Single-ionization of helium at Ti:sapphire wavelengths: rates and scaling laws

We present a numerical and theoretical study of intense-field single-electron ionization of helium at 390 nm and 780 nm. Accurate ionization rates (over an intensity range of (0.175-34) X10^14 W/ cm^2 at 390 nm, and (0.275 - 14.4) X 10^14 W /cm^2 at 780 nm) are obtained from full-dimensionality integrations of the time-dependent helium-laser Schroedinger equation. We show that the power law of lowest order perturbation theory, modified with a ponderomotive-shifted ionization potential, is capable of modelling the ionization rates over an intensity range that extends up to two orders of magnitude higher than that applicable to perturbation theory alone. Writing the modified perturbation theory in terms of scaled wavelength and intensity variables, we obtain to first approximation a single ionization law for both the 390 nm and 780 nm cases. To model the data in the high intensity limit as well as in the low, a new function is introduced for the rate. This function has, in part, a resemblance to that derived from tunnelling theory but, importantly, retains the correct frequency-dependence and scaling behaviour derived from the perturbative-like models at lower intensities. Comparison with the predictions of classical ADK tunnelling theory confirms that ADK performs poorly in the frequency and intensity domain treated here.

Relationships and significance of lactate minimum, critical velocity, heart rate deflection and 3 000 m track-tests for running

The running velocities associated to lactate minimum (V-lm), heart rate deflection (V-HRd), critical velocity (CV), 3000 M (V-3000) and 10000 m performance (V-10km) were compared. Additionally the ability of V-lm and VHRd on identifying sustainable velocities was investigated.Methods. Twenty runners (28.5 +/- 5.9 y) performed 1) 3000 m running test for V3000; 2) an all-out 500 in sprint followed by 6x800 m incremental bouts with blood lactate ([lac]) measurements for V-lm; 3) a continuous velocity-incremented test with heart rate measurements at each 200 m for V-HRd; 4) participants attempted to 30 min of endurance test both at V-lm(ETVlm) and V-HRd(ETVHRd). Additionally, the distance-time and velocity-1/time relationships produced CV by 2 (500 m and 3000 m) or 3 predictive trials (500 m, 3000 m and distance reached before exhaustion during ETVHRd), and a 10 km race was recorded for V-10km.Results. The CV identified by different methods did not differ to each other. The results (m(.)min(-1)) revealed that V-.(lm) (281 +/- 14.8)< CV (292.1 +/- 17.5)=V-10km (291.7 +/- 19.3)< V-HRd (300.8 +/- 18.7)=V-3000 (304 +/- 17.5) with high correlation among parameters (P < 0.001). During ETVlm participants completed 30 min of running while on the ETVHRd they lasted only 12.5 +/- 8.2 min with increasing [lac].Conclusion. We evidenced that CV and Vim track-protocols are valid for running evaluation and performance prediction and the parameters studied have different significance. The V-lm reflects the moderate-high intensity domain (below CV), can be sustained without [lac] accumulation and may be used for long-term exercise while the V-HRd overestimates a running intensity that can be sustained for long-time. Additionally, V-3000 and V-HRd reflect the severe intensity domain (above CV).

Efeito do modo de exercício sobre a cinética do consumo de oxigênio durante o exercício severo em crianças

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Le rôle des réponses cardiovasculaires et respiratoires sur la cognition chez les jeunes et les ainés sains

En plus de contribuer à améliorer la santé de façon générale, l’activité physique chronique pourrait modérer le déclin cognitif associé au vieillissement normal et pathologique (Colcombe et Kramer, 2003; Heyn et al., 2004). Plus précisément, la pratique à long terme d’activités cardiovasculaires aurait des effets positifs sur la cognition des ainés et plus particulièrement sur le contrôle attentionnel, un aspect précocement touché au cours du vieillissement (Raz, 2000; Bherer et al., 2008). Toutefois, les mécanismes par lesquels l’exercice physique aigu améliore la cognition demeurent limités. Malgré ses nombreuses implications théoriques et pratiques, la réponse aiguë de l’oxygénation cérébrale à l’exercice physique et sa relation avec la cognition sont trop peu étudiées. Cette thèse se consacre à cette question. Des études récentes en neuro-imagerie chez les jeunes adultes démontrent que la relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale et l’intensité de l’exercice suit la forme d’un U inversé. Il existe un seuil au-delà duquel l’oxygénation cérébrale diminue avec l’augmentation de l’intensité de l’exercice. Supposant que les performances cognitives dépendent de la disponibilité de l’oxygène cérébral, cette relation en U inversé devrait affecter les performances cognitives. Avant de préciser le rôle exact de l’oxygénation cérébrale sur les fonctions cognitives, nous avons d’abord examiné le temps nécessaire pour que l’oxygénation cérébrale atteigne un état stable et la durée pendant laquelle cette période stable peut être maintenue lors de paliers de sept minutes à une puissance sous-maximale (40%, 60% et 85% de la puissance aérobie maximale). Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une relation inverse entre la durée de l’état stable et l’intensité de l’exercice. Suite à cette vérification méthodologique, la prochaine étape a été de tester la possible relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale, l’intensité de l’exercice et les performances cognitives, au cours du processus de vieillissement. Les résultats de ces études démontrent que la chute de l’oxygénation cérébrale observée lors des exercices de haute intensité est associée avec une diminution des performances cognitives. Les résultats de cette thèse corrigent l’écart existant dans la documentation entre l’exercice, les fonctions cognitives et les mécanismes neurophysiologiques.

Le rôle des réponses cardiovasculaires et respiratoires sur la cognition chez les jeunes et les ainés sains

En plus de contribuer à améliorer la santé de façon générale, l’activité physique chronique pourrait modérer le déclin cognitif associé au vieillissement normal et pathologique (Colcombe et Kramer, 2003; Heyn et al., 2004). Plus précisément, la pratique à long terme d’activités cardiovasculaires aurait des effets positifs sur la cognition des ainés et plus particulièrement sur le contrôle attentionnel, un aspect précocement touché au cours du vieillissement (Raz, 2000; Bherer et al., 2008). Toutefois, les mécanismes par lesquels l’exercice physique aigu améliore la cognition demeurent limités. Malgré ses nombreuses implications théoriques et pratiques, la réponse aiguë de l’oxygénation cérébrale à l’exercice physique et sa relation avec la cognition sont trop peu étudiées. Cette thèse se consacre à cette question. Des études récentes en neuro-imagerie chez les jeunes adultes démontrent que la relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale et l’intensité de l’exercice suit la forme d’un U inversé. Il existe un seuil au-delà duquel l’oxygénation cérébrale diminue avec l’augmentation de l’intensité de l’exercice. Supposant que les performances cognitives dépendent de la disponibilité de l’oxygène cérébral, cette relation en U inversé devrait affecter les performances cognitives. Avant de préciser le rôle exact de l’oxygénation cérébrale sur les fonctions cognitives, nous avons d’abord examiné le temps nécessaire pour que l’oxygénation cérébrale atteigne un état stable et la durée pendant laquelle cette période stable peut être maintenue lors de paliers de sept minutes à une puissance sous-maximale (40%, 60% et 85% de la puissance aérobie maximale). Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une relation inverse entre la durée de l’état stable et l’intensité de l’exercice. Suite à cette vérification méthodologique, la prochaine étape a été de tester la possible relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale, l’intensité de l’exercice et les performances cognitives, au cours du processus de vieillissement. Les résultats de ces études démontrent que la chute de l’oxygénation cérébrale observée lors des exercices de haute intensité est associée avec une diminution des performances cognitives. Les résultats de cette thèse corrigent l’écart existant dans la documentation entre l’exercice, les fonctions cognitives et les mécanismes neurophysiologiques.

Mum, why are the potholes 8 feet apart? Repetitive wheel loads from heavy vehicles in the spatial domain

This paper presents the results of testing to determine pavement forces from three heavy vehicles (HVs). The HVs were instrumented to measure their wheel forces. A “novel roughness” value of the roads during testing is also derived. The various dynamic pavement forces are presented according to the range of novel roughness of pavement surfacings encountered during testing. The paper then examines the relationship between the two derived wavelengths predominant within the HV suspensions; those of axle hop and body-bounce. How these may be considered as contributing to spatial repetition of pavement forces from HVs is discussed. The paper concludes that pavement models need to be revised since dynamic forces from HVs in particular are not generally considered in current pavement design.

Effects of increasing neuromuscular electrical stimulation current intensity on cortical sensorimotor network activation: A time domain fNIRS study

Neuroimaging studies have shown neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-evoked movements activate regions of the cortical sensorimotor network, including the primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and secondary somatosensory area (S2), as well as regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) known to be involved in pain processing. The aim of this study, on nine healthy subjects, was to compare the cortical network activation profile and pain ratings during NMES of the right forearm wrist extensor muscles at increasing current intensities up to and slightly over the individual maximal tolerated intensity (MTI), and with reference to voluntary (VOL) wrist extension movements. By exploiting the capability of the multi-channel time domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy technique to relate depth information to the photon time-of-flight, the cortical and superficial oxygenated (O₂Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin concentrations were estimated. The O₂Hb and HHb maps obtained using the General Linear Model (NIRS-SPM) analysis method, showed that the VOL and NMES-evoked movements significantly increased activation (i.e., increase in O₂Hb and corresponding decrease in HHb) in the cortical layer of the contralateral sensorimotor network (SMC, PMC/SMA, and S2). However, the level and area of contralateral sensorimotor network (including PFC) activation was significantly greater for NMES than VOL. Furthermore, there was greater bilateral sensorimotor network activation with the high NMES current intensities which corresponded with increased pain ratings. In conclusion, our findings suggest that greater bilateral sensorimotor network activation profile with high NMES current intensities could be in part attributable to increased attentional/pain processing and to increased bilateral sensorimotor integration in these cortical regions.

Computation of Thermal Stress Intensity Factors for Bimaterial Interface Cracks Using Domain Integral Method

The concept of domain integral used extensively for J integral has been applied in this work for the formulation of J(2) integral for linear elastic bimaterial body containing a crack at the interface and subjected to thermal loading. It is shown that, in the presence of thermal stresses, the J(k) domain integral over a closed path, which does not enclose singularities, is a function of temperature and body force. A method is proposed to compute the stress intensity factors for bimaterial interface crack subjected to thermal loading by combining this domain integral with the J(k) integral. The proposed method is validated by solving standard problems with known solutions.

Ultrahigh-intensity laser-produced plasmas as a compact heavy ion injection source

The possibility of using high-intensity laser-produced plasmas as a source of energetic ions for heavy ion accelerators is addressed. Experiments have shown that neon ions greater than 6 MeV can be produced from gas jet plasmas, and well-collimated proton beams greater than 20 MeV have been produced from high-intensity Laser solid interactions. The proton beams from the back of thin targets appear to be more collimated and reproducible than are high-energy ions generated in the ablated plasma at the front of the target and may be more suitable for ion injection applications. Lead ions have been produced at energies up to 430 MeV.

High-Intensity Resistance Training with Insufficient Recovery Time Between Bouts Induce Atrophy and Alterations in Myosin Heavy Chain Content in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Exercise domain profile through pulmonary gas exchange response during kendo practice by men

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Point mutations in the stem region and the fourth AAA domain of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain partially suppress the phenotype of NUDF/LIS1 loss in Aspergillus nidulans

Cytoplasmic dynein performs multiple cellular tasks but its regulation remains unclear. The dynein heavy chain has a N-terminal stem that binds to other subunits and a C-terminal motor unit that contains six AAA (ATPase associated with cellular activities) domains and a microtubule-binding site located between AAA4 and AAA5. In Aspergillus nidulans, NUDF (a LIS1 homolog) functions in the dynein pathway, and two nudF6 partial suppressors were mapped to the nudA dynein heavy chain locus. Here we identified these two mutations. The nudAL1098F mutation resides in the stem region, and nudAR3086C is in the end of AAA4. These mutations partially suppress the phenotype of nudF deletion but do not suppress the phenotype exhibited by mutants of dynein intermediate chain and Arp1. Surprisingly, the stronger DeltanudF suppressor, nudAR3086C, causes an obvious decrease in the basal level of dynein's ATPase activity and an increase in dynein's distribution along microtubules. Thus, suppression of the DeltanudF phenotype may result from mechanisms other than simply the enhancement of dynein's ATPase activity. The fact that a mutation in the end of AAA4 negatively regulates dynein's ATPase activity but partially compensates for NUDF loss indicates the importance of the AAA4 domain in dynein regulation in vivo.