Análisis arqueomorfológico y dinámica territorial en el Vallés Oriental (Barcelona) de la Protohistoria s. VI-V a.C.) a la alta Edad Media (s. IX-X)

La investigación sobre el paisaje en zonas urbanas o periurbanas implica importantes limitaciones metodológicas. En el presente estudio, el trabajo se centra en un llano pre-litoral próximo a la ciudad de Barcelona, el Vallès Oriental, profundamente urbanizado en las últimas dos décadas, hecho que condiciona la recuperación de nuevos datos arqueológicos y la implementación de programas de prospección arqueológica. Asimismo, la particular topografía que presenta el llano, caracterizado por unos relieves suaves, ha obligado a adaptar la metodología del análisis arqueomorfológico a este contexto geográfico. El artículo presenta los resultados del análisis arqueomorfológico realizado, que han sido cruzados con la documentación histórica y arqueológica para caracterizar —desde una perspectiva diacrónica— la red viaria, la estructuración territorial y la evolución del poblamiento de esta área y, finalmente, determinar las dinámicas del paisaje en época romana. La investigación sobre la morfología del territorio se ha llevado a cabo a partir de un intenso trabajo de fotointerpretación y análisis de la cartografía histórica en entorno SIG, especialmente útil en un paisaje marcado por las importantes trasformaciones del medio rural. Igualmente, los datos generados en los últimos años por la investigación arqueológica han sido revisados de forma detallada, a fin de contribuir a la planificación de las prospecciones arqueológicas y arqueomorfológicas desarrolladas.

Historical first descriptions of Cajal-Retzius cells: from pioneer studies to current knowledge

Santiago Ramón y Cajal developed a great body of scientific research during the last decade of 19th century, mainly between 1888 and 1892, when he published more than 30 manuscripts. The neuronal theory, the structure of dendrites and spines, and fine microscopic descriptions of numerous neural circuits are among these studies. In addition, numerous cell types (neuronal and glial) were described by Ramón y Cajal during this time using this 'reazione nera' or Golgi method. Among these neurons were the special cells of the molecular layer of the neocortex. These cells were also termed Cajal cells or Retzius cells by other colleagues. Today these cells are known as Cajal-Retzius cells. From the earliest description, several biological aspects of these fascinating cells have been analyzed (e.g., cell morphology, physiological properties, origin and cellular fate, putative function during cortical development, etc). In this review we will summarize in a temporal basis the emerging knowledge concerning this cell population with specific attention the pioneer studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Kaksi tietä huipulle. Media ja puoluejohtajuus Suomessa naisten noususta populismin aaltoon

Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan suomalaisen puoluejohtajuuden ja suuren puolueen johtajaksi nousun murroskautta 1980-luvun lopulta 2010-luvulle median ja politiikan vuorovaikutuksen näkökulmasta. Puolueiden johtaminen on myös Suomessa ollut miesten työtä, ja perinteisesti tehtävään on ollut yksi väylä: asettuminen ehdolle puheenjohtajavaalissa ja valituksi tulo puoluekokouksessa. Tarkastelujakson alkupuolella naisia oli Suomessa ensimmäistä kertaa ehdolla suurten puolueiden puheenjohtajavaaleissa. Kauden loppupuolella heitä myös valittiin tuohon tehtävään ja ensimmäiset naiset nousivat pääministeriksi. Tämä historiallinen murros päätti liki satavuotisen perinteen, jossa miehet ovat olleet Suomessa sekä suurten puolueiden että hallitustyön johtajia. Julkisessa keskustelussa kysymys tasa-arvosta jäi toissijaiseksi: naisia alettiin valita puoluejohtajiksi tilanteissa, joissa heidän valintansa nähtiin puolueille edulliseksi. Naisen valinta tulkittiin miehen valintaa merkittävämmäksi symboliseksi viestiksi, johon liitettiin ajatuksia uudistumisesta ja puolueen julkisuuskuvan parantamisesta. Merkille pantavaa on, että naisten ensimmäiset valinnat suurten puolueiden johtajiksi tapahtuivat vaiheessa, jossa puoluejohtajien valta-asema on vahvin kautta suomalaisen poliittisen historian. Tässä valossa näyttää siltä, että valta ei aina pakenekaan naisilta. Vaikka suomalainen yhteiskunta ja suomalaiset naiset ovat monessa mielessä olleet edelläkävijöitä tasa-arvon suhteen, politiikan johtopaikkoja tavoitelleet naiset ovat meilläkin kohdanneet kansainvälisessä tutkimuksessa naisten haasteeksi osoitettuja lasikattoja, pyöröovia ja liukkaita jyrkänteitä. Tutkittavan ajanjakson aikana konkretisoitui myös toinen mahdollinen, joskin poikkeuksellinen reitti suuren puolueen johtajaksi: pienen puolueen nouseminen suurten joukkoon eduskuntavaaleissa. Tämä vaihtoehto toteutui vuonna 2011 perussuomalaisten eduskuntavaalivoiton myötä. Perussuomalaisten nousu eduskunnan pienimmästä puolueesta kolmanneksi suurimmaksi mursi perinteisen kolmen suuren puolueen asetelman. Puolueen menestyksen seuraukset ovat olleet kauaskantoisemmat kuin ehkä ensin ajateltiin: perussuomalaisten vaalivoiton sosiaalidemokraateille, keskustalle, ja kokoomukselle aiheuttama järkytys heijastui myöhemmin myös niiden johtajavaihdoksiin ja -valintoihin. Sekä naisten läpimurrossa että populismin voittokulussa median rooli oli monisyisempi kuin siihen perinteisesti liitetty tiedon välittäjän ja valtaa pitävien toimia kriittisesti seuraavan neljännen valtiomahdin tehtävänkuva. Tutkittavalla jaksolla tiedotusvälineet tekivät onnistuneen intervention politiikan osapuoleksi. Toimittajat ottivat kantaa valintoihin ja ohjeistivat puolueita, ja puolueet taas mukauttivat näkyvyyden maksimoidakseen käytäntöjään median tarpeisiin. 1980-luvun lopulta 2010-luvulle ulottuvalla jaksolla suuren puolueen puoluejohtajaksi valikoitumisen kriteerit muuttuivat, samalla kun median merkitys johtajavalinnoissa ja myös puoluejohtajan käytännön työssä kasvoi. Mediasta tuli aiempaa konkreettisemmin johtajavalintojen ja valtakamppailun areena, ja siihen liittyvät näkökohdat nousivat myös keskeisiksi johtajan taitoja arvioitaessa. Kuka ehdokkaista toisi näkyvyyttä, ”pärjäisi” median paineissa ja vakuuttaisi äänestäjät? Vielä 1980- ja 1990-lukujen taitteessa johtajavalinnat olivat pitkälti puolueorganisaatioiden hallinnoimia prosesseja, joista lehdistö raportoi askeleen jäljessä kulkien. Viimeistään 2000-luvun ensimmäisellä vuosikymmenellä puolueet omaksuivat ajatuksen median hyödyllisyydestä. Tämän strategisen muutoksen myötä puolueet tulivat samalla luovuttaneeksi määriteltyvaltaa oman organisaationsa ulkopuolelle. Kokoomuksen vuoden 2014 johtajavaalissa silmiinpistävää oli pyrkimys sekä hyötyä julkisuudesta että palauttaa valtaa takaisin puolueelle. Politiikan mediajulkisuuden alttius tarttua myyviin poliitikkopersooniin, ilmiöihin, ristiriitoihin ja draamaan sekä vastaavasti populistijohtaja Timo Soinin ja perussuomalaisten kyky tarjota kaikkia näitä auttoivat puolueen suurvoittoon vuoden 2011 eduskuntavaaleissa. Organisaatioltaan pieni ja johtajaansa henkilöityvä puolue sai selvästi poliittista painoarvoaan suuremman julkisuuden, koska kiinnostavuus määritti näkyvyyden ja puolueen nousevasta kannatuksesta tuli yksi vaalien pääaiheista. Median ja politiikan suhteessa tapahtuneet muutokset olivat vauhdittamassa niin naisten nousua suurten puolueiden johtajiksi kuin populistisen johtajuuden läpimurtoa ja perussuomalaisten menestystä. Koska suurten puolueiden johtajista valikoituvat myös pääministerit, näiden muutosten vaikutus ulottuu Suomen poliittisesti vaikutusvaltaisimpaan tehtävään asti.

Between Memory and Strategy: Media Discourse Analysis of an Industrial Shutdown

In 2006 UPM was able to gain a level of social legitimacy that allowed it to carry out one of the largest industrial restructuring programmes in Finnish industrial history, shut down major operations in Finland and still appear to be functioning in the interests of the nation as well as itself. This study considers and examines various contexts of this shutdown with the aim of demonstrating how profoundly mediated such organizational events are though they appear to be produced primarily through strategic company decisions. The study aims to examine the processes of mediation at two levels. At one level, through close analysis of press releases and newspaper reports in local and national newspapers, the study presents a discursive analysis of the Voikkaa case. The discursive analysis focuses on providing historical contexts for understanding why this organizational event was also an occasion for reimagining the past and future of the Finnish nation; spatial contexts for understanding the differing struggles over the meaning of the event nationally and regionally; and the temporal dynamics of the media reports. At another level, the study considers and refines methods for reading and analyzing mediation in organization studies. Bringing together recent research of media text–based legitimation studies, emerging research on organizational memory and organizational death and a Foucaultian analytics of power, this work suggests that organizational research needs to be less concerned with particular typologies and narratives of shutdowns, and more curious about the processes of mediation through which organizational events are imagined and remembered.

The Welland Canals Foundation, Honourable William Hamilton Merritt and the St. Catharines Historical Society and Museum, 1971-1990, n.d.

‘The Father of Canadian Transportation’ is a term commonly associated with William Hamilton Merritt. Although he is most known for being one of the driving forces behind the building of the first Welland Canal, he was many things throughout his life; a soldier, merchant, promoter, entrepreneur and politician to name a few. Born on July 3, 1793 at Bedford, Westchester County, N.Y. to Thomas Merritt and Mary Hamilton, Merritt’s family relocated to Canada shortly after in 1796. The move came after Merritt’s father petitioned John Graves Simcoe for land in Upper Canada after serving under him in the Queen’s Rangers during the American Revolution. The family quickly settled into their life at Twelve Mile Creek in St. Catharines. Merritt’s father became sheriff of Lincoln County in 1803 while Merritt began his education in mathematics and surveying. After some brief travel and further education Merritt returned to Lincoln County, in 1809 to help farm his father’s land and open a general store. While a farmer and merchant, Merritt turned his attention to military endeavours. A short time after being commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Lincoln militia, the War of 1812 broke out. Fulfilling his duty, Merritt fought in the Battle of Queenston Heights in October of 1812, and numerous small battles until the Battle of Lundy’s Lane in July 1814. It was here that Merritt was captured and held in Cheshire, Massachusetts until the war ended. Arriving back in the St. Catharines area upon his release, Merritt returned to being a merchant, as well as becoming a surveyor and mill owner. Some historians hypothesize that the need to draw water to his mill was how the idea of the Welland Canals was born. Beginning with a plan to connect the Welland River with the Twelve mile creek quickly developed into a connection between the Lakes Erie and Ontario. Its main purpose was to improve the St. Lawrence transportation system and provide a convenient way to transport goods without having to go through the Niagara Falls portage. The plan was set in motion in 1818, but most living in Queenston and Niagara were not happy with it as it would drive business away from them. Along with the opposition came financial and political restraints. Despite these factors Merritt pushed on and the Welland Canal Company was chartered by the Upper Canadian Assembly on January 19, 1824. The first sod was turned on November 30, 1824 almost a year after the initial chartering. Many difficulties arose during the building of the canal including financial, physical, and geographic restrictions. Despite the difficulties two schooners passed through the canal on November 30, 1829. Throughout the next four years continual work was done on the canal as it expended and was modified to better accommodate large ships. After his canal was underway Merritt took a more active role in the political arena, where he served in various positions throughout Upper Canada. In 1851, Merritt withdrew from the Executive Council for numerous reasons, one of which being that pubic interest had diverted from the canals to railways. Merritt tried his hand at other public works outside transportation and trade. He looked into building a lunatic asylum, worked on behalf of War of 1812 veterans, aided in building Brock’s monument, established schools, aided refugee slaves from the U.S. and tried to establish a National Archives among many other feats. He was described by some as having “policy too liberal – conceptions too vast – views too comprehensive to be comprehensible by all”, but he still made a great difference in the society in which he lived. After his great contributions, Merritt died aboard a ship in the Cornwall canal on July 5, 1862. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=38719 retrieved October 2006 Today numerous groups carry on the legacy of Merritt and the canals both in the past and present. One such group is the Welland Canals Foundation. They describe themselves as: “. . . a volunteer organization which strives to promote the importance of the present and past Welland Canals, and to preserve their history and heritage. The Foundation began in 1980 and carries on events like William Hamilton Merritt Day. The group has strongly supported the Welland Canals Parkway initiative and numerous other activities”. The Welland Canals Foundation does not work alone. They have help from other local groups such as the St. Catharines Historical Society. The Society’s main objective is to increase knowledge and appreciation of the historical aspects of St. Catharines and vicinity, such as the Welland Canals. http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/dec2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006 http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/feb2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006

Genealogical and Historical Sketch of the Name and Family of Woodruff

Genealogical and Historical Sketch of the name and family of Woodruff compiled by the Media Research Bureau of Washington, D.C. This document traces the Woodruff name to its Anglo-Saxon origins and lists members of the family who have distinguished themselves in America in more recent times, n.d.

THE WINCHESTER CENTRE FOR GLOBAL FUTURES IN ART DESIGN & MEDIA

The Winchester Centre for Global Futures in Art Design and Media highlights historical, contemporary and future roles for art, design and media within globalization. Its members build sustained collaborations with international partners in public service, the creative industries and civil society. Critically concerned with art and design practices of making, thinking and representation, the Winchester Centre actively engages in education and enterprise, exploring the contribution of media, materials and technologies to the improvement of human societies globally. Led by professors Jonathan Harris, Sean Cubitt, and Ryan Bishop, the Winchester Centre will make a decisive contribution to the work of the School and the University in future years. The Centre's inaugural professors would like to invite you now to suggest future research themes and activities. In the coming weeks details regarding the programme and prospective membership of the Winchester Centre will be made available.

Índice de pulsatilidad de arteria cerebral media como predictor para desenlaces desfavorables en fetos pequeños para la edad gestacional

Introducción: La aparición de vasodilatación aislada de la arteria cerebral media en fetos pequeños para la edad gestacional sin otros cambios en el doppler puede interpretarse como fisiológica o podría ser la manifestación inicial de una restricción de crecimiento intrauterino de inicio tardío. Se pretende evaluar la asociación de la disminución del índice de pulsatibilidad de la arteria cerebral media, como predictor de desenlaces perinatales adversos, en fetos con bajo peso para edad gestacional. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte analítica de temporalidad histórica para determinar si el hallazgo de disminución de la pulsatibilidad en el doppler de arteria cerebral media se asocia con el pronóstico perinatal adverso, en fetos pequeños para edad gestacional mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: Se recolectaron un total de 325 flujometría doppler de fetos pequeños para edad gestacional. El riesgo de parto pretérmino fue RR 2.6 IC95% 1.6-4.1, de hospitalización fue RR 1.4 IC95%1.1-1.9 y de muerte fue 2.1 IC95%1.5-3.2 cuando hay índice de pulsatilidad alterada en la arteria cerebral media. La regresión logística mostró que el riesgo de desenlaces desfavorables con alteraciones en la arteria cerebral media fue de RR 4.2 IC95% 2.5-7.1 ajustado por edad materna, edad gestacional y bajo peso al nacer. Discusión Los pacientes expuestos presentan mayor riesgo de desenlaces desfavorables con diferencias significativas, no así en otros estudios publicados. El presente estudio muestra asociaciones significativas que debe ser evaluada con estudios más amplios.

Modelación estocástica y trading algorítmico del spread entre acciones mediante procesos de reversión a la media

Las estrategias de inversión pairs trading se basan en desviaciones del precio entre pares de acciones correlacionadas y han sido ampliamente implementadas por fondos de inversión tomando posiciones largas y cortas en las acciones seleccionadas cuando surgen divergencias y obteniendo utilidad cerrando la posición al converger. Se describe un modelo de reversión a la media para analizar la dinámica que sigue el diferencial del precio entre acciones ordinarias y preferenciales de una misma empresa en el mismo mercado. La media de convergencia en el largo plazo es obtenida con un filtro de media móvil, posteriormente, los parámetros del modelo de reversión a la media se estiman mediante un filtro de Kalman bajo una formulación de estado espacio sobre las series históricas. Se realiza un backtesting a la estrategia de pairs trading algorítmico sobre el modelo propuesto indicando potenciales utilidades en mercados financieros que se observan por fuera del equilibrio. Aplicaciones de los resultados podrían mostrar oportunidades para mejorar el rendimiento de portafolios, corregir errores de valoración y sobrellevar mejor periodos de bajos retornos.

A survey of data mining techniques for social media analysis

Social network has gained remarkable attention in the last decade. Accessing social network sites such as Twitter, Facebook LinkedIn and Google+ through the internet and the web 2.0 technologies has become more affordable. People are becoming more interested in and relying on social network for information, news and opinion of other users on diverse subject matters. The heavy reliance on social network sites causes them to generate massive data characterised by three computational issues namely; size, noise and dynamism. These issues often make social network data very complex to analyse manually, resulting in the pertinent use of computational means of analysing them. Data mining provides a wide range of techniques for detecting useful knowledge from massive datasets like trends, patterns and rules [44]. Data mining techniques are used for information retrieval, statistical modelling and machine learning. These techniques employ data pre-processing, data analysis, and data interpretation processes in the course of data analysis. This survey discusses different data mining techniques used in mining diverse aspects of the social network over decades going from the historical techniques to the up-to-date models, including our novel technique named TRCM. All the techniques covered in this survey are listed in the Table.1 including the tools employed as well as names of their authors.

Representation and interpretation : textbooks, teachers, and historical culture

This article presents a study of how contemporary Swedish lower secondary school textbooks present the emergence of the Cold War and how 10 active lower secondary school history teachers interpreted a quotation that was ambiguous in relation to the general narrative in the studied Swedish textbooks, seeking to analyse textbooks both from the perspectives of content and reception. Applying a theoretical framework of uses of history, the study finds that the narratives presented in the studied textbooks are what could be called traditional in the sense that they do not acknowledge perspective and representation in history. While the interviewed teachers generally acknowledged that textbook narratives are representations of history and contingent on perspective, few teachers extended this to include how their own views affect their interpretations, suggesting an intermediary appreciation of the contextual contingency of historical narratives.

The BRICS: some historical experiences, growth challenges and opportunities

The acronym BRICS was a fad among the media and global investors. Now, the acronym sounds passé. However, the group of countries remains important, from both political and economic reasons. They have a large aggregate size, 28% of the global GDP and 42% of the world’s population, high growth potential due to the current significant misallocation of resources and relatively low stock of human capital, structural transformation is in progress and one of them, China, is taking steps to become a global power and a challenger to the US dominance. This paper provides a brief overview of the five economies, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. We focus on some aspects of their history, the Chinese initiatives in international finance and geopolitical strategic moves, their growth experience and structural transformation over the last 35 years, trade and investment integration into the global economy and among themselves, the growth challenges faced by their economies and the potential gains to the Brazilian economy from a stronger integration with the other BRICS. In association with its efforts to be a global power, China aims to become a major player in global finance and to achieve the status of global currency for the renminbi, which would be the first currency of an emerging economy to attain such position. Despite the similarities, the BRICS encompass very diverse economies. In the recent decades, China and India showed stellar growth rates. On the other hand, Brazil, Russia and South Africa have expanded just in line with global output growth with the Russian economy exhibiting high volatility. China is by far the largest economy, and South Africa the smallest, the only BRICS economy with a GDP lower than US$ 1 trillion. Russia abandoned communism almost 25 years ago, but reversed many of the privatizations of 90’s. China is still ruled by communism, but has a vibrant private sector and recently has officially declared market forces to play a dominant role in its economy. Brazil, Russia and South Africa are global natural resources powerhouses and commodity exporters while China and India are large commodity importers. Brazil is relatively closed to international trade of goods and services, in marked contrast to the other four economies. Brazil, India and South Africa are dependent on external capital flows whereas China and Russia are capital exporters. India and South Africa have younger populations and a large portion living below the poverty line. Despite its extraordinary growth experience that lifted many millions from poverty, China still has 28% of its population classified as poor. Russia and China have much older populations and one of their challenges is to deal with the effects of a declining labor force in the near future. India, China and South Africa face a long way to urbanization, while Brazil and Russia are already urbanized countries. China is an industrial economy but its primary sector still absorbs a large pool of workers. India is not, but the primary sector employs also a large share of the labor force. China’s aggregate demand structure is biased towards investment that has been driving its expansion. Brazil and South Africa have an aggregate demand structure similar to the developed economies, with private consumption accounting for approximately 70%. The same similarity applies to the supply side, as in both economies the share of services nears 70%. The development problem is a productivity problem, so microeconomic reforms are badly needed to foster long-term growth of the BRICS economies since they have lost steam due a variety of factors, but fundamentally due to slower total factor productivity growth. China and India are implementing ambitious reform programs, while Brazil is dealing with macroeconomic disequilibria. Russia and South Africa remain mute about structural reforms. There are some potential benefits to Brazil to be extracted from a greater economic integration with the BRICS, particularly in natural resources intensive industries and services. Necessary conditions to the materialization of those gains are the removal of the several sources of resource misallocation and strong investment in human capital.

Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes in air and aqueous media

This review focuses on the heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes in air and water. Representative studies spanning approximately three decades are included in this review. These studies have mostly used titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the inorganic semiconductor photocatalyst of choice for decolorizing and decomposing the organic dye to mineralized products. Other semiconductors such as ZnO, CdS, WO3, and Fe2O3 have also been used, albeit to a much smaller extent. The topics covered include historical aspects, dark adsorption of the dye on the semiconductor surface and its role in the subsequent photoreaction, semiconductor preparation details, photoreactor configurations, photooxidation kinetics/mechanisms and comparison with other Advanced Oxidation Processes (e.g., UV/H2O2, ozonation, UV/O3, Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions), visible light-induced dye decomposition by sensitization mechanism, reaction intermediates and toxicity issues, and real-world process scenarios. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Critical training of mass media documentalists

This study takes the old myth of objectivity in media discourse to one of the most important but unrecognized actors in the process of its construction: the mass media information scientist or documentalist. Accepting the subjective presence of the documentalist in his/her productions, this article opts for the recognition and explicit statement of this role, recommending two actions. First, we suggest that public higher education institutions combine the technical training of mass media documentalists with training in critical thinking skills. Our study analysed the subjects covered in course syllabi to detect the deficiencies to be addressed in meeting this objective. Second, we propose alternative lines of training that can contribute to cross-training of mass media documentalists in those degree programs to ensure that they acquire the needed skills in critical analysis.