Understanding Racial Segregation: What is known about the Effect of Housing Discrimination

A central purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the available empirical evidence supports the view that current levels of housing discrimination are a significant contributor to residential segregation in U.S. cities and metropolitan areas. Through the course of this chapter, the reader will find that the empirical patterns of racial segregation in the U.S. are often inconsistent the available evidence on housing discrimination. Admittedly, strong evidence exists that both housing discrimination exists today and that housing discrimination throughout much of the Twentieth Century was central to creating the high levels of segregation that we observe in U.S. metropolitan areas today, but the appropriate policy responses may differ dramatically depending upon how these two phenomena are currently interrelated.

Las Comisiones del Mapa de España en la década de 1850

La necesidad de contar con un mapa de base científica que cubriera todo el territorio español llevó al Estado a crear en paralelo varias Comisiones con cometidos geodésicos, topográficos y cartográficos durante la década de 1850. La labor simultánea de estas Comisiones se prolongó hasta 1859, cuando se aprobó la Ley de Medición del Territorio, que las fusionó en un único organismo. Este artículo analiza aspectos técnicos de los trabajos que realizaron estas Comisiones a partir de la información contenida en algunos documentos que custodia el Archivo Topográfico del IGN. Las conclusiones que se extraen son que estas Comisiones acometieron operaciones geodésicas que resultaron cruciales en el establecimiento ulterior de la red de triangulación peninsular, realizaron mediciones topográficas que fueron reutilizadas veinte años después en el levantamiento del Mapa Topográfico Nacional, e idearon las características catastrales que fueron adoptadas durante todo el siglo posterior para el Catastro de España.

El mercado de arrendamiento en los barrios informales en Bogotá, un mercado estructural.

El artículo propone elementos de interpretación para comprender el papel del mercado de arrendamiento en los barrios informales en Bogotá y ofrecer pistas para las políticas urbanas. Intenta responder al interrogante, ¿por qué ante el importante papel que cumple la propiedad del suelo y el elevado costo del alquiler, importantes fracciones de los sectores populares en Bogotá deciden arrendar un inmueble o una pieza a elevados precios en el mercado informal en lugar de acceder a la propiedad? Se analizan las estrategias residenciales de los arrendatarios a partir de la relación mercado de trabajo–mercado residencial, la valorización de la localización en las decisiones residenciales y de la movilidad residencial. El análisis sugiere que las decisiones residenciales de los arrendatarios son territorializadas. Se argumenta que factores endógenos a los asentamientos informales, como las redes sociales que defi nen relaciones socioeconómicas locales contribuyen a entender la elevada demanda en este mercado. Se muestra, sin embargo, que los arrendatarios aspiran a ser propietarios, ante lo cual la vivienda de interés social es una solución valorada por una baja proporción de los arrendatarios. Para concluir, se señalan algunas directrices para la política habitacional, que en articulación con los instrumentos de gestión del suelo pueden contribuir a hacer frente a la urbanización informal. 

La movilidad residencial de los hogares con bajos ingresos y jefatura femenina en el área

En este artículo se analizan algunos aspectos de la movilidad residencial de los hogares con bajos ingresos y jefatura femenina en el área metropolitana de Bogotá. Para ello, se examinan los datos producidos por la encuesta de movilidad 2009 y una serie de entrevistas realizadas en el Proyecto “Metrópolis de América Latina en la globalización: reconfiguraciones territoriales, movilidad espacial, acción pública”, Metal. Se presenta un contexto a partir de algunos indicadores censales y, en seguida, algunos resultados de la encuesta: en primer lugar, características de las jefas de hogar como edad, estado conyugal, ocupación, grado educativo; posteriormente, sobre las zonas donde residen, en particular, su localización en el área metropolitana y la morfología del barrio. Por último, aspectos como la tenencia, el tipo de vivienda, la localización de las redes familiares y el ciclo vital del hogar.

People, places and policies – trying to account for health inequalities in impoverished neighbourhoods

Objective : We consider associations between individual, household and area-level characteristics and self-reported health.
Method : Data is taken from baseline surveys undertaken in 13 socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Victoria (n=3,944). The neighbourhoods are sites undergoing Neighbourhood Renewal (NR), a State government initiative redressing place-based disadvantage.
Analysis :This focused on the relationship between area and compositional factors and self-reported health. Area was coded into three categories; LGA, NR residents living in public housing (NRPU) and NR residents who lived in private housing (NRPR). Compositional factors included age, gender, marital status, identifying as a person with a disability, level of education, unemployment and receipt of pensions/benefits.
Results : There was a gradient in socio-economic disadvantage on all measures. People living in NR public housing were more disadvantaged than people living in NR private housing who, in turn, were more disadvantaged than people in the same LGA. NR public housing residents reported the worst health status and LGA residents reported the best.
Conclusions : Associations between compositional characteristics of disability, educational achievement and unemployment income and poorer self-reported health were shown. They suggested that area characteristics, with housing policies, may be contributing to differences in self-reported health at the neighbourhood level.
Implications : The clustering of socio-economic disadvantage and health outcomes requires the integration of health and social support interventions that address the circumstances of people and places.

Comportamento do consumidor: um estudo do mercado imobiliário em condomínios verticais fechados na região metropolitana de Natal

The research in question looked for to establish the relation between the motivation (of the proprietor of apartment) to change itself of another one apartment, in closed vertical condominium (residential mobility) in the period of the recognition of the necessity, and the satisfaction with the apartment after consume. The universe or the population chosen for the development of the study was of proprietors of apartment in vertical condominiums located in the region metropolitan of Natal. The analysis of data was made using the techniques of linear regression and logistic regression between variables. The linear regression found relations between the motivations for housing change and the satisfaction in after consume with some attributes of the apartment. The logistic regression showed that relations between the motivations for change and the general satisfaction to the apartment exist as a whole, in the period after consumes. With regard to the motivation to change itself of a apartment for another one, some reasons shown more motivation them the others. The research found different degrees of satisfaction with certain characteristics of the apartment and degrees of no satisfaction with others. Finally the results of the research had contributed for the reply of the problem that guided the present study, therefore had obtained in such a way to find how much logistic not linear relations between the two periods purchase (recognition of the necessity and evaluation after consume) and had elucidated the process that goes since the choice the product until the satisfaction of the necessities

Avaliação da satisfação de usuários de imóveis residenciais: uma comparação entre incorporação pública e privada em Belém

Trata da avaliação e análise do nível de satisfação de usuários de imóvies residenciais, quanto a aspectos que envolvem a produção e a utilização da edificação, levando em consideraçãp correlações entre o produto e o perfil sócio-econômico, bem como o processo de mobilidade residencial e atributos determinantes da tomada de decisão dos usuários. Apreseneta os resultados de pesquisa de campo referenciada no Método de Avaliação do Nível de Satisfação dos Clientes de Imóveis Residenciais proposto por Jobim (1997) e em técnicas de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação, realizada em uma empresa pública e em outra privada de incorporação de edificações residenciais na cidade de Belém, ambas engajadas em programas de qualidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes das direções destas empresas, aplicados questionários e realizadas entrevistas junto a proprietários de imóveis de um empreendimento da empresa privada e dois empreendimentos da empresa pública para orientar a avaliação de satisfação quanto ao atendimento prestado pela empresa, à qualidade do prédio e da unidade residencial. Constatou-se uma redução na quantidade de itens insatisfatórios no empreendimento mais recente da empresa pública em realçao ao seu empreendimento mais antigo, porém, ainda superior à quantidade de itens insatisfatórios detectados no empreendimento de incorporação privada devido a fatores relacionados às expectativas dos usuários constatadas pela pesquisa de campo.

Comportamento do consumidor: um estudo do mercado imobiliário em condomínios verticais fechados na região metropolitana de Natal

The research in question looked for to establish the relation between the motivation (of the proprietor of apartment) to change itself of another one apartment, in closed vertical condominium (residential mobility) in the period of the recognition of the necessity, and the satisfaction with the apartment after consume. The universe or the population chosen for the development of the study was of proprietors of apartment in vertical condominiums located in the region metropolitan of Natal. The analysis of data was made using the techniques of linear regression and logistic regression between variables. The linear regression found relations between the motivations for housing change and the satisfaction in after consume with some attributes of the apartment. The logistic regression showed that relations between the motivations for change and the general satisfaction to the apartment exist as a whole, in the period after consumes. With regard to the motivation to change itself of a apartment for another one, some reasons shown more motivation them the others. The research found different degrees of satisfaction with certain characteristics of the apartment and degrees of no satisfaction with others. Finally the results of the research had contributed for the reply of the problem that guided the present study, therefore had obtained in such a way to find how much logistic not linear relations between the two periods purchase (recognition of the necessity and evaluation after consume) and had elucidated the process that goes since the choice the product until the satisfaction of the necessities

Comportamento do consumidor: um estudo do mercado imobiliário em condomínios verticais fechados na região metropolitana de Natal

The research in question looked for to establish the relation between the motivation (of the proprietor of apartment) to change itself of another one apartment, in closed vertical condominium (residential mobility) in the period of the recognition of the necessity, and the satisfaction with the apartment after consume. The universe or the population chosen for the development of the study was of proprietors of apartment in vertical condominiums located in the region metropolitan of Natal. The analysis of data was made using the techniques of linear regression and logistic regression between variables. The linear regression found relations between the motivations for housing change and the satisfaction in after consume with some attributes of the apartment. The logistic regression showed that relations between the motivations for change and the general satisfaction to the apartment exist as a whole, in the period after consumes. With regard to the motivation to change itself of a apartment for another one, some reasons shown more motivation them the others. The research found different degrees of satisfaction with certain characteristics of the apartment and degrees of no satisfaction with others. Finally the results of the research had contributed for the reply of the problem that guided the present study, therefore had obtained in such a way to find how much logistic not linear relations between the two periods purchase (recognition of the necessity and evaluation after consume) and had elucidated the process that goes since the choice the product until the satisfaction of the necessities

Youth off the Streets "Our Place, Walgett Youth and Young Families Project" Project Evaluation.

The Project: • YOTS is a major youth specific agency established in 1991. It is a non-denominational, non-discriminatory and not-for-profit organisation, providing a wide range of services and offering a full continuum of care. It seeks to build on the strengths and positive aspects of marginalised young people and communities. • The 'Our Place, Walgett Youth and Young Families Project' further develops an existing YOTS capacity to provide services to Aboriginal young people. • The project adopted an action-research and community development model in which YOTS worked in partnership with the Youth Sub-committee of the Walgett Interagency. • Specific goals/objectives of the program were to: Coordinate youth and young family activities in partnership with local services and the community to build self-esteem, pride, resilience, motivation and skills; Contribute to the prevention and reduction of homelessness, unstable and unsafe housing and disruptive mobility (Walgett/Redfern) in youth and young families; Increase and improve collaborative engagement between youth and family focused services; and, research, adapt and implement Australian and international best-practice homelessness prevention/reduction initiatives to contribute to new models of practice relevant to rural and regional areas. • The project centred around an out-reach model that focused on providing a safe space with relevant structured activities coordinated by YOTS youth and family workers. Through community and service provider consultation, it was proposed that local services could coordinate strategies and activities and run them, where possible, from the centre, providing ease of access in a safe and supportive context. • Specific activities included: Implementing regular meetings with the stakeholders and community representatives; Developing a Terms of Reference for YOTS presence in the Walgett community; Undertaking a community consultation prior to finalising program activities; Implementing a range of recreational activities (sports, music, arts and crafts) early on in the activity; Implementing young family support initiatives; implementing a volunteering program, including volunteer support to young families through intergenerational volunteering; running a series of Culture and Healing Camps in partnership with local Elders and other services; Running a series of Music Camps; Providing alternative education support and referrals in partnership with local schools; Researching, identifying and adapting other best-practice models.

Identifying the financial barriers to deliberative, affordable apartment development in Australia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the financial barriers to the supply of affordable apartments in Australia and examine whether demand aggregation and ‘deliberative development’ (self-build) can form a new affordable housing ‘structure of provision’. Design/methodology/approach Market design, an offshoot of game theory, is used to analyse the existing apartment development model, with ‘deliberative development’ proposed as an innovative alternative. Semi-structured interviews with residential development financiers are used to evaluate whether deliberative development could obtain the requisite development finance. Findings Our investigation into the financial barriers of a deliberative development model suggest that while there are hurdles, these can be addressed if key risks in the exchange process can be mitigated. Hence, affordability can be enhanced by ‘deliberative development’ replacing the existing speculative development model. Research implications Market design is a new innovative theoretical approach to understanding the supply of housing, offering practical solutions to affordable apartment supply in Australia. Originality/value This research identifies financial barriers to the supply of affordable apartments; introduces theoretical understandings gained from market design as an innovative solution; provides evidence that a new structure of building provision based on ‘deliberative development’ could become a key means of achieving more affordable and better designed apartments.

Facteurs socioenvironnementaux associés à la prévalence des limitations d’activités au Québec

Objectifs : Cette thèse porte sur l’association entre les caractéristiques socioenvironnementales des voisinages (milieux locaux) et la prévalence des limitations d’activités (ou handicap) dans la population québécoise. Elle a trois objectifs principaux : (1) clarifier les enjeux conceptuels et méthodologiques relatifs à l’étude des déterminants socioenvironnementaux des limitations d’activités; (2) décrire les contributions respectives de la composition socioéconomique des voisinages et de facteurs contextuels à la variabilité locale de la prévalence des limitations d’activités; (3) évaluer la présence d’interactions entre la santé fonctionnelle des personnes (incapacité) et des caractéristiques des voisinages en lien avec la prévalence des limitations d’activités. Méthodes : Une analyse de la littérature scientifique a été effectuée en lien avec le premier objectif de la thèse. En lien avec le deuxième objectif, des données pour le Québec du recensement canadien de 2001 (échantillon de 20% de la population) ont été utilisées pour estimer l’association entre la prévalence des limitations d’activités et des caractéristiques des voisinages : classification urbain-rural, composition socioéconomique (défavorisation matérielle et sociale) et facteurs contextuels (qualité des habitations, stabilité résidentielle et utilisation des transports actifs et collectifs). En lien avec le troisième objectif, des données pour la population urbaine du Québec issues de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (2003, 2005 et 2007/2008) ont permis de tester la présence d’interaction entre la santé fonctionnelle des personnes et des caractéristiques des voisinages (défavorisation matérielle et sociale, qualité des habitations, stabilité résidentielle et densité des services). Pour les analyses associées aux deux derniers objectifs, l’analyse des corrélats de la prévalence des limitations d’activités a été effectuée à l’aide de régressions logistiques multiniveaux. Résultats : Différents éléments conceptuels et opérationnels limitent la possibilité de faire une synthèse des analyses épidémiologiques portant sur les influences socioenvironnementales sur les limitations d’activités. Les résultats des analyses empiriques suggèrent que : (1) la variation géographique de la prévalence des limitations d’activités s’explique en grande partie par la composition socioéconomique des voisinages; (2) des facteurs contextuels sont associés à cette variation géographique; (3) les mesures relatives d’inégalités sous-estiment les disparités contextuelles dans la distribution des nombres absolus de personnes ayant une limitation d’activités; et (4) l’association entre la prévalence des limitations d’activités et la défavorisation sociale pourrait varier selon la santé fonctionnelle des personnes. Conclusions : Différentes caractéristiques socioenvironnementales sont potentiellement associées aux variations géographiques des limitations d’activités au Québec. Le développement d’indicateurs socioenvironnementaux favoriserait une connaissance plus précise de l’influence de ces caractéristiques socioenvironnementales sur les limitations d’activités et des mécanismes par lesquels s’exerce cette influence. L’établissement d’un système national de surveillance des aménagements territoriaux est proposé afin de soutenir la recherche et la prise de décision. Des indicateurs locaux d’accessibilité aux transports, aux espaces publics ainsi qu’aux services de proximité devraient être priorisés. Ces aspects de l’aménagement du territoire sont susceptibles de rejoindre plusieurs enjeux de santé publique et ils ont comme autre avantage d’être inclus dans différentes orientations québécoises ciblant le vieillissement en santé et la réduction des limitations d’activités.

Gentrification and cosmopolitan leisure in inner-urban Melbourne, Australia, 1960s-1970s

Studies of gentrification in Australia have typically analysed the phenomenon through the lens of housing and residential change. This article explores how non-residential factors, including the concept of and the everyday practices associated with cosmopolitanism, offer an opportunity to analyse leisure specific to gentrification in Melbourne in the 1960s and 1970s. The article particularly explores leisure based on food and drink cultures located in restaurants, cafés and pubs. Adopting a discursive interdisciplinary approach to studies of the urban past, the article seeks to enhance our historical understanding of the interplay between gentrification and cosmopolitan leisure at a specific place and time in history, by exploring how people perceived themselves and their lifestyles in the midst of urban change.

Lógicas y tendencias de la expansión residencial en áreas periurbanas. El Partido de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, entre 1990 y 2010

Con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de las lógicas y tendencias de la expansión residencial en áreas periurbanas y su impronta en la organización futura de las ciudades medias, tendiente al logro de una relación armónica entre la actividad residencial y las otras actividades socioeconómicas que se presentan en dichas áreas, en la presente Tesis doctoral se aborda el estudio del proceso de expansión residencial que se han venido desarrollando en el espacio periurbano del Partido de La Plata desde principios de los años '90 hasta nuestros días. Para tal fin, se profundiza en el estudio de espacios periurbanos, caracterizados por su dinamismo, heterogeneidad y complejidad. En relación a los espacios residenciales que se desarrollan en estas áreas periféricas del Partido, fueron reconocidas tres tendencias diferenciadas: a) el proceso de urbanización cerrada, con tendencias al aislamiento de viviendas y complejos habitacionales, b) la "producción de periferia" relacionada con los sectores de población que no consiguen acceder al mercado formal de la tierra y la vivienda, asociada por lo general a modalidades de asentamiento espontáneo; y c) la ocupación gradual de baldíos urbanos con escasa o nula provisión de servicios y redes de infraestructura. En la presente Tesis se profundizará en las dos primeras de estas modalidades expansivas, indagándose en las lógicas de los distintos actores -sociales, políticos y económicos- que intervienen en el proceso urbano expansivo que hemos denominado "formal cerrado" e "informal abierto", respectivamente. La hipótesis que guía nuestro trabajo plantea que la expansión urbana en el Partido de La Plata trae aparejada una competencia por el territorio entre diferentes usos del suelo y actividades, con el consecuente incremento en los precios de la tierra, abandono de los sectores de bajos ingresos como habitantes originales y disminución del uso de tierra rural. Para dar respuesta a los objetivos e hipótesis planteados en nuestra Tesis, los criterios metodológicos adoptados parten de considerar al territorio como un sistema complejo. En este marco, el abordaje desde una visión sistémica y de la complejidad de nuestro objeto de estudio necesita de un abordaje dialéctico y de la convergencia metodológica para obtener distintos puntos de vista sobre el mismo. En el desarrollo de esta Tesis se han utilizado como herramientas de investigación: el método del estudio de caso, la construcción tipológica, la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, la utilización de modelos y la construcción de escenarios urbanos. Finalmente, producto de estos años de investigación en la temática, se arribó a las siguientes conclusiones, que han sido estructuradas en cinco apartados principales en función de su carácter predominantemente teórico, empírico, metodológico y/o propositivo, a saber: 1. el periurbano: ¿espacio de competencia o complementariedad?; 2. la construcción de tipologías como camino explicativo en materia de espacios periurbanos; 3. las lógicas residenciales periféricas: la "privatópolis" y la "precariópolis"; 4. las tendencias residenciales periféricas y los desafíos de la planificación urbana, y 5. nuevos interrogantes y perspectivas surgidos de esta Tesis.