Varför är barns lek viktig? : en studie om fem pedagogers uppfattningar om lekens betydelse i förskolan

Denna studie handlar om pedagogers uppfattningar om barns lek och lärande. I litteraturen har vi funnit att de flesta lekforskare är eniga om att lek är viktig för barns utveckling och lärande. Syftet med studien var att beskriva om, och i så fall hur, pedagoger säger sig använda lek för barns lärande. Studien har utförts i en förskola där vi har intervjuat fem pedagoger, fyra lärare i förskolan (förskollärare) och en barnskötare. Resultatet visade att pedagogerna uppfattar lek som viktig och att de använder sig av olika lekformer för att stimulera barns lärande. De ser sig egen närvaro som viktig i barns lek. Pedagogerna är överens om att miljön inverkar på barnen och att den har betydelse för deras lek. De framhåller att de använder sig av dokumentation för att synliggöra barns lärande.

Den pedagogiska innemiljöns betydelse : Hur påverkar den pedagogiska innemiljön barnens lek och skapande

Syftet med undersökningen är att på en förskola utforska de olika avdelningarnas pedagogiska innemiljö. Hur planerar pedagogerna den pedagogiska innemiljön och vilka konsekvenser får detta för barnens lek och skapande. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes intervjuer med pedagogerna, observationer av barnens lek och beskrivning med hjälp av kort på avdelningarnas olika rum.Resultatet visar att pedagogerna anser att barnens intressen och behov styr hur de planerar den pedagogiska innemiljön. Genom observationer av barnens lek och samtal med barnen tar pedagogerna reda på detta. Eftersom många saker finns utom barnens räckhåll och de inte får använda alla material hur de vill begränsas deras skapande och lek. Den ekonomiska aspekten påverkar också den pedagogiska innemiljön på ett negativt sätt enligt pedagogerna. Men tre av pedagogerna menade att det fanns positiva saker med det också. De var tvungna att använda sin fantasi och kreativitet och ta tillvara på det som fanns i närmiljön. Pedagogernas kännedom om de olika pedagogiska teorierna var liten. Det var bara tre av pedagogerna som direkt kände till några av dem. Ingen av avdelningarna följde någon speciell teori men två pedagoger på en avdelning ansåg att de inspirerades av Reggio Emilia.

Fri vilja eller tradition? : Prästrespektive i den prästerliga kulturen

The purpose of the study was to investigate, using data from the sacerdotal culture, t h espouses of five priests. The main questions were: How does the priestly calling affect thespouse? Do the spouses involve themselves with voluntary work? Do the spouses feel thecongregation have expectations? Do the female and male answers differ?The sacerdotal culture has consisted of several elements. The main element is the priest’scalling for his work. As far as the spouse is concerned within the congregation, the spouseshave been seen as necessary for voluntary work. The congregation has also expected thespouse to act in a certain way and to undertake certain tasks.How the five informants feel about and react to the sacerdotal culture is focus for this study.The study shows that the sacerdotal culture is still strong today and it is something that thespouses take into account. They can choose not to participate but that might involve, forinstance, having to live somewhere else. The study found that the calling affects the femaleinformants, but not so much the males. The amount of participation varies from spouse tospouse and is a matter of their own choice. Expectations can also vary and participation inthe congregation can create higher expectations.

Lek och empowerment : de alternativa rummens roll i sociala rörelser

Play and empowerment: the role of alternative spaces in social movements The article examines the role played by alternative space in social movements and argues that it plays a crucial role in counter-acting feelings of powerlessness and facilitating the empowerment of subaltern groups. Alternative space is defined – using Benjamin’s notions ofshock, nature and history – as constituted by forms of interaction in which society is made to appear as history. To facilitate empowerment, alternative space must, firstly, provide a place for subaltern groups in which they are no longer subordinated; secondly, instill hope that social change is possible and encourage such change; and, thirdly, expand or consolidate alternative space itself. These tasks can easily enter into conflict with each other, since they sometimes appear to require alternative space to adopt more ”abstract” forms of interaction in which aspects of the social situation are bracketed and sometimes more ”concrete”ones in which such aspects are again given attention. In order to study how movements may relate to this difficulty, the article looks at three contemporary Japanese social movements with NAM, New Start / New Start Kansai and the General Freeter Union as central organizations. Only the third successfully combines the three tasks, in large measure through its skillful use of the play-element.

Genetic structure in a tropical lek-breeding bird, the blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Determining the genetic structure of tropical bird populations is important for assessing potential genetic effects of future habitat fragmentation and for testing hypotheses about evolutionary mechanisms promoting diversification. Here we used 10 microsatellite DNA loci to describe levels of genetic differentiation for five populations of the lek-mating blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata), sampled along a 414-km transect within the largest remaining continuous tract of the highly endangered Atlantic Forest habitat in southeast Brazil. We found small but significant levels of differentiation between most populations. F-ST values varied from 0.0 to 0.023 (overall F-ST = 0.012) that conformed to a strong isolation by distance relationship, suggesting that observed levels of differentiation are a result of migration-drift equilibrium. N(e)m values estimated using a coalescent-based method were small (<= 2 migrants per generation) and close to the minimum level required to maintain genetic similarity between populations. An implication of these results is that if future habitat fragmentation reduces dispersal between populations to even a small extent, then individual populations may undergo a loss of genetic diversity due to an increase in the relative importance of drift, since inbreeding effective population sizes are relatively small (N-e similar to 1000). Our findings also demonstrate that population structuring can occur in a tropical bird in continuous habitat in the absence of geographical barriers possibly due to behavioural features of the species.

LEK BEHAVIOR of THE PLOVERCREST (STEPHANOXIS LALANDI, TROCHILIDAE)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Lek phenology of the White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus, Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae) in a subtropical region

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The dawn lek of the Swallow-tailed Hummingbird

We studied the lek behavior of the Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) in an urbanized area in S (a) over tildeo Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. During the 22-month study we identified a total of 26 lekking territories in one lek that covered an area of approximately 12 ha. The lek was active throughout the year; the number of singing males per morning ranged from 6-15. The abandonment of territories and the establishment of new ones caused continuous rearrangement of lek boundaries. Lekking territories had a mean size of 217 m(2) and were separated from each other by 24-120 m. on average, males started singing 27 min before sunrise and kept singing for 17 min. At the end of this period and after a few minutes of silent perching, they abandoned their lekking territories until the next morning. During the singing period. males spent 72-100% of the time inside their territories. The lek behavior of E. macroura is unusual compared to other lekking hummingbirds because of the short daily period of lekking, restricted to just before Sunrise. Since males and females of E. macroura possibly defend feeding territories throughout the rest of the day, the short lekking period may represent a tradeoff between two different time budget pressures from lekking and feeding activities.

The use of auxiliary courts by the lek-forming White-bearded Manakin Manacus manacus (Aves, Pipridae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Seed dispersal by the lek-forming white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus, Pipridae) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

The movement patterns of males, females and juveniles of lekking species often differ due to differences in the commitment to lek activities, which may lead to differences in the spatial distribution and dispersal distances of seeds they eat. By sampling seeds in three lek and non-lek areas of the white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus), we tested whether this lekking species increased the abundance and species richness of seeds in lek areas and, at a finer scale, in 21 displaying courts within lek areas. Combining data on seed defecation or regurgitation rates by free-ranging individuals, the number of seeds in droppings or regurgitations of mist-netted birds, and the distances travelled by birds equipped with radio-transmitters, we estimated the potential spatial distribution of seeds generated by six resident males and six females or juveniles during the morning peak of lek activity and when lek activity decreased in the afternoon. There was no difference in the species richness (46 and 44 morphospecies, respectively) and abundance of seeds (15.4 ± 7.3 seeds and 14.0 ± 1.1 seeds, respectively) between lek and non-lek areas. Within leks both parameters increased in courts (45 spp., 17.6 ± 14 seeds) compared with non-court sites (22 spp., 1.9 ± 1.8 seeds), likely as a consequence of the longer time spent by resident males in perches in or near display courts. Distances moved by juveniles and females per 60-min period (183 ± 272 m) were greater than resident males (42.6 ± 22.0 m) in the mornings, while the opposite happened in the afternoons (55.2 ± 40.7 m and 157 ± 105 m, respectively). We conclude that the spatial aggregation of seeds in lek areas of M. manacus occurs at the court level, and the spatial distribution of deposited seeds varies with manakin lekking status and the daily period of foraging. © Cambridge University Press 2013.

Comportamento de lek, frugivora e dispersão de sementes por Manacus Manacus (Linnaeus 1766, Pipridae) em áres de restinga no sudeste do Brasil

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Att bli fri från anorexi – En kvalitativ studie av professionella behandlingsmetoder samt självhjälp

Forskning vad gäller självhjälpsgrupper och dess faktiska verkan är överlag begränsad och trots flera års forskning finns det fortfarande ingen behandling som ger mycket goda resultat för många patienter med anorexi. Vetenskaplig utvärdering av olika behandlingsmetoder saknas i stor utsträckning och en genomgång av den vetenskapliga litteraturen visar att det inte finns några läkemedel med dokumenterad effekt vid anorexi. Varför bildas självhjälpsgrupper? Varför räcker det inte med de professionella behandlingsmodellerna? Dessa frågor ämnar jag att finna svar på i min uppsats. Jag har forskat kring professionella behandlingsmetoder samt självhjälp. Mina kärnfrågor i uppsatsen är: vilka olika professionella behandlingsmetoder finns och vad är självhjälp? Jag har valt en kvalitativ ansats på min uppsats. Jag vill beskriva, förklara och jämföra självhjälpsgrupper för anorexi och deras sätt att se sjukdomen och hur de arbetar för att ta sig ur den. Detta i förhållande till professionella behandlingsmetoder. Mina bakgrundsstudier med förklaringsmodeller av anorexi och tillgängliga professionella behandlingsmodeller har jag gjort genom en systematisk genomgång. Min studie görs enligt kvalitativ metod och genom en systematisk beskrivning. Jag har också gjort en systematisk sökning av de tillgängliga litteraturer som finns på biblioteket respektive Internet. Självhjälpsgrupper bör ses som ett komplement till de professionella behandlingsmetoderna snarare än ett alternativ, och man bör inte utesluta en professionell behandling för att istället vara med i en självhjälpsgrupp. Däremot bör man absolut inte underskatta den kraft och styrka det kan ge, att träffa andra människor i samma situation. Att samtala om det gemensamma problem man har, stötta varandra och känna gemenskap är en stark drivkraft i kampen att bli frisk från anorexi

Ricerca dell'emissione alle alte energie da parte delle radio galassie fri e frii

Lo scenario di unificazione degli AGN caratterizza le molteplici proprietà di questi oggetti in termini del differente angolo di vista rispetto ad un sistema costituito da un toro oscurante, un disco di accrescimento che alimenta il SMBH e nubi di gas che circondano il buco nero. Circa il 10% degli AGN sono forti sorgenti radio. Questi oggetti, detti AGN Radio-Loud, sono caratterizzati da getti relativistici emessi trasversalmente rispetto al disco di accrescimento e comprendono le radio galassie e i blazar. In accordo con il modello unificato, le radio galassie (MAGN), rappresentano i blazar visti a grandi angoli di inclinazione del getto rispetto alla linea di vista. Nei blazar la radiazione emessa dai getti su scale del pc viene amplificata da effetti relativistici dando origine a spettri piatti con elevata polarizzazione ottica e forte variabilità. Questi oggetti rappresentano le sorgenti più brillanti identificate nel cielo gamma extragalattico. I MAGN, a differenza dei blazar, mostrano spettri ripidi e strutture radio quasi simmetriche. In queste sorgenti, l'effetto del Doppler boosting è meno evidente a causa del grande angolo di inclinazione del getto. In soli 3 mesi di osservazioni scientifiche effettuate con il satellite Fermi è stata rivelata emissione gamma da parte delle radio galassie NGC 1275 e Cen A. I MAGN rappresentano una nuova classe di sorgenti gamma. Tuttavia, il numero di radio galassie rivelate è sorprendentemente piccolo ponendo degli interrogativi sui meccanismi di emissione alle alte energie di questi oggetti. Nel presente lavoro di tesi, si analizzeranno i dati gamma raccolti dal LAT durante i primi 5 anni di osservazioni scientifiche per un campione di 10 radio galassie più brillanti selezionate dai cataloghi B2 e BCS. L'obiettivo principale sarà migliorare la statistica e cercare di comprendere la natura dell'emissione alle alte energie da parte delle radio galassie.

Hotshots, hot spots, and female preference: exploring lek formation models with a bower-building cichlid fish

In many animals, males congregate in leks that females visit for the sole purpose of mating. We observed male and female behavior on 3 different-sized leks of the bower-building cichlid fish Nyassachromis cf. microcephalus to test predictions of 3 prominent lek models: the "hotshot," "hot spot," and "female preference" models. In this system, we were able to refine these predictions by distinguishing between indirect mate choice, by which females restrict their set of potential mates in the absence of individual male assessment, and direct mate choice, by which females assess males and their territories through dyadic behavioral interactions. On no lek were males holding central territories favored by indirect or direct mate choice, contrary to the prediction of the hotshot model that leks form because inferior males establish territories surrounding hotshot males preferred by females. Average female encounter rate of males increased with lek size, a pattern typically interpreted as evidence that leks form through female preference for lekking males, rather than because males congregate in hot spots of high female density. Female propensity to engage in premating behavior once courted did not increase with lek size, suggesting female preference for males on larger leks operated through indirect choice rather than direct choice based on individual assessment. The frequency of male-male competitive interactions increased with lek size, whereas their foraging rate decreased, implying a cost to males maintaining territories on larger leks. Together these data most strongly support the female preference model, where females may benefit through indirect mate choice for males able to meet the competitive cost of occupying larger leks.