Intellectual capital disclosures by South African companies:a longitudinal investigation

Most of the previous studies on intellectual capital disclosures have been conducted from developed countries' context. There is very limited empirical evidence in this area from the context of emerging economies in general and Africa in particular. This paper is one of the early attempts in this regard. The main purpose of this study is to examine the extent and nature of intellectual capitaldisclosures in ‘Top 20’ South African companies over a 5 years period (2002–2006). The study uses content analysis method to scrutinise the patterns of intellectual capital disclosures during the study period. The results show that intellectual capital disclosures in South Africa have increased over the 5 years study period with certain firms reporting considerably more than others. Out of the three broad categories of intellectual capital disclosures human capital appears to be the most popular category. This finding stands in sharp contrast to the previous studies in this area where external capital was found to be most popular category.

Intellectual capital disclosures and corporate governance:an empirical examination

Empirical examinations of the links between corporate governance and intellectual capital are underresearched, particularly from the context of emerging economies where corporate governance mechanisms tend to be largely ceremonial due to family dominance. This study aims to address this gap in the intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) literature by undertaking an empirical examination of the relationship between corporate governance and the extent of ICD of Bangladeshi companies. Inter alia, the key findings of this study suggest that there is a non-linear relationship between family ownership and the extent of ICD. This research also found that foreign ownership, board independence, and the presence of audit committees are positively associated with the extent of ICD. Conversely, family duality (i.e., where the positions of CEO and chairperson are occupied by two individuals from the same family) is negatively associated with the extent of ICD.

Intellectual Capital Paradox

The authors have analysed the economic growth and its determining factors in countries of the European Union, particularly in Hungary and Ukraine. We applied quantitative methods by analysing topic related database. We have found that the Central-Eastern European Periphery has not finished its transition, and this change is heading in the direction of the Southern Periphery of the European Union. As the Southern Periphery is the area of economic crises right now, it is obvious that something should be done in order to avoid falling to the same fate for the Central-Eastern European Periphery. The authors introduced a new production function and with its help they identified the bottlenecks of growth in Hungary and Ukraine, namely the organizational and human capital that in its present development stage, do not correspond to the needs of creating state of the art larger companies. The present crisis pushes both countries to postpone long-term developments, such as investments into human capital, and in this way makes the solution of the crisis more difficult.

Intellectual Capital Disclosures: The effect of mandatory Integrated Reporting

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how mandatory obligation to follow the International <IR> Framework while producing the corporate reports influence the intellectual capital disclosures in the reports. Research design – The study uses a disclosure scoreboard to score a selected sample of annual reports depending on whether it disclose intellectual capital information or not. The sample consists of companies listed in South Africa were it is mandatory to follow the integrated reporting framework and companies listen in Sweden where it is not mandatory to produce an integrated report. Empirical results and conclusion – The results of this thesis indicates that the mandatory use of the International <IR> Framework have an impact on the amount of intellectual capital disclosures. Further it concludes that higher level of compliance with the framework further increases the intellectual capital disclosure. Contribution – This study has been an early step towards concluding whether the use of integrated reporting has any effect on the amount of intellectual capital information disclosed in companies’ annual report.

Intellectual Capital and Performance in Higher Education Organizations

This paper intends to explore the relative importance of different Intellectual Capital (IC) dimensions regarding their contribution to the perceived performance of an Higher Education Organization (HEO). It also seeks to discuss the role of IC and performance measurement in these organizations. This is done through a case study conducted in a Portuguese HEO. The particularities of this type of organization turns it into a very interesting empirical ground for IC research. Evidence suggests that although human, structural and relational capital should contribute as a “whole” to the performance of an HEO, human resources have an added importance as source of knowledge. Results also suggest an ‘overlap’ between IC and performance indicators. Despite the validity of the interpretations provided in the context of the case study, generalization to other situations should only be conducted in a theoretically framed manner. This paper contributes to the development of IC research in a specific type of organization: an HEO. This empirical context is still underexplored, namely regarding the relationship between IC and performance. This study provides important managerial implications for HEOs and their members, who are concerned with its performance and competitiveness.

Beyond human and intellectual capital: Profiling the value of knowledge, skills and experience

The concept of human capital is associated mainly with the Nobel Laureate Gary Becker and, in his usage, has a clear conceptual basis as investment in the costs of formal education. By contrast, this paper suggests that ‘intellectual capital’ is a re-branding of knowledge, skills and experience rather than re-conceptualisation of resource based learning. Becker also chose not to include informal knowledge, skills or experience within his concept of human capital, which remains limited by its constrained premises. This paper submits that both human capital and intellectual capital advocates fail to identify or measure the tacit knowledge and implicit learning which increasingly is recognised as a key to the competitive advantage of organisations. It first focuses on the conceptual basis of claims made for human capital and intellectual capital, outlines limits in their methodology, and contrasts these with insights from theories of tacit knowledge and implicit learning and the central role within them of informal or non-formal skill acquisition. It develops and illustrates instances of interfacing tacit and explicit knowledge before introducing a methodology for profiling the acquisition of knowledge, ability and skills. It does so by introducing the concepts of non-formal learningfrom- work (LfW) and informal learning-from-life (LfL), with evidence from a four country EU case study commissioned within the lifelong learning remit of the Lisbon Agenda.

Demanda de información sobre capital intelectual en las Universidades públicas españolas

[ES] En el actual contexto de la Sociedad del Conocimiento las instituciones de educación superior deben prestar una atención preferente a las nuevas demandas informativas de sus stakeholders. El objetivo de este trabajo será evidenciar la necesidad de que las universidades incorporen información sobre capital intelectual en su actual sistema de información contable.

Structural capital, innovation capability, and company performance in technology-based colombian firms

[EN] In today s economy, innovation is considered to be one of the main driving forces behind business competitiveness, if not the most relevant one. Traditionally, the study of innovation has been addressed from different perspectives. Recently, literature on knowledge management and intellectual capital has provided new insights. Considering this, the aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of different organizational conditions i.e. structural capital on innovation capability and innovation performance, from an intellectual capital (IC) perspective. As regards innovation capability, two dimensions are considered: new idea generation and innovation project management. The population subject to study is made up of technology-based Colombian firms. In order to gather information about the relevant variables involved in the research, a questionnaire was designed and addressed to the CEOs of the companies making up the target population. The sample analyzed is made up of 69 companies and is large enough to carry out a statistical study based on structural equation modelling (partial least squares approach) using PLS-Graph software (Chin and Frye, 2003). The results obtained show that structural capital explains to a great extent both the effectiveness of the new idea generation process and of innovation project management. However, the influence of each specific organizational component making up structural capital (organizational design, organizational culture, hiring and professional development policies, innovation strategy, technological capital, and external structure) varies. Moreover, successful innovation project management is the only innovation capability dimension that exerts a significant impact on company performance.

O impacto da internacionalização sobre o sistema de controle de gestão de empresas gaúchas: um estudo de caso múltiplo entre as empresas de capital aberto Fras-le S/A, Gerdau S/A e Forjas Taurus S/A

O presente estudo buscou analisar os principais impactos sofridos pelos sistemas de controle de gestão das empresas em decorrência de sua internacionalização e consequente aumento da complexidade de suas operações. A pesquisa buscou analisar também algum afastamento ou aproximação da literatura pesquisada, sobre a forma como este processo de internacionalização acontece. Assim sendo, foram feitas comparações entre as características de controle e de internacionalização encontradas na literatura e as situações encontradas nas empresas entrevistadas nesta pesquisa. Para possibilitar tais comparações, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre as teorias acerca do controle de gestão nas empresas, sobre os processos de internacionalização e também sobre as teorias de internacionalização de empresas, descritas pelos principais autores destas áreas. Definido o plano de referência, foi adotado o método de estudo de caso aplicado em três das maiores empresas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a Gerdau S/A, a Fras-le S/A e a Forjas Taurus S/A, a fim de explorar mais aprofundadamente os reais procedimentos e controles encontrados nestas empresas, de tamanha relevância para a economia Gaúcha e Brasileira, observando suas características em relação ao plano de referência proposto. Com base nas entrevistas presenciais realizadas, foi possível verificar a real importância dos sistemas de controle de gestão nas companhias internacionalizadas e o grande desafio que as empresas atravessam para conseguir monitorar e planejar, de forma eficiente, as complexas atividades realizadas em diferentes locais do mundo. Os principais achados indicam que os sistemas de controle sofrem vários impactos para adaptação aos diferentes mercados, sendo identificadas relevantes mudanças estruturais, conceituais e de acompanhamento e controle nos casos analisados. Deve-se destacar a grande impotância dos investimentos em tecnologia, pesquisa e desenvolvimento e a atenção constante que as empresas devem dispensar ao capital intelectual para a obtenção de eficiência e qualidade nas operações. Quanto às características do processo de internacionalização, foram encontradas aproximações relevantes entre teoria e prática.

O impacto das variáveis Cultura e Clima Organizacional na gestão do Capital Intelectual: Um estudo comparativo entre Brasil, Canadá, Irã e Líbano

Este estudo se propôs verificar, o impacto da cultura e clima organizacional na gestão do Capital Intelectual no Brasil, comparativamente com o Canadá, Irã e Líbano. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva através de questionário, com escala Likert, com trabalhadores em empresas brasileiras e comparou-se com os dados obtidos, em outra pesquisa, para o Canadá, Irã e Líbano. Deste modo, o estudo procura analisar, comparativamente entre os países, os impactos dos componentes de Cultura e Clima e verifica, em quais deles, há impacto mais favorável ou desfavorável para a gestão do Capital Intelectual. Constatou-se que os níveis dos componentes culturais e de clima organizacional atingiram patamares mais elevados no Brasil que no Canadá, Irã e Líbano, indicando que as variáveis Cultura e Clima têm impacto mais favorável para a gestão do Capital Intelectual nas empresas brasileiras. Sugere-se que estudos posteriores possam verificar impactos e influência de outras variáveis como burocracia, educação, etc.

O capital intelectual e a performance das empresas do PSI 20

Num contexto de crescente complexidade e disponibilidade de informação, a gestão do capital intelectual assume cada vez mais preponderância como vantagem competitiva para as empresas que procuram maximizar o valor gerado. Esta investigação usa como metodologia príncipal o VAIC (coeficiente intelectual do valor adicionado), para assim estudar a existência de relação entre capital intelectual e a performance bolsista e financeira das empresas do PSI20. O VAIC é decomposto nos seus três indicadores de eficiência, tais como: capital humano, capital estrutural e capital físico. Os dados contemplam quinze empresas e nove anos de análise (2003 - 2011). Elaborou-se uma abordagem que recorre à utilização de técnicas econométricas para reduzir potênciais falhas no tratamento de dados em painel. Os resultados da análise demonstram uma relação positiva entre a aposta em capital intelectual a performance bolsista e financeira, ou seja, a utilização e gestão eficientes do capital intelectual contribuem de forma significativa na avaliação bolsista e financeira das empresas do PSI20.

O impacto do capital intelectual na performance

Para as organizações sobreviverem num novo ambiente competitivo, tiveram que deixar de procurar obter vantagens competitivas nos seus recursos tangíveis para as procurarem nos ativos intangíveis. Assim, várias investigações comprovam a necessidade de se dar a devida importância ao conceito de Capital Intelectual como fonte de criação de vantagens competitivas para as organizações. Esta importância aplica-se a vários níveis de análise entre os quais o setor público. Esta investigação visa analisar a importância relativa de cada dimensão do capital intelectual de uma Instituição de Ensino, bem como o impacto do mesmo na performance (percecionada pelos seus stakeholders). Nesta dissertação adotamos o método de Estudo de Caso, utilizando uma abordagem mista – quantitativa e qualitativa. Utilizámos variadas técnicas na recolha de dados, tais como: entrevista, registo de áudio e questionários. Relativamente à análise de dados, efetuamos uma análise de conteúdo, análise de documentos e análise estatística. Ao nível de resultados, a análise qualitativa sugere que as três dimensões do Capital Intelectual (Capital Humano, Capital Estrutural e Capital Relacional) devem possuir a mesma importância relativa para avaliar o capital intelectual de uma Instituição de Ensino. Os resultados quantitativos sugerem que o capital intelectual tem impacto na performance, o que está em linha com a literatura sobre o tema. Finalmente, considerámos que esta tese contribui para uma sensibilização relativamente à importância do capital intelectual para melhorar a gestão e performance em contextos educacionais.