Scales and Hierarchies: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective

The volume advances our understanding of the role of scales and hierarchies across the linguistic sciences. Although scales and hierarchies are widely assumed to play a role in the modelling of linguistic phenomena, their status remains controversial, and it is these controversies that the present volume tackles head-on.

Energy-Efficient In-Memory Data Stores on Hybrid Memory Hierarchies

Increasingly large amounts of data are stored in main memory of data center servers. However, DRAM-based memory is an important consumer of energy and is unlikely to scale in the future. Various byte-addressable non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies promise high density and near-zero static energy, however they suffer from increased latency and increased dynamic energy consumption.

This paper proposes to leverage a hybrid memory architecture, consisting of both DRAM and NVM, by novel, application-level data management policies that decide to place data on DRAM vs. NVM. We analyze modern column-oriented and key-value data stores and demonstrate the feasibility of application-level data management. Cycle-accurate simulation confirms that our methodology reduces the energy with least performance degradation as compared to the current state-of-the-art hardware or OS approaches. Moreover, we utilize our techniques to apportion DRAM and NVM memory sizes for these workloads.

Morphological diversification through the evolution of developmental hierarchies

Changes in development impact the final form of organisms and compose the natural variation that is the raw material for evolution. Development is hierarchically structured in progressive series of cell fate determination and differentiation. How does variation in different stages of development contribute to morphological diversification?

Extensive Social Choice and the Measurement of Group Fitness in Biological Hierarchies

Extensive social choice theory is used to study the problem of measuring group fitness in a two-level biological hierarchy. Both fixed and variable group size are considered. Axioms are identified that imply that the group measure satisfies a form of consequentialism in which group fitness only depends on the viabilities and fecundities of the individuals at the lower level in the hierarchy. This kind of consequentialism can take account of the group fitness advantages of germ-soma specialization, which is not possible with an alternative social choice framework proposed by Okasha, but which is an essential feature of the index of group fitness for a multicellular organism introduced by Michod, Viossat, Solari, Hurand, and Nedelcu to analyze the unicellular-multicellular evolutionary transition. The new framework is also used to analyze the fitness decoupling between levels that takes place during an evolutionary transition.

Concept exploration - a tool for creating and exploring conceptual hierarchies

Concept exploration is a knowledge acquisition tool for interactively exploring the hierarchical structure of finitely generated lattices. Applications comprise the support of knowledge engineers by constructing a type lattice for conceptual graphs, and the exploration of large formal contexts in formal concept analysis.

Hierarchies of conceptual scales

Formal Concept Analysis allows to derive conceptual hierarchies from data tables. Formal Concept Analysis is applied in various domains, e.g., data analysis, information retrieval, and knowledge discovery in databases. In order to deal with increasing sizes of the data tables (and to allow more complex data structures than just binary attributes), conceputal scales habe been developed. They are considered as metadata which structure the data conceptually. But in large applications, the number of conceptual scales increases as well. Techniques are needed which support the navigation of the user also on this meta-level of conceptual scales. In this paper, we attack this problem by extending the set of scales by hierarchically ordered higher level scales and by introducing a visualization technique called nested scaling. We extend the two-level architecture of Formal Concept Analysis (the data table plus one level of conceptual scales) to many-level architecture with a cascading system of conceptual scales. The approach also allows to use representation techniques of Formal Concept Analysis for the visualization of thesauri and ontologies.

General structures of Hamiltonian hierarchies

Three dimensional exactly solvable quantum potentials for which an extra term of form 1/r(2) has been added are shown to maintain their functional form which allows the construction of the Hamiltonian hierarchy and the determination of the spectra of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions within the Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics formalism. For the specific cases of the harmonic oscillator and the Coulomb potentials, known as pseudo-harmonic oscillator and pseudo-Coulomb potentials, it is shown here that the inclusion of the new term corresponds to rescaling the angular momentum and it is responsible for maintaining their exact solvability.

The structures underlying soliton solutions in integrable hierarchies

We point out that a common feature of integrable hierarchies presenting soliton solutions is the existence of some special ''vacuum solutions'' such that the Lax operators evaluated on them, lie in some abelian subalgebra of the associated Kac-Moody algebra. The soliton solutions are constructed out of those ''vacuum solitons'' by the dressing transformation procedure.

Modified Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy with hodograph transformation: Camassa-Holm and Harry-Dym hierarchies

In this paper, we present relations between Camassa-Holm (CH), Harry-Dym (HD) and modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) hierarchies, which are given by the hodograph type transformation. (C) 2001 IMACS. Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Supersymmetry for integrable hierarchies on loop superalgebras

An algebraic approach is employed to formulate N = 2 supersymmetry transformations in the context of integrable systems based on loop superalgebras sl(p + 1, p), p >= 1, with homogeneous gradation. We work with extended integrable hierarchies, which contain supersymmetric AKNS and Lund-Regge sectors. We derive the one-soliton solution for p = 1 which solves positive and negative evolution equations of the N = 2 supersyrnmetric model.

REDUCTION OF TODA LATTICE HIERARCHY TO GENERALIZED KDV HIERARCHIES AND THE 2-MATRIX MODEL

Toda lattice hierarchy and the associated matrix formulation of the 2M-boson KP hierarchies provide a framework for the Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction scheme realized through Hamiltonian action within the second KP Poisson bracket. By working with free currents, which Abelianize the second KP Hamiltonian structure, we are able to obtain a unified formalism for the reduced SL(M + 1, M - k) KdV hierarchies interpolating between the ordinary KP and KdV hierarchies. The corresponding Lax operators are given as superdeterminants of graded SL(M + 1, M - k) matrices in the diagonal gauge and we describe their bracket structure and field content. In particular, we provide explicit free field representations of the associated W(M, M - k) Poisson bracket algebras generalising the familiar nonlinear W-M+1 algebra. Discrete Backlund transformations for SL(M + 1, M - k) KdV are generated naturally from lattice translations in the underlying Toda-like hierarchy. As an application we demonstrate the equivalence of the two-matrix string model to the SL(M + 1, 1) KdV hierarchy.

ON DISCRETE SYSMMETRIES OF THE MULTI-BOSON KP HIERARCHIES

We show that the multi-boson KP hierarchies possess a class of discrete symmetries linking them to discrete Toda systems. These discrete symmetries are generated by the similarity transformation of the corresponding Lax operator. This establishes a canonical nature of the discrete transformations. The spectral equation, which defines both the lattice system and the corresponding Lax operator, plays a key role in determining pertinent symmetry structure. We also introduce the concept of the square root lattice leading to a family of new pseudo-differential operators with covariance under additional Backlund transformations.

Toda lattice realization of integrable hierarchies

We present a new realization of scalar integrable hierarchies in terms of the Toda lattice hierarchy. In other words, we show on a large number of examples that an integrable hierarchy, defined by a pseudo-differential Lax operator, can be embedded in the Toda lattice hierarchy. Such a realization in terms the Toda lattice hierarchy seems to be as general as the Drinfeld-Sokolov realization.

The correlation between subordinate fish eye colour and received attacks: a negative social feedback mechanism for the reduction of aggression during the formation of dominance hierarchies

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)