functional capability of a platform especially given the likely changes in future military operations, the pace of change in technology and with the increasing focus on lifecycle cost reduction. This chapter provides an introduction to technology insertion together with an overview of the key issues that practitioners are faced with. As an aid to planning technology insertion projects, a decision-support framework is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

E-Commerce Innovations in the Personal Tax System of the United Kingdom

This study finds evidence that attempts to reduce costs and error rates in the Inland Revenue through the use of e-commerce technology are flawed. While it is technically possible to write software that will record tax data, and then transmit it to the Inland Revenue, there is little demand for this service. The key finding is that the tax system is so complex that many people are unable to complete their own tax returns. This complexity cannot be overcome by well-designed software. The recommendation is to encourage the use of agents to assist taxpayers or simplify the tax system. The Inland Revenue is interested in saving administrative costs and errors by encouraging electronic submission of tax returns. To achieve these objectives, given the raw data it would seem clear that the focus should be on facilitating the work of agents.

L’éthique et l’acceptation sociale des innovations technologiques. Le cas des vaccins transgéniques

La technologie est une manière pour la science d’exprimer son côté pratique en plus d’être un moyen de traduire les connaissances lors de vraies applications scientifiques, mais ce processus peut engendrer une variété de défis moraux et éthiques. Le champ des biotechnologies laisse entrevoir de grandes réalisations pour les sociétés, y compris des traitements médicaux révolutionnaires et des aliments modifiés génétiquement, lesquels seraient sécuritaires, accessibles et largement disponibles. Mais peu de produits ont réussi le saut dans le panier du consommateur. Dans un des domaines d'application les plus prometteurs, tel celui des biotechnologies agricoles, certaines technologies n’ont pas encore entièrement émergé des laboratoires et ces produits, qui sont à l’heure actuelle sur le marché, ont été la source de polémiques significatives. L’étude présente se concentre sur le cas des vaccins faits à partir de plantes transgéniques qui, au cours des 15 dernières années, a peine à passer outre l’étape de la preuve de conception. Ces vaccins stagnent là où ils auraient dû accomplir la « promesse d'or » de fournir à bas coût une inoculation efficace pour les populations pauvres des pays en voie de développement. La question examinée dans cet essai est pourquoi, au-delà du processus de la découverte et de la conceptualisation, de telles technologies éprouvent des difficultés à atteindre leur maturité et ainsi retarde l’implantation dans les sociétés contemporaines ? Quels facteurs particuliers, sous l’angle de la bioéthique, auront besoin d’une reconsidération dans le cas échéant d’une mise en application de ces technologies pour être acceptées par les consommateurs, et avoir ainsi un impact positif sur la santé globale et l’accès équitable aux soins de santé ?

Débat public sur la valeur sociale des innovations médicales : l'expérience d'un Café scientifique

Les innovations médicales ont un impact considérable sur les pratiques cliniques, sur la formulation des politiques et sur les attentes du public envers le système de santé. Dans un contexte de système de santé public, les conséquences économiques importantes des innovations médicales freinent grandement leur adoption alors qu’elles sont souvent représentées dans les médias comme étant hautement désirables. Une telle définition de la problématique limite le débat sur ce qui rend les innovations sociales et technologiques en santé pertinentes d’un point de vue de santé des populations. Il apparaît donc intéressant de tirer profit d’une pratique communicationnelle innovante, le Café scientifique. Ce projet de recherche analyse un Café scientifique ayant mis en scène en mars 2007 un échange entre quatre experts et environ 80 membres du public autour des enjeux relatifs aux innovations en santé. Les objectifs sont : 1) analyser l’application d’une intervention de type Café scientifique; et 2) analyser ses retombées sur les participants. Cette étude de cas unique s’appuie sur des données qualitatives et quantitatives: 1) observation semi-participative; 2) enregistrement audiovisuel de l’activité; 3) questionnaires distribués à la fin de l’activité; et 4) entrevues semi-dirigées (n=11) avec des participants. L’analyse intégrée de ces données permet de mieux comprendre comment le contexte est structurant pour le débat, décrit les principaux rôles adoptés par les participants lors des échanges, identifie les principaux enjeux relatifs aux innovations médicales qui ont été débattus et dégage les dynamiques qui favorisent ou nuisent à un dialogue entre des scientifiques et le public. Le Café scientifique est une pratique encore peu répandue, mais qui suscite un intérêt à la fois chez les chercheurs et les participants.

Implication des utilisateurs dans le développement des innovations médicales : une analyse sociotechnique de la collaboration et de ses enjeux pour l’organisation des soins

Les changements technologiques ont des effets structurants sur l’organisation des soins dans notre système de santé. Les professionnels de la santé et les patients – les principaux utilisateurs des innovations médicales – sont des acteurs clés dans les trajectoires suivies par les nouvelles technologies en santé. Pour développer des technologies médicales plus efficaces, sécuritaires et conviviales, plusieurs proposent d’intensifier la collaboration entre les utilisateurs et les développeurs. Cette recherche s’intéresse à cette prémisse sur la participation des utilisateurs dans les processus d’innovation médicale. L'objectif général de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre la collaboration entre les utilisateurs et les développeurs impliqués dans la transformation des innovations médicales. Adoptant un cadre d’analyse sociotechnique, cette thèse par articles s’articule autour de trois objectifs : 1) décrire comment la littérature scientifique définit les objectifs, les méthodes et les enjeux de l’engagement des utilisateurs dans le développement des innovations médicales; 2) analyser les perspectives d’utilisateurs et de développeurs de technologies médicales quant à leur collaboration dans le processus d’innovation; et 3) analyser comment sont mobilisés, en pratique, des utilisateurs dans le développement d’une innovation médicale. Le premier objectif s’appuie sur une synthèse structurée des écrits scientifiques (n=101) portant sur le phénomène de la participation des utilisateurs dans les processus d’innovation médicale. Cette synthèse a dégagé les méthodes appliquées ou proposées pour faire participer les utilisateurs, les arguments normatifs véhiculés ainsi que les principaux enjeux soulevés. Le deuxième objectif repose sur l’analyse de trois groupes de discussion délibératifs et d'une plénière impliquant des utilisateurs et des développeurs (n=19) de technologies médicales. L’analyse a permis d’examiner leurs perspectives à l'égard de diverses approches de collaboration dans les processus d'innovation. Le troisième objectif implique l’étude d’une innovation en électrophysiologie lors de la phase de recherche clinique. Cette étude de cas unique s'appuie sur une analyse qualitative d'études cliniques (n=57) et des éditoriaux et synthèses de connaissances dans des revues médicales spécialisées (n=15) couvrant une période de dix ans (1999 à 2008) ainsi que des entrevues semi-dirigées avec des acteurs clés impliqués dans le processus d’innovation (n=3). Cette étude a permis de mieux comprendre comment des utilisateurs donne un sens, s’approprient et légitiment une innovation médicale en contexte de recherche clinique. La contribution générale de cette thèse consiste en une meilleure compréhension de l’apport des utilisateurs dans les processus d’innovation médicale et de sa capacité à aligner plus efficacement le développement technologique avec les objectifs du système de santé.

Future innovations in anti-platelet therapies

Platelets have long been recognized to be of central importance in haemostasis, but their participation in pathological conditions such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis and inflammation is now also well established. The platelet has therefore become a key target in therapies to combat cardiovascular disease. Anti-platelet therapies are used widely, but current approaches lack efficacy in a proportion of patients, and are associated with side effects including problem bleeding. In the last decade, substantial progress has been made in understanding the regulation of platelet function, including the characterization of new ligands, platelet-specific receptors and cell signalling pathways. It is anticipated this progress will impact positively on the future innovations towards more effective and safer anti-platelet agents. In this review, the mechanisms of platelet regulation and current anti-platelet therapies are introduced, and strong, and some more speculative, potential candidate target molecules for future anti-platelet drug development are discussed.

Informal communication networks and the diffusion of innovations in UK construction projects: A research design

The UK industry has been criticised for being slow to adopt construction process innovations. Research shows that the idiosyncrasies of participants, their roles in the system and the contextual differences between sections of the industry make this a highly complex problem. There is considerable evidence that informal social networks play a key role in diffusion of innovations. The aim is to identify informal communication networks of project participants and the role these play in the diffusion of construction innovations. The characteristics of this network will be analysed in order to understand how they can be used to accelerate innovation diffusion within and between projects. Social Network Analysis is used to determine informal communication routes. Control and experiment case study projects are used within two different organizations. This allows informal communication routes concerning innovations to be mapped, whilst testing if the informal routes can facilitate diffusion. Analysis will focus upon understanding the combination of informal strong and weak ties, and how these impede or facilitate the diffusion of the innovation. Initial work suggests the presence of an informal communication network. Actors within this informal network, and the organization's management are unaware of its' existence and their informal roles within it. Thus, the network remains an untapped medium regarding innovation diffusion. It is proposed that successful innovation diffusion is dependent upon understanding informal strong and weak ties, at project, organization and industry level.

Agricultural innovations at a Late Iron Age oppidum: archaeobotanical evidence for flax, food and fodder from Calleva Atrebatum, UK

The development of oppida in the late first millennium BC across north-western Europe represents a major change in settlement form and social organisation. The construction of extensive earthwork systems, the presence of nucleated settlement areas, long-distance trade links and the development of hierarchical societies have been evidenced. These imply that changes in the style and organisation of agriculture would have been required to support these proto-urban population centres. Hypotheses of the subsistence bases of these settlements, ranging from a reliance on surplus arable production from local rural settlements, to an emphasis on pastoral activities, are here reviewed and grounded against a wider understanding of the expansion of agriculture in the Late Iron Age. These agricultural models have not been previously evaluated. This paper presents archaeobotanical data from six well fills from large-scale excavations at Late Iron Age and Early Roman Silchester, a Late Iron Age territorial oppidum and subsequent Roman civitas capital located in central-southern Britain. This is the first large-scale study of waterlogged plant macrofossils from within a settlement area of an oppidum. Waterlogged plant macrofossils were studied from a series of wells within the settlement. An assessment of taphonomy, considering stratigraphic and contextual information, is reported, followed by an analysis of the diverse assemblages of the plant remains through univariate analysis. Key results evidence animal stabling, flax cultivation, hay meadow management and the use of heathland resources. The staple crops cultivated and consumed at Late Iron Age and Early Roman Silchester are consistent with those cultivated in the wider region, whilst a range of imported fruits and flavourings were also present. The adoption of new oil crops and new grassland management shows that agricultural innovations were associated with foddering for animals rather than providing food for the proto-urban population. The evidence from Silchester is compared with other archaeobotanical datasets from oppida in Europe in order to identify key trends in agricultural change.

Statistical Innovations Improve Prevalence Estimates of Nutrient Risk Populations: Applications in Sao Paulo, Brazil

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake and excess sodium intake among adults age 19 years and older in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-four hour dietary recall and sociodemographic data were collected from each participant (n=1,663) in a cross-sectional study, Inquiry of Health of Sao Paulo, of a representative sample of the adult population of the city of Sao Paulo in 2003 (ISA-2003). The variability in intake was measured through two replications of the 24-hour recall in a subsample of this population in 2007 (ISA-2007). Usual intake was estimated by the PC-SIDE program (version 1.0, 2003, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University), which uses an approach developed by Iowa State University. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was calculated using the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method for vitamins A and C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, copper, phosphorus, and selenium. For vitamin D, pantothenic acid, manganese, and sodium, the proportion of individuals with usual intake equal to or more than the Adequate Intake value was calculated. The percentage of individuals with intake equal to more than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level was calculated for sodium. The highest prevalence of inadequacy for males and females, respectively, occurred for vitamin A (67% and 58%), vitamin C (52% and 62%), thiamin (41% and 50%), and riboflavin (29% and 19%). The adjustment for the within-person variation presented lower prevalence of inadequacy due to removal of within-person variability. All adult residents of Sao Paulo had excess sodium intake, and the rates of nutrient inadequacy were high for certain key micronutrients. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:1614-1618.

Sharpening the edge of market driven intangibles and innovations

A review of the extant literature concludes that market-driven intangibles and innovations are increasingly considered to be the most critical firm-specific resources, but also finds a lack of elaboration of which types of these resources are most important. In this paper, we incorporate these observations into a conceptual model and link it to highly developed institutional settings for the model evaluation. From the point of view of firm revenue management, we can anticipate that performance advantages created through deployment of intellectual and relational capital in marketing and innovation are more likely to be superior. In essence, they constitute the integration of organisational intangibles both in cognitive and behavioural level to create an idiosyncratic combination for each firm. Our research findings show feasible paths for sharpening the edge of market-driven intangibles and innovations. We discuss the key results for research and practice.