Indexes of structural reform in Latin America

Includes bibliography

A experiência brasileira com a tributação das transaçôes financeiras

A experiência brasileira com a taxação de transações financeiras pode ser analisada a partir do Imposto sobre Operações Financeiras (IOF) e da Contribuição Provisória sobre Movimentações Financeiras (CPMF). Apesar de ambos incidirem sobre transações financeiras, os seus objetivos são distintos, assim como o contexto de criação de cada um deles. Enquanto o IOF foi criado como um instrumento auxiliar da política monetária, com incidência sobre um conjunto amplo de operações, inclusive aquelas realizadas por investidores estrangeiros, a CPMF constitui um tipo particular de tributação de transações financeiras (financial transaction taxes), incidente sobre operações financeiras domésticas e com um objetivo arrecadatório. A experiência brasileira com a tributação de transações financeiras ilustra a capacidade de esses tributos perseguirem um conjunto relativamente amplo de objetivos. A consolidação dessa prática de fiscalização no período de vigência da CPMF garantiu sua permanência mesmo após a extinção da contribuição no final de 2007. Ao contrário do que supunham seus críticos, durante a vigência da sua maior alíquota (0,38%), a CPMF não causou nem desintermediação financeira nem fuga de capitais. No momento como atual, em que os líderes dos principais países discutem a conveniência de tributar as transações financeiras, mediante a imposição de uma taxa Tobin sobre os fluxos internacionais, a experiência brasileira pode fornecer importante subsídios para o debate. De igual modo, outros países podem extrair importantes lições tanto do êxito da CMPF como instrumento de combate à sonegação fiscal e à "lavagem de dinheiro" como da utilização do IOF como instrumento de controle de capitais estrito senso. O caso brasileiro fornece evidências sólidas que os tributos sobre transações financeiras são ferramentais auxiliares bastante úteis na regulação dos mercados privados.

Letter from J.M. Southgate to William Tudor,

One letter requesting Tudor’s assistance with a financial transaction.

Default Invariance: Naïve Category of Law and Finance

Default invariance is the idea that default does not change at any scale of law and finance. Default is a conserved quantity in a universe where fundamental principles of law and finance operate. It exists at the micro-level as part of the fundamental structure of every financial transaction, and at the macro- level, as a fixed critical point within the relatively stable phases of the law and finance cycle. A key point is that default is equivalent to maximizing uncertainty at the micro-level and at the macro-level, is equivalent to the phase transition where unbearable fluctuations occur in all forms of risk transformation, including maturity, liquidity and credit. As such, default invariance is the glue that links the micro and macro structures of law and finance. In this essay, we apply naïve category theory (NCT), a type of mapping logic, to these types of phenomena. The purpose of using NCT is to introduce a rigorous (but simple) mathematical methodology to law and finance discourse and to show that these types of structural considerations are of prime practical importance and significance to law and finance practitioners. These mappings imply a number of novel areas of investigation. From the micro- structure, three macro-approximations are implied. These approximations form the core analytical framework which we will use to examine the phenomena and hypothesize rules governing law and finance. Our observations from these approximations are grouped into five findings. While the entirety of the five findings can be encapsulated by the three approximations, since the intended audience of this paper is the non-specialist in law, finance and category theory, for ease of access we will illustrate the use of the mappings with relatively common concepts drawn from law and finance, focusing especially on financial contracts, derivatives, Shadow Banking, credit rating agencies and credit crises.

Taxation and Household Financial Decisions: Evidence from the Bush Tax Acts

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2013

Reporting Income Taxes in the Banking Sector In Angola - Accounting, Tax Regulation and Financial Reporting Evidences

This research provides an insight into income taxes reporting in Angola, based on hand collected data from the annual reports of banks. Empirical studies on Angolan companies are scarce, in part due to the limited access to data. The results show that income taxes’ reporting has improved over the years 2010-2013, becoming more reliable and understandable. The Angolan Government is boosting the economic growth through tax benefits in the investment in public debt, which cause a reduction in the banks’ effective tax rate. The new income tax law will reduce the statutory tax rate from 2015 onwards and change the taxable income, resulting in shifting the focus to promoting private investment.

Risk, Transaction Costs, and Tax Assignment: Government Finance in the Ottoman Empire

Risk and transaction costs often provide competing explanations of institutional outcomes. In this paper we argue that they offer opposing predictions regarding the assignment of fixed and variable taxes in a multi-tiered governmental structure. While the central government can pool regional risks from variable taxes, local governments can measure variable tax bases more accurately. Evidence on tax assignment from the mid-sixteenth century Ottoman Empire supports the transaction cost explanation, suggesting that risk matters less because insurance can be obtained in a variety of ways.