Desenvolvimento e caracterização de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras lignocelulósicas: HIPS / fibra de casca do coco verde e bagaço de cana de açucar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Valorización de subproductos agrícolas y forestales como sustratos de cultivo en el estado de Oaxaca (México)

El presente trabajo aborda el aprovechamiento de algunos subproductos agrícolas (bagazo de maguey y fibra de coco) y forestales (corteza de pino) en el Estado de Oaxaca (Sur de México). El objetivo principal se centra en localizar, cuantificar y caracterizar estos con vistas a su aplicación como sustratos o componentes de sustratos en cultivos ornamentales, forestales y hortícolas, y a su uso como enmiendas en cultivos tipo. Así mismo se persigue reducir el uso de la turba y la tierra de monte como sustratos mayoritarios en la actualidad. Para la localización de los subproductos se utilizaron los datos de los registros parcelarios de los productores de coco para la obtención de copra (generadores de fibra de coco) de la región costa y de los productores de mezcal (generadores del residuo de bagazo de maguey) de la región valles centrales, así como las ubicaciones de los aserraderos forestales en el Estado de Oaxaca. Se emplea un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) con una cartografía digitalizada de los elementos del medio (clima, geología y suelo), de los cultivos generadores (bagazo de maguey, fibra de coco y corteza de pino), de la agricultura protegida como receptora (tomate) y de la agricultura extensiva con cultivos receptores de enmienda (café, hule, limón, mango, palma de coco y maguey). La producción anual de los residuos se cartografía y cuantifica con los siguientes resultados: bagazo de maguey 624.000 t, fibra de coco 86.000 m3 y 72.000 t de corteza de pino. Mediante el estudio de las características de los suelos de los cultivos receptores y de los requerimientos de materia orgánica de cada cultivo se calcularon las necesidades totales de materia orgánica para cada suelo. Los resultados de las cantidades globales para cada cultivo en todo el Estado muestran una necesidad total de 3.112.000 t de materia orgánica como enmienda. Con los datos obtenidos y a través de un algoritmo matemático se realiza una propuesta de localización de dos plantas de compostaje (de bagazo de maguey y fibra de coco) y cuatro plantas de compostaje de corteza de pino. Con el fin de conocer los subproductos a valorizar como sustrato o componente de sustrato se caracteriza su composición física‐química, siguiendo Normas UNE‐EN, y se analizan mediante Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Para el acondicionamiento de bagazo de maguey y la corteza de pino se realizaron ensayos de compostaje. Al final de 241 días la temperatura y la humedad de ambos procesos se encontraban en los rangos recomendados, indicando que los materiales estaban estabilizados y con calidad para ser utilizados como sustrato o componente de sustrato. Para la fibra de coco se realizó el proceso de molienda en seco de conchas de coco provenientes de la comunidad de Río Grande Oaxaca (Principal zona productora de copra en Oaxaca). Posteriormente se emplean los materiales obtenidos como componentes para sustratos de cultivo. Se estudia el compost de bagazo de maguey y siete mezclas; el compost de corteza de pino y ocho mezclas y la fibra de coco con tres mezclas. Estos sustratos alternativos permiten obtener mezclas y reducir el uso de la tierra de monte, turba, arcilla expandida y vermiculita, siendo por tanto una alternativa sostenible para la producción en invernadero. Se elaboraron mezclas especificas para el cultivo de Lilium hibrido asiático y oriental (siete mezclas), sustratos eco‐compatibles para cultivo de tomate (nueve mezclas), para la producción de planta forestal (siete mezclas) y para la producción de plántula hortícola (ocho mezclas). Como resultados más destacados del bagazo de maguey, corteza de pino y las mezclas obtenidas se resume lo siguiente: el bagazo de maguey, con volúmenes crecientes de turba (20, 30, 50 y 60 %) y la corteza de pino, con volúmenes de turba 40 y 60%, presentan valores muy recomendados de porosidad, capacidad de aireación, capacidad de retención de humedad y equilibrio agua‐aire. Para la fibra de coco, la procedente de Río Grande presenta mejor valoración que la muestra comercial de fibra de coco de Morelos. Por último se llevó a cabo la evaluación agronómica de los sustratos‐mezclas, realizando cinco experimentos por separado, estudiando el desarrollo vegetal de cultivos tipo, que se concretan en los siguientes ensayos: 1. Producción de Lilium asiático y oriental en cama para flor de corte; 2. Producción de Lilium oriental en contenedor para flor de corte; 3. Producción de plántula forestal (Pinus greggii E y Pinus oaxacana M); 4. Producción de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L) y 5. Producción de plántula de tomate en semillero (Solanum lycopersicum L). En relación a la producción de Lilium hibrido asiático en cama los sustratos corteza de pino (CPTU 80:20 v/v), corteza de pino + sustrato comercial (CPSC 80:20 v/v) y corteza de pino+turba+arcilla expandida+vermiculita (CPTAEV2 30:40:15:15 v/v) presentan los mejores resultados. Dichos sustratos también presentan adecuados resultados para Lilium hibrido oriental con excepción de la corteza de pino + turba (CPTU 80:20 v/v). En la producción de Lilium hibrido oriental en contenedor para flor de corte, además de los sustratos de CPSC y CPTAEV2, la mezcla de corteza de pino+turba+arcilla expandida+vermiculita (CPTAEV 70:20:5:5 v/v) manifestó una respuesta favorable. En el ensayo de producción de plántulas de Pinus greggii E y Pinus oaxacana Mirov, las mezclas con corteza de pino+turba+arcilla expandida+vermiculita (CPTAEV2 30:40:15:15 v/v) y bagazo de maguey turba+arcilla expandida+vermiculita (BMTAEV2 30:60:5:5 v/v) son una alternativa que permite disminuir el empleo de turba, arcilla expandida y vermiculita, en comparación con el sustrato testigo de turba+arcilla expandida+vermiculita (TAEV 60:30:10 v/v). En la producción de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L) frente a la utilización actual del serrín sin compostar (SSC), las mezclas alternativas de bagazo de maguey+turba (BMT 70:30 v/v), fibra de coco de Río Grande (FCRG 100v/v) y corteza de pino+turba (CPT 70:30 v/v), presentaron los mejores resultados en rendimientos. Así mismo, en la producción de plántulas de tomate las dos mezclas alternativas de bagazo de maguey+turba+ arcilla expandida+vermiculita (BMTAEV5 50:30:10:10 v/v) y (BMTAEV6 40:40:10:10 v/v) presentaron mejores resultados que los obtenidos en la mezcla comercial (Sunshine 3), mayoritariamente utilizada en México en la producción de plántula de tomate y hortícola. ABSTRACT This paper addresses the use of some agricultural products (maguey bagasse and coconut fiber) and forestry (pine bark) in the State of Oaxaca (southern Mexico). The principal purpose is to locate, quantify and characterize these with the idea of applying them as substrates or substrate components in ornamental crops, forestry, horticultural, and their use as crop amendments. On the other hand, the reduction of peat and forest soil as main substrates is pursued. For the location of the products, registry parcel data from copra producers (coconut fiber generators) of the coastal region and mescal producers (maguey bagasse residue generators) of the central valleys region, as well as the locations of forest mills in the State of Oaxaca. A Geographic Information System (GIS) with digital mapping of environmental factors (climate, geology and soil), crop generators of residues (maguey bagasse, coconut and pine bark) receptors of amendments such as protected agriculture (tomato) and extensive agriculture crops (coffee, rubber, lemon, mango, coconut and agave). The annual production of waste is mapped and quantified with the following results: 624,000t maguey bagasse, coconut fiber 72,000 m3 and 86,000 t of pine bark. Through the study of receiving crops soils properties of and organic matter requirements of each crop, total needs of organic matter for each soil were estimated. The results of the total quantities for each crop across the state show a total of 3,112,000 t of organic matter needed as amendment. Using that data and a mathematical algorithm, the location of two composting plants (agave bagasse and coconut fiber) and four composting plants pine bark was proposed. In order to know the by‐products that were going to be used as substrates or substrate components, their physical‐chemical composition was analyzed following UNE‐EN technics. Furthermore they were analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). For conditioning of maguey bagasse and pine bark, composting essays were conducted. At the end of 241 days the temperature and humidity of both processes were at the recommended ranges, indicating that the materials were stabilized and had reached the quality to be used as a substrate or substrate component. Coconut shells from the community of Rio Grande Oaxaca (Main copra producing area in Oaxaca) were put through a process of dry milling. Subsequently, the obtained materials were used as components for growing media. We studied the maguey bagasse compost and seven mixtures; the pine bark compost and eight blends and coconut fiber with three mixtures. These alternative substrates allow obtaining mixtures and reduce the use of forest soil, peat, vermiculite and expanded clay, making it a sustainable alternative for greenhouse production. Specific mixtures were prepared for growing Lillium, Asian and eastern hybrids (seven blends), eco‐compatible substrates for tomato (nine mixtures), for producing forest plant (seven mixtures) and for the production of horticultural seedlings (eight mixtures). Results from maguey bagasse, pine bark and mixtures obtained are summarized as follows: the maguey bagasse, with increasing volumes of peat (20, 30, 50 and 60%) and pine bark mixed with 40 and 60% peat by volume, have very recommended values of porosity, aeration capacity, water retention capacity and water‐air balance. Coconut fiber from Rio Grande had better quality than commercial coconut fiber from Morelos. Finally the agronomic evaluation of substrates‐mixtures was carried out conducting five experiments separately: 1. Production of Asiatic and Eastern Lilium in bed for cut flower, 2. Production of oriental Lillium in container for cut flower, 3.Production of forest seedlings (Pinus greggii E and Pinus oaxacana M), 4. Production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) and 5. Tomato seedling production in seedbed (Solanum lycopersicum L). In relation to the production of hybrid Asian Lilium in bed, pine bark substrates (CPTU 80:20 v/v), pine bark + commercial substrate (CPSC 80:20 v/v) and pine bark + peat + expanded clay + vermiculite (CPTAEV2 30:40:15:15 v/v) showed the best results. Such substrates also have adequate results for Lilium Oriental hybrid except pine bark + peat (CPTU 80:20 v / v). In the production of Lilium oriental hybrid container for cut flower, besides the CPSC and CPTAEV2 substrates, the mixture of pine bark + peat + vermiculite expanded clay (CPTAEV 70:20:5:5 v / v) showed a favorable response. In the production of Pinus greggii E and Pinus oaxacana Mirov seedlings trial, mixtures with pine bark + peat + expanded clay + vermiculite (CPTAEV2 30:40:15:15 v/v) and maguey bagasse+ peat+ expanded clay + vermiculite (BMTAEV2 30:60:5:5 v / v) are an alternative which allows reducing the use of peat, vermiculite and expanded clay in comparison with the control substrate made of peat + expanded clay+ vermiculite (60:30 TAEV: 10 v/v). In the production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), alternative mixes of maguey bagasse + peat (BMT 70:30 v/v), coconut fiber from Rio Grande (FCRG 100 v / v) and pine bark + peat (CPT 70:30 v / v) showed the best results in yields versus the current use of sawdust without compost (SSC). Likewise, in the production of tomato seedlings of the two alternative mixtures maguey bagasse + peat expanded clay + vermiculite (BMTAEV5 50:30:10:10 v/v) and (BMTAEV6 40:40:10:10 v/v) had better results than those obtained in the commercial mixture (Sunshine 3), mainly used in Mexico in tomato seedling production and horticulture.

Avaliação do potencial da fibra e casca de coco maduro, casca de coco verde e cacto pré-tratados visando à produção de etanol

The present work investigated the potential of different residual lignocellulosic materials generated in rural and urban areas (coconut fibre mature, green coconut shell and mature coconut shell), and vegetable cultivated in inhospitable environments (cactus) aimed at the production of ethanol, being all materials abundant in the Northeast region of Brazil. These materials were submitted to pretreatments with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by sodium hydroxide (AHP-SHP), autohydrolysis (AP), hydrothermal catalyzed with sodium hydroxide (HCSHP) and alkali ethanol organosolv (AEOP). These materials pretreated were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and strategies of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and saccharification and fermentation semi-simultaneous (SSSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. It was also evaluated the presence of inhibitory compounds (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid) and seawater during the fermentative process. Materials pretreated with AHP-SHP have resulted in delignification of the materials in a range between 54 and 71%, containing between 51.80 and 54.91% of cellulose, between 17.65 and 28.36% of hemicellulose, between 7.99 and 10.12% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversions in glucose between 68 and 76%. Conversion yields in ethanol using SSF and SSSF for coconut fibre mature pretreated ranged from 0.40 and 0.43 g/g, 0.43 and 0.45 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AP showed yields of solids between 42.92 and 92.74%, containing between 30.65 and 51.61% of cellulose, 21.34 and 41.28% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in glucose conversions between 84.10 and 92.52%. Proceeds from conversion into ethanol using green coconut shell pretreated, in strategy SSF and SSSF, were between 0.43 and 0.45 g/g. Coconut fibre mature pretreated by HCSHP presented solids yields between 21.64 and 60.52%, with increased in cellulose between 28.40 and 131.20%, reduction of hemicellulose between 43.22 and 69.04% and reduction in lignin between 8.27 and 89.13%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion in glucose of 90.72%. Ethanol yields using the SSF and SSSF were 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AEOP showed solid reductions between 10.75 and 43.18%, cellulose increase up to 121.67%, hemicellulose reduction up to 77.09% and lignin reduced up to 78.22%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion of glucose between 77.54 and 84.27%. Yields conversion into ethanol using the SSF and SSSF with cactus pretreated ranged from 0.41 and 0.44 g/g, 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Fermentations carried out in bioreactors resulted in yields and ethanol production form 0.42 and 0.46 g/g and 7.62 and 12.42 g/L, respectively. The inhibitory compounds showed negative synergistic effects in fermentations performed by P. stipitis, Z. mobilis and S. cerevisiae. Formic acid and acetic acid showed most significant effects among the inhibitory compounds, followed by hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and levulinic acid. Fermentations carried out in culture medium diluted with seawater showed promising results, especially for S. cerevisiae (0.50 g/g) and Z. mobilis (0.49 g/g). The different results obtained in this study indicate that lignocellulosic materials, pretreatments, fermentative processes strategies and the microorganisms studied deserve attention because they are promising and capable of being used in the context of biorefinery, aiming the ethanol production.

Overview on bio-based building material made with plant aggregate

Global warming, energy savings, and life cycle analysis issues are factors that have contributed to the rapid expansion of plant-based materials for buildings, which can be qualified as environmental-friendly, sustainable and efficient multifunctional materials. This review presents an overview on the several possibilities developed worldwide about the use of plant aggregate to design bio-based building materials. The use of crushed vegetal aggregates such as hemp (shiv), flax, coconut shells and other plants associated to mineral binder represents the most popular solution adopted in the beginning of this revolution in building materials. Vegetal aggregates are generally highly porous with a low apparent density and a complex architecture marked by a multi-scale porosity. These geometrical characteristics result in a high capacity to absorb sounds and have hygro-thermal transfer ability. This is one of the essential characteristics which differ of vegetal concrete compared to the tradition mineral-based concretes. In addition, the high flexibility of the aggregates leads to a non-fragile elasto-plastic behavior and a high deformability under stress, lack of fracturing and marked ductility with absorbance of the strains ever after having reached the maximum mechanical strength. Due to the sensitivity to moisture, the assessment of the durability of vegetal concrete constitutes one of the next scientific challenging of bio-based building materials.

BENEFICIAL REUSE OF LOCALLY-AVAILABLE WASTE MATERIALS AS LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE IN LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

This study investigated the physical characteristics of lightweight concrete produced using waste materials as coarse aggregate. The study was inspired by the author’s Peace Corps service in Kilwa, Tanzania. Coconut shell, sisal fiber, and PET plastic were chosen as the test waste products due to their abundance in the area. Two mixes were produced for each waste product and the mix proportions designed for resulting compressive strengths of 3000 and 5000 psi. The proportions were selected based on guidelines for lightweight concrete from the American Concrete Institute. In preparation for mixing, coconut shells were crushed into aggregate no larger than 3/4 inch, sisal fiber was cut into pieces no longer than 3/8 inch, and PET plastic was shredded into 1/4 inch-wide strips no longer than 6 inches. Replicate samples were mixed and then cured for 28 days before they were tested for compressive strength, unit weight, and absorption. The resulting data were compared to ASTM Standards for lightweight concrete masonry units to determine their adequacy. Based on these results, there is potential for coconut shell to be used as coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete. Sisal fiber was unsuccessful in producing the appropriate compressive strength. However, the reduction in spalling of the hardened concrete and the induction of air in the mixes incorporating sisal fiber suggests that it has the potential to improve other characteristics of lightweight concrete. Concrete mixes using PET plastic as aggregate resulted in adequate compressive strengths, but were too dense to be considered ‘lightweight’ concrete. With some adjustments to slightly decrease absorption and unit weight, the PET plastic concrete mixes could be classified as medium weight concrete and, therefore, achieve many of the same benefits as would be seen with lightweight concrete.

A positional FEM Formulation for geometrical non-linear analysis of shells

This work presents a fully non-linear finite element formulation for shell analysis comprising linear strain variation along the thickness of the shell and geometrically exact description for curved triangular elements. The developed formulation assumes positions and generalized unconstrained vectors as the variables of the problem, not displacements and finite rotations. The full 3D Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff constitutive relation is adopted and, to avoid locking, the rate of thickness variation enhancement is introduced. As a consequence, the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the Green strain measure are employed to derive the specific strain energy potential. Curved triangular elements with cubic approximation are adopted using simple notation. Selected numerical simulations illustrate and confirm the objectivity, accuracy, path independence and applicability of the proposed technique.

Lesions caused by cardiovascular flukes (Digenea : Spirorchidae) in stranded green turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Evidence of infection with spirorchid flukes (Digenea: Spirorchidae) was sought at necropsy of 96 stranded green turtles, Chelonia mydas, that were examined during the course of a survey of marine turtle mortality in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Three species of spirorchid (Hapalotrema mehrai, H. postorchis, and Neospirorchis schistosomatoides) were identified. Severe disease due to spirorchid fluke infection (spirorchidiasis) was implicated as the principal cause of mortality in 10 turtles (10%), and appeared to be one of multiple severe problems in an additional 29 turtles (30%). Although flukes were observed in only 45% of stranded C. mydas in this study, presumed spirorchid fluke infection was diagnosed in an additional 53% of turtles, based principally on characteristic necropsy lesions and to a lesser extent on the histopathological detection of spirorchid eggs. Characteristic necropsy lesions included miliary spirorchid egg granulomas, which were observed most readily on serosal surfaces, particularly of the small intestine. Cardiovascular lesions included mural endocarditis, arteritis, and thrombosis, frequently accompanied by aneurysm formation. Resolution of thrombi was observed to occur via a combination of granuloma formation about indigestible components (spirorchid fluke egg shells) and exteriorization through the vessel wall, which resulted in granulomatous nodules on the adventitial surface. Septic aortic thrombosis complicated by disseminated bacterial infection, observed in five turtles, was recorded for the first time. Egg granulomas were ubiquitous in turtle tissues throughout this study. Although they generally appeared to be mild or incidental lesions, they were occasionally associated with severe multifocal granulomatous pneumonia or meningitis.

Two-photon ionization of atomic inner-shells

Die Summation ueber des vollstaendige Spektrum des Atoms, die in der Stoehrungstheorie zweiter Ordnung vorkommt, wurde mit Hilfe der Greenschen Funktion Methode berechnet. Die Methode der Greenschen Funktion verlangt die Berechnung der unterschiedlichen Greenschen Funktionen: eine Coulomb-Greensche-Funktion im Fall von wasserstoffaehnlichen Ionen und eine Zentral-feld-Greensche-Funktion im Fall des Vielelektronen-Atoms. Die entwickelte Greensche Funktion erlaubte uns die folgenden atomaren Systeme in die Zweiphotonenionisierung der folgenden atomaren Systeme zu untersuchen: - wasserstoffaehnliche Ionen, um relativistische und Multipol-Effekte aufzudecken, - die aeussere Schale des Lithium; Helium und Helium-aehnliches Neon im Grundzustand, um taugliche Modelle des atomaren Feldes zu erhalten, - K- und L-Schalen des Argon, um die Vielelektronen-Effekte abzuschaetzen. Zusammenfassend, die relativistische Effekte ergeben sich in einer allgemeinen Reduzierung der Zweiphotonen Wirkungsquerschnitte. Zum Beispiel, betraegt das Verhaeltnis zwischen den nichtrelativistischen und relativistischen Wirkungsquerschnitten einen Faktor zwei fuer wasserstoffaehnliches Uran. Ausser dieser relativistischen Kontraktion, ist auch die relativistische Aufspaltung der Zwischenzustaende fuer mittelschwere Ionen sichtbar. Im Gegensatz zu den relativistischen Effekten, beeinflussen die Multipol-Effekte die totalen Wirkungsquerschnitte sehr wenig, so dass die Langwellennaeherung mit der exakten Naeherung fuer schwere Ionen sogar innerhalb von 5 Prozent uebereinstimmt. Die winkelaufgeloesten Wirkungsquerschnitte werden durch die relativistischen Effekte auf eine beeindruckende Weise beeinflusst: die Form der differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitte aendert sich (qualitativ) abhaengig von der Photonenenergie. Ausserdem kann die Beruecksichtigung der hoeheren Multipole die elektronische Ausbeute um einen Faktor drei aendern. Die Vielelektronen-Effekte in der Zweiphotonenionisierung wurden am Beispiel der K- und L-Schalen des Argon analysiert. Hiermit wurden die totalen Wirkungsquerschnitte in einer Ein-aktives-Elektron-Naeherung (single-active-electron approximation) berechnet. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass die Elektron--Elektron-Wechselwirkung sehr wichtig fuer die L-Schale und vernachlaessigbar fuer die K-Schale ist. Das bedeutet, dass man die totalen Wirkungsquerschnitte mit wasserstoffaehnlichen Modellen im Fall der K-Schale beschreiben kann, aber fuer die L-Schale fortgeschrittene Modelle erforderlich sind. Die Ergebnisse fuer Vielelektronen-Atome wurden mittels einer Dirac-Zentral-feld-Greenschen Funktion erlangt. Ein numerischer Algorithmus wurde urspruenglich von McGuire (1981) fuer der Schroedinger-Zentral-feld-Greensche Funktion eingefuehrt. Der Algorithmus wurde in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal fuer die Dirac-Gleichung angewandt. Unser Algorithmus benutzt die Kummer- und Tricomi-Funktionen, die mit Hilfe eines zuverlaessigen, aber noch immer langsamen Programmes berechnet wurden. Die Langsamkeit des Programms begrenzt den Bereich der Aufgaben, die effizient geloest werden koennen. Die Zentral-feld-Greensche Funktion konnte bei den folgenden Problemen benutzt werden: - Berechnung der Zweiphotonen-Zerfallsraten, - Berechnung der Zweiphotonenanregung und -ionisierungs-Wirkungsquerschnitte, - Berechnung die Multiphotonenanregung und -ionisierungs-Wirkungsquerschnitte, - Berechnung einer atomaren Vielelektronen-Green-Funktion. Von diesen Aufgaben koennen nur die ersten beiden in angemessener Zeit geloest werden. Fuer die letzten beiden Aufgaben ist unsere Implementierung zu langsam und muss weiter verbessert werden.

Improving food and nutritional security of small and marginal coconut growers through diversification of crops and enterprises

This paper presents the impact of integrating interventions like nutrition gardening, livestock rearing, product diversification and allied income generation activities in small and marginal coconut homesteads along with nutrition education in improving the food and nutritional security as well as the income of the family members. The activities were carried out through registered Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in three locations in Kerala, India during 2005-2008. Data was collected before and after the project periods through interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire containing statements indicating the adequacy, quality and diversity of food materials. Fifty respondents each were randomly selected from the three communities, thereby resulting in a total sample size of 150. The data was analysed using SPSS by adopting statistical tools like frequency, average, percentage analysis, t – test and regression. Participatory planning and implementation of diverse interventions notably intercropping and off-farm activities along with nutrition education brought out significant improvements in the food and nutritional security, in terms of frequency and quantity of consumption as well as diet diversity. At the end of the project, 96%of the members became completely food secure and 72% nutritionally secure. The overall consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk by both children and adults and egg by children recorded increase over the project period. Consumption of fish was more than the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) level during pre and post project periods. Project interventions like nutrition gardening could bring in surplus consumption of vegetables (35%) and fruits (10%) than RDI. In spite of the increased consumption of green leafy vegetables and milk and milk products over the project period, the levels of consumption were still below the RDI levels. CBO-wise analysis of the consumption patterns revealed the need for location-specific interventions matching to the needs and preferences of the communities.

The moving gardens: Reef fishes grazing, cleaning, and following green turtles in SW Atlantic

Reef fishes may associate with marine turtles and graze on their shells, or clean their head, neck and flippers. on a reef flat at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, SW Atlantic, we recorded green turtles (Chelonia mydas) grazed, cleaned and followed by reef fishes. The green turtle seeks specific sites on the reef and pose there for the grazers and/or cleaners. Fishes recorded associated to green turtles included omnivorous and herbivorous reef species such as the dam-selfish Abudefduf saxatilis and the surgeonfishes Acanthurus chirurgus and A. coeruleus. The turtle is followed by the wrasse Thalassoma noronhanum only while engaged in foraging bouts on benthic algae. Following behaviour is a previously unrecorded feeding association between turtles and fishes.

Stable isotope ratios in shells of marine organisms

Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses have been carried out on calcareous skeletons of important recent groups of organisms. Annual temperature ranges and distinct developmental stages can be reconstructed from single shells with the aid of the micro-sampling technique made possible by modern mass-spectrometers. This is in contrast to the results of earlier studies which used bulk sampIes. The skeletons analysed are from Bermuda, the Philippines, the Persian Gulf and the continental margin off Peru. In these environments, seasonal salinity ranges and thus annual variations in the isotopic composition of the water are small. In addition, environmental parameters are weIl documented in these areas. The recognition of seasonal isotopic variations is dependant on the type of calcification. Shells built up by carbonate deposition at the margin, such as molluscs, are suitable for isotopic studies. Analysis is more difficult where chambers are added at the margin of the shell but where older chambers are simultaneously covered by a thin veneer of carbonate e. g. in rotaliid foraminifera. Organisms such as calcareous algae or echinoderms that thicken existing calcareous parts as weIl as growing in length and breadth are the most difficult to analyse. All organisms analysed show temperature related oxygen-isotope fractionation. The most recent groups fractionate oxygen isotopes in accordance with established d18O temperature relationships (Tab. 18, Fig. 42). These groups are deep-sea foraminifera, planktonic foraminifera, serpulids, brachiopods, bryozoa, almost all molluscs, sea urchins, and fish (otoliths). A second group of organisms including the calcareous algae Padina, Acetabularia, and Penicillus, as weIl as barnacles, cause enrichment of the heavy isotope 18O. Finally, the calcareous algae Amphiroa, Cymopolia and Halimeda, the larger foraminifera, corals, starfish, and holothurians cause enrichment of the lighter isotope 16O. Organisms causing non-equilibrium fractionation also record seasonal temperature variations within their skeletons which are reflected in stable-oxygen-isotope patterns. With the exception of the green algae Halimeda and Penicillus, all organisms analysed show lower d13C values than calculated equilibrium values (Tab. 18, Fig. 42). Especially enriched with the lighter isotope 12C are animals such as hermatypic corals and larger foraminifera which exist in symbiosis with other organisms, but also ahermatypic corals, starfish, and holothurians. With increasing age of the organisms, seven different d13C trends were observed within the skeletons. 1) No d13C variations are observed in deep-sea foraminifera presumably due to relatively stable environmental conditions. 2) Lower d13C values occur in miliolid larger foraminifera and are possibly related to increased growth with increasing age of the foraminifera. 3) Higher values are found in planktonic foraminifera and rotaliid larger foraminifera and can be explained by a slowing down of growth with increasing age. 4) A sudden change to lower d13C values at a distinct shell size occurs in molluscs and is possibly caused by the first reproductive event. 5) A low-high-Iow cycle in calcareous algae is possibly caused by variations in the stage of calcification or growth. 6) A positive correlation between d18O and d13C values is found in some hermatypic corals, all ahermatypic corals, in the septa of Nautilus and in the otoliths of fish. In hermatypic corals from tropical areas, this correlation is the result of the inverse relationship between temperature and light caused by summer cloud cover; in other groups it is inferred to be due to metabolic processes. 7) A negative correlation between d18O and d13C values found in hermatypic corals from the subtropics is explained by the sympathetic relationship between temperature and light in these latitudes. These trends show that the carbon isotope fractionation is controlled by the biology of the respective carbonate producing organisms. Thus, the carbon isotope distribution can provide information on the symbiont-host relationship, on metabolic processes and calcification and growth stages during ontogenesis of calcareous marine organisms.

Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment for the Production of Green Composites

Botanically, green composites belong to an economically important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum known as Saccharum offi cinarum. There are so many natural fibers available in the environment such as rice husk, hemp fibers, flax fibers, bamboo fibers, coconut fiber, coconut coir, grawia optiva and many others also. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a process to estimate the environmental feature and potential impacts related to a product, by organizing a directory of pertinent inputs and outputs of a product system, assessing the potential environmental impacts related with the said inputs and outputs, explaining the results of the inventory analysis and impact evaluation phases in connection to the objectives of the study. Particularly Bagasse, an agricultural residue not only becomes a problem from the environmental point of view, but also affects the profitability of the sugarcane industries. This chapter discusses the properties, processing methods and various other aspects including economic and environmental aspects related to green composites.

All Green, But Equal? Morphological Traits And Ecological Implications On Spores Of Three Species Of Mosses In The Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Spores of the tropical mosses Pyrrhobryum spiniforme, Neckeropsis undulata and N. disticha were characterized regarding size, number per capsule and viability. Chemical substances were analyzed for P. spiniforme and N. undulata spores. Length of sporophyte seta (spore dispersal ability) was analyzed for P. spiniforme. Four to six colonies per species in each site (lowland and highland areas of an Atlantic Forest; Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil) were visited for the collection of capsules (2008 - 2009). Neckeropsis undulata in the highland area produced the largest spores (ca. 19 µm) with the highest viability. The smallest spores were found in N. disticha in the lowland (ca. 13 µm). Pyrrhobryum spiniforme produced more spores per capsule in the highland (ca. 150,000) than in lowland (ca. 40,000); longer sporophytic setae in the lowland (ca. 64 mm) than in the highland (ca. 43 mm); and similar sized spores in both areas (ca. 16 µm). Spores of N. undulata and P. spiniforme contained lipids and proteins in the cytoplasm, and acid/neutral lipids and pectins in the wall. Lipid bodies were larger in N. undulata than in P. spiniforme. No starch was recorded for spores. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme in the highland area, different from lowland, was characterized by low reproductive effort, but presented many spores per capsule.

Reduced Lrp6 Expression And Increase In The Interaction Of Gsk3β With P53 Contribute To Podocyte Apoptosis In Diabetes Mellitus And Are Prevented By Green Tea.

In diabetes mellitus (DM), podocyte apoptosis leads to albuminuria and nephropathy progression. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is WNT pathway receptor that is involved in podocyte death, adhesion and motility. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) interaction with p53 (GSK3-p53) promotes apoptosis in carcinoma cells. It is unknown if GSK3-p53 contributes to podocyte apoptosis in DM. In experimental DM, green tea (GT) reduces albuminuria by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we assessed the role of the GSK3β-p53 in podocyte apoptosis and the effects of GT on these abnormalities. In diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), GT prevents podocyte's p-LRP6 expression reduction, increased GSK3β-p53 and high p53 levels. In diabetic SHR rats, GT reduces podocyte apoptosis, foot process effacement and albuminuria. In immortalized mouse podocytes (iMPs), high glucose (HG), silencing RNA (siRNA) or blocking LRP6 (DKK-1) reduced p-LRP6 expression, leading to high GSK3β-p53, p53 expression, apoptosis and increased albumin influx. GSK3β blockade by BIO reduced GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. In iMPs under HG, GT reduced apoptosis and the albumin influx by blocking GSK3β-p53 following the rise in p-LRP6 expression. These effects of GT were prevented by LRP6 siRNA or DKK-1. In conclusion, in DM, WNT inhibition, via LRP6, increases GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. Maneuvers that inactivate GSK3β-p53, such as GT, may be renoprotective in DM.

Supercritical CO2 recovery of caffeine from green coffee oil: new experimental solubility data and modeling

The caffeine solubility in supercritical CO2 was studied by assessing the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of green coffee oil (GCO). The Peng-Robinson¹ equation of state was used to correlate the solubility of caffeine with a thermodynamic model and two mixing rules were evaluated: the classical mixing rule of van der Waals with two adjustable parameters (PR-VDW) and a density dependent one, proposed by Mohamed and Holder² with two (PR-MH, two parameters adjusted to the attractive term) and three (PR-MH3 two parameters adjusted to the attractive and one to the repulsive term) adjustable parameters. The best results were obtained with the mixing rule of Mohamed and Holder² with three parameters.