Fiske.

1964-1966 issued combined.

The letters of John Fiske,

Mode of access: Internet.

Den swenske fiskaren, eller wälment underrattelse om det i Swerige nu för tiden brukeliga fiskeri [microform], jemte beskrifning pa de bekanta fiskar och fiske- red-skap.

Mode of access: Internet.

Rön, om fiske-plantering i insjöar : ingifwit til Kongl. wetensk. academien år 1761 /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 10293.5-1, suppl.

The miscellaneous writings of John Fiske, with many portraits of illustrious philosophers, scientists, and other men of note ...

Another issue of v. 13-24 of The writings of John Fiske.

The personal letters of John Fiske;

Introduction by H. H. Harper.

Contemporary sexism - The relationships among hostility, benevolence, and neosexism

Previous research has examined the relationship between the Modern Sexism Scale (Swim, Aikin, Hall & Hunter, 1995) and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI; Glick & Fiske, 1996) or the relationship between the Modern Sexism Scale and the Neosexism Scale (Campbell, Schellenberg, & Senn, 1997; Tougas, Brown, Beaten, & Joly, 1995). The present study examined the relationship between the ASI and the Neosexism Scale. Across three samples (N = 907), neosexism was found to be associated primarily with the hostile rather than the benevolent component of ambivalent sexism. Hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and neosexism were all significantly associated with attitudes toward lesbians' and gay men's rights, and both hostile sexism and neosexism were significantly associated with attitudes toward women's rights. Neosexism and hostile sexism were negatively associated with a humanitarian-egalitarian orientation, whereas benevolent sexism was positively associated with a Protestant-ethic orientation. It is concluded that, although both the Neosexism Scale and ASI measure contemporary sexism, only the Benevolent Sexism subscale of the ASI taps the subjectively positive side of contemporary sexism.

Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures

The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism IHS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)-subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS tan affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

Secreción de fósforo durante la absorción de azúcares: I. Métodos de determinación del fósforo

Se hace un estudio bastante detenido de los métodos colorimétricos para la determinación del fósforo y se ensayan tres agente reductores. a) Cloruro estannoso - Cuando se utiliza este reductor, se presenta una aparente desviación a la ley de Lambert Beer; los valores se ajustan a los reales mediante el procedimiento descrito por Sols. Es un reductor adecuado para concentraciones de fósforo comprendidas entre las 8 y las 25 μg; la lectura colorimétrica debe hacerse antes de los 40 minutos. b) La reducción con solución amidol (Fianl Agfa) es muy adecuada para la valorización del fósforo y sigue la ley de Beer dentro de límites de concentración entre las 2 y las 75 μg. Los tubos deben mantenerse a 37º. c) Las internsidades de color conseguidas con el 1-amino-2-naftol-4-sulfónico son buenas despues de los 15 minutos de desarrollo de color. Hay suficiente regularidad entre concentraciones y densidades ópticas. Se propone un método original para el estudio del fósforo durante la absorción intestinal. Se basa en ligeras modificaciones del clásico método de FISKE & SUBBAROW.

Secreción de fósforo durante la absorción de azúcares: II. Estudio de la secreción

Hemos escogido la técnica de SOLS & PONZ para el estudio de la absorción, que permite realizar en una misma asa de intestino un cierto número de absorciones sucesivas de la substancia a investigar. La determinación del fósforo se hacía con una modificación del método de FISKE & SUBBAROW. Comenzamos por averiguar la secreción de compuestos de fósforo durante la absorción de glucosa hipotónica, isotónica e hipertónica. El fósforo correponde a las fracciones de fósforo inorgãnico, ester y lipídico sin encontrar nunca fósforo proteico. La secreción de las tres facciones de fósforo se presenta asi mismo en experiencias con soluciones de arabinosa. Soluciones de cloruro sódico al 0.8% y de glicocola 0.6 N, no provocan la salida de ninguna fracción de fósforo. Por último observamos la duración de la respuesta secretora ante el estímulo químico de la glucosa.

The underestimation of compliance to direct help requests explained by adaptive sampling

Helping behavior is any intentional behavior that benefits another living being or group (Hogg & Vaughan, 2010). People tend to underestimate the probability that others will comply with their direct requests for help (Flynn & Lake, 2008). This implies that when they need help, they will assess the probability of getting it (De Paulo, 1982, cited in Flynn & Lake, 2008) and then they will tend to estimate one that is actually lower than the real chance, so they may not even consider worth asking for it. Existing explanations for this phenomenon attribute it to a mistaken cost computation by the help seeker, who will emphasize the instrumental cost of “saying yes”, ignoring that the potential helper also needs to take into account the social cost of saying “no”. And the truth is that, especially in face-to-face interactions, the discomfort caused by refusing to help can be very high. In short, help seekers tend to fail to realize that it might be more costly to refuse to comply with a help request rather than accepting. A similar effect has been observed when estimating trustworthiness of people. Fetchenhauer and Dunning (2010) showed that people also tend to underestimate it. This bias is reduced when, instead of asymmetric feedback (getting feedback only when deciding to trust the other person), symmetric feedback (always given) was provided. This cause could as well be applicable to help seeking as people only receive feedback when they actually make their request but not otherwise. Fazio, Shook, and Eiser (2004) studied something that could be reinforcing these outcomes: Learning asymmetries. By means of a computer game called BeanFest, they showed that people learn better about negatively valenced objects (beans in this case) than about positively valenced ones. This learning asymmetry esteemed from “information gain being contingent on approach behavior” (p. 293), which could be identified with what Fetchenhauer and Dunning mention as ‘asymmetric feedback’, and hence also with help requests. Fazio et al. also found a generalization asymmetry in favor of negative attitudes versus positive ones. They attributed it to a negativity bias that “weights resemblance to a known negative more heavily than resemblance to a positive” (p. 300). Applied to help seeking scenarios, this would mean that when facing an unknown situation, people would tend to generalize and infer that is more likely that they get a negative rather than a positive outcome from it, so, along with what it was said before, people will be more inclined to think that they will get a “no” when requesting help. Denrell and Le Mens (2011) present a different perspective when trying to explain judgment biases in general. They deviate from the classical inappropriate information processing (depicted among other by Fiske & Taylor, 2007, and Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) and explain this in terms of ‘adaptive sampling’. Adaptive sampling is a sampling mechanism in which the selection of sample items is conditioned by the values of the variable of interest previously observed (Thompson, 2011). Sampling adaptively allows individuals to safeguard themselves from experiences they went through once and turned out to lay negative outcomes. However, it also prevents them from giving a second chance to those experiences to get an updated outcome that could maybe turn into a positive one, a more positive one, or just one that regresses to the mean, whatever direction that implies. That, as Denrell and Le Mens (2011) explained, makes sense: If you go to a restaurant, and you did not like the food, you do not choose that restaurant again. This is what we think could be happening when asking for help: When we get a “no”, we stop asking. And here, we want to provide a complementary explanation for the underestimation of the probability that others comply with our direct help requests based on adaptive sampling. First, we will develop and explain a model that represents the theory. Later on, we will test it empirically by means of experiments, and will elaborate on the analysis of its results.