Arte sem fronteiras. Londres, Berlim, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro: olhares estéticos e capitalistas sobre as células do poder lícito e ilícito (séculos XVIII e XX)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Percepção e educação ambiental: contribuições metodológicas para o estudo das relações entre áreas naturais protegidas e instituições de ensino

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Age determination, carbon geochemistry and palynology of section AC003

Sedimentary records from California's Northern Channel Islands and the adjacent Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) indicate intense regional biomass burning (wildfire) at the Ållerød-Younger Dryas boundary (~13.0-12.9 ka) (All age ranges in this paper are expressed in thousands of calendar years before present [ka]. Radiocarbon ages will be identified and clearly marked "14C years".). Multiproxy records in SBB Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Site 893 indicate that these wildfires coincided with the onset of regional cooling and an abrupt vegetational shift from closed montane forest to more open habitats. Abrupt ecosystem disruption is evident on the Northern Channel Islands at the Ållerød-Younger Dryas boundary with the onset of biomass burning and resulting mass sediment wasting of the landscape. These wildfires coincide with the extinction of Mammuthus exilis [pygmy mammoth]. The earliest evidence for human presence on these islands at 13.1-12.9 ka (~11,000-10,900 14C years) is followed by an apparent 600-800 year gap in the archaeological record, which is followed by indications of a larger-scale colonization after 12.2 ka. Although a number of processes could have contributed to a post 18 ka decline in M. exilis populations (e.g., reduction of habitat due to sea-level rise and human exploitation of limited insular populations), we argue that the ultimate demise of M. exilis was more likely a result of continental scale ecosystem disruption that registered across North America at the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling episode, contemporaneous with the extinction of other megafaunal taxa. Evidence for ecosystem disruption at 13-12.9 ka on these offshore islands is consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary cosmic impact hypothesis [Firestone et al., 2007, doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104].

Thirty-year recovery trend in the once depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock

The green sea turtle is one of the long-lived species that comprise the charismatic marine megafauna. The green turtle has a long history of human exploitation with some stocks extinct. Here we report on a 30-year study of the nesting abundance of the green turtle stock endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. We show that there has been a substantial long-term increase in abundance of this once seriously depleted stock following cessation of harvesting since the 1970s. This population increase has occurred in a far shorter period of time than previously thought possible. There was also a distinct 3-4 year periodicity in annual nesting abundance that might be a function of regional environmental stochasticity that synchronises breeding behaviour throughout the Archipelago. This is one of the few reliable long-term population abundance time series for a large long-lived marine species, which are needed for gaining insights into the recovery process of long-lived marine species and long-term ecological processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Natural colonization of loggerhead turtle eggs by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum

[EN] Sea turtle nests are exposed to different environmental risks that may affect their hatching success. Human exploitation, predation by wild or domestic animals, nest flooding or severe beach erosion or accession are common causes of egg mortality. However, there is very little information about the impact of microorganisms on turtle eggs. We analyzed loggerhead turtle eggs from Boavista Island (Republic of Cabo Verde) which were incubated under different environmental conditions in order to evaluate the presence and impact of fungus. We have isolated Fusarium oxysporum from dead and live eggs after three days of incubation.

Lake Nabugabo: a potential reservoir for mukene (Rastrineobola argentea)

"Mukene"Rastrineobola argentea occurs in lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Nabugabo and the Victoria Nile. On lakes Victoria and Kyoga the commercial fishery is well developed. While some fishing occurs at isolated places on the Victoria Nile, the species is yet to be exploited on lake Nabugabo although the potential exists. Experimental fishing (light fishing and beach seining) was conducted on Lake Nabugabo based at the Lake Nabugabo Holiday and Conference Center. Specimens obtained were analyzed for biological and fisheries parameters. Mukene on Lake Nabugabo still grows to a large adult size compared to the Lake Victoria populations. Size at first maturity at 42mmSL is close to that observed on Lake Victoria. Peak breeding occurred between August and January. Unlike on Lake Victoria, R.argentea in Lake Nabugabo is not infested by the cestode Ligula intestinalis that is common in these fishes. Catch rates of 9.8 kg/lamp/hr by the lampara net on this lake compare favorably with many parts of Lake Victoria and on Lake Kyoga where a commercial fishery exists. The amount of by-catch species in the catches however is high and does not therefore favour the establishment of the fishery on this lake. Human exploitation of mukene on Lake Nabugabo would also affect the Nile perch fishery which depends on the species as a source of food.

Genetic considerations on the introduction of farmed fish in marine protected areas: The case of study of white seabream restocking in the Gulf of Castellammare (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

Human exploitation has drastically reduced the abundance and distribution of several marine fish and invertebrate populations through overfishing and habitat destruction. Restocking can potentially mitigate these impacts and help to reconstitute depleted stocks but genetic repercussions must be considered. In the present study, the degree of genetic similarity between white seabream (Diplodus sargus Linnaeus 1758) individuals reared for restocking purposes and the receiving population in the Gulf of Castellammare fishery reserve (Sicily, Italy) was assessed using microsatellites. We also inferred the spatial pattern of the genetic structure of D. sargus and connectivity along Sicilian coasts. The farmed population showed significant heterozygosity deficiency in 6 loci and an important reduction in the number of alleles, which could indicate an incipient inbreeding. Both the farmed population and the target one for restocking (Castellammare fishery reserve), showed high and significant values of genetic differentiation due to different allele frequencies, number of privative alleles and total number of alleles. These findings indicate a low degree of genetic similarity between both populations, therefore this restocking initiative is not advisable. The genetic connectivity pattern, highly consistent with oceanographic currents, identified two distinct metapopulations of white seabream around Sicily. Thus it is recommended to utilize broods from the same metapopulation for restocking purposes to provide a better genetic match to the wild populations.

Preventing human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation: the need for a bottom-up approach : the case-study of Brazilians trafficked to Portugal

Masters Thesis – Academic Year 2007/2008 - European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratization (E.MA) - European Inter-university Centre for Human Rights and Democratization (EIUC) -Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL)

Exploitation of parasite derived antigen in therapeutic success of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil

In a complete study in 25 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania braziliensis complex, immunotherapeutic efficacy of parasite derived antigen (94-67 KD) has been compared to antimonial therapy. Additionally, to delineate the mechanism of therapeutic success, microscopical features of immune response in active lesions and healed or non-healed lesions following therapy were analyzed. The results showed that cure rates in immunotherapy and chemoterapy were equal (>83 por cento). The immunohistochemical changes in two therapeutic groups were also largely similar. The analysis of humoral and cellular immune response suggest that appropriate stimulation of T helper cells in the lesion site, in association with one or more cytokines, play a key role in the healing process.

Human Trafficking, Sex Tourism, and Child Exploitation on the Southern Border

Human trafficking and various other forms of child sexual exploitation on the United States-Mexico border are described from social science and law enforcement perspectives, including current laws and definitions, case examples, and descriptions of victims and traffickers. The Southern Border Initiative of the AMBER Alert Project is outlined as one effort to combat trafficking through collaboration between law enforcement agencies and programs in the United States and Mexico. Policy recommendations include increasing knowledge and collaboration between law enforcement, social service agencies, and judicial systems across the border region and between the United States and Mexico.

Human Trafficking for sexual exploitation in Europe. Towards a true “EU approach”?

La presente tesi analizza il reato di traffico di esseri umani in Europa, con particolare attenzione al fenomeno dello sfruttamento sessuale. La ricerca è stata condotta in parte nell’ambito del progetto “FIDUCIA. New European crimes and trust-based policy” (www.fiduciaproject.eu). La tesi è composta da 5 capitoli. Il primo capitolo introduce il reato di tratta di esseri umani, a livello globale e, successivamente, nello specifico, in Europa. Vengono presentati i fattori determinanti e le origini del fenomeno. Inoltre, ne vengono fornite le definizioni e le principali caratteristiche, in linea con i più importanti documenti internazionali sul tema. Il capitolo si chiude con una panoramica statistica, che affronta anche le criticità della raccolta di dati relativi ai reati. Il secondo capitolo analizza l’approccio correntemente adottato a livello domestico ed europeo contro la tratta. Le misure vengono presentate prima dal punto di vista teorico; successivamente ne vengono forniti esempi concreti, ad esempio convenzioni internazionali, direttive, ma anche progetti di ricerca, collaborazioni internazionali tra autorità ed ONG. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulla tratta a fini di sfruttamento sessuale. Vengono analizzati il potenziale legame con la prostituzione, e l’approccio europeo. Segue un approfondimento dei modelli legali implementati a livello europeo ed uno studio comparato di cinque paesi membri, rappresentativi dei vari modelli di regolamentazione della prostituzione (Italia, Belgio, Polonia, Germania e Svezia). Il quarto capitolo raccoglie le interviste condotte con diversi esperti che si occupano di contrasto alla tratta: ONG italiane e straniere, referenti nazionali anti-tratta di Italia, Belgio e Germania, FRONTEX, membri del Parlamento Europeo. Nelle conclusioni, vengono proposte prima una valutazione complessiva del quadro attuale, e poi alcune raccomandazioni ai governi nazionali e agli organismi sopranazionali. In particolare, visto l’obiettivo di un contrasto omogeneo e coordinato della tratta (per sfruttamento sessuale specificamente) a livello europeo, si ritiene che un modello regolamentare uniforme della prostituzione negli stati membri possa contribuire a migliorare uniformità ad efficacia dell’approccio europeo alla tratta.

Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking

Journal of Human Evolution, V. 55, pp. 148-163

Differential exploitation of cashew - a low conflict crop - by sympatric humans and chimpanzees

Modification of natural areas by human activities mostly has a negative impact on wildlife by increasing the geographical and ecological overlap between people and animals. This can result in escalating levels of competition and conflict between humans and wildlife, for example over crops. However, data on specific crops and crop parts that are unattractive to wildlife yet important for human livelihoods are surprisingly scarce, especially considering their potential application to reducing crop damage by wildlife. Here we examine the co-utilization of a nationally important and spatially abundant cash crop, cashew Anacardium occidentalis, by people and chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus inhabiting a forested–agricultural matrix in Cantanhez National Park in Guinea-Bissau. In this Park people predominantly harvest the marketable cashew nut and discard the unprofitable fruit whereas chimpanzees only consume the fruit. Local farmers generally perceive a benefit of raiding by chimpanzees as they reportedly pile the nuts, making harvesting easier. By ensuring that conflict levels over crops, especially those with high economic importance, remain low, the costs of living in proximity to wildlife can potentially be reduced. Despite high levels of deforestation associated with cashew farming, these findings point to the importance of cashew as a low-conflict crop in this area.