Improving decisions for invasive species management: Reformulation and extensions of the Panetta-Lawes eradication graph

Aim: Effective decisions for managing invasive species depend on feedback about the progress of eradication efforts. Panetta & Lawes. developed the eradograph, an intuitive graphical tool that summarizes the temporal trajectories of delimitation and extirpation to support decision-making. We correct and extend the tool, which was affected by incompatibilities in the units used to measure these features that made the axes impossible to interpret biologically. Location: Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Methods: Panetta and Lawes' approach represented delimitation with estimates of the changes in the area known to be infested and extirpation with changes in the mean time since the last detection. We retain the original structure but propose different metrics that improve biological interpretability. We illustrate the methods with a hypothetical example and real examples of invasion and treatment of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) and the guava rust complex (Puccinia psidii (Winter 1884)) in Australia. Results: These examples illustrate the potential of the tool to guide decisions about the effectiveness of search and control activities. Main conclusions: The eradograph is a graphical data summary tool that provides insight into the progress of eradication. Our correction and extension of the tool make it easier to interpret and provide managers with better decision support. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Habitat use and population dynamics of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia

Large carnivore populations are currently recovering from past extirpation efforts and expanding back into their original habitats. At the same time human activities have resulted in very few wilderness areas left with suitable habitats and size large enough to maintain populations of large carnivores without human contact. Consequently the long-term future of large carnivores depends on their successful integration into landscapes where humans live. Thus, understanding their behaviour and interaction with surrounding habitats is of utmost importance in the development of management strategies for large carnivores. This applies also to brown bears (Ursus arctos) that were almost exterminated from Scandinavia and Finland at the turn of the century, but are now expanding their range with the current population estimates being approximately 2600 bears in Scandinavia and 840 in Finland. This thesis focuses on the large-scale habitat use and population dynamics of brown bears in Scandinavia with the objective to develop modelling approaches that support the management of bear populations. Habitat analysis shows that bear home ranges occur mainly in forested areas with a low level of human influence relative to surrounding areas. Habitat modelling based on these findings allows identification and quantification of the potentially suitable areas for bears in Scandinavia. Additionally, this thesis presents novel improvements to home range estimation that enable realistic estimates of the effective area required for the bears to establish a home range. This is achieved through fitting to the radio-tracking data to establish the amount of temporal autocorrelation and the proportion of time spent in different habitat types. Together these form a basis for the landscape-level management of the expanding population. Successful management of bears requires also assessment of the consequences of harvest on the population viability. An individual-based simulation model, accounting for the sexually selected infanticide, was used to investigate the possibility of increasing the harvest using different hunting strategies, such as trophy harvest of males. The results indicated that the population can sustain twice the current harvest rate. However, harvest should be changed gradually while carefully monitoring the population growth as some effects of increased harvest may manifest themselves only after a time-delay. The results and methodological improvements in this thesis can be applied to the Finnish bear population and to other large carnivores. They provide grounds for the further development of spatially-realistic management-oriented models of brow bear dynamics that can make projections of the future distribution of bears while accounting for the development of human activities.

Impact of Disturrance on Composition, Structure, And Floristics of Tropical Moist Forests in Uttara Kannada District, Western Ghats, India

Impact of disturbance on forest stand density, basal area, dbh class distribution of density and basal area, species richness, species diversity and similarity index was assessed through monitoring six, one-hectare, permanent forest plots after a period of 24 years in tropical moist forests of Uttara Kannada district, Western Ghats, India. It was observed that all sites lost trees due to removal by people and mortality. Loss of trees was more in sites that are easily accessible and closer to human habitation. In spite of a decrease in tree density, an increase in basal area was observed in some forest plots, which could be on account of stimulatory growth of surviving trees. Decrease in basal area in other sites indicates greater human pressure and overexploitation of trees. Preponderance of lower girth class trees, and a unimodal reverse `J-shaped' curve of density distribution as observed in majority of the sites in the benchmark year, was indicative of regenerating status of these forests. The decrease in number of species in all forest sites was due to indiscriminate removal of trees by people, without sparing species with only a few individuals, and also due to mortality of trees of rare species. Higher species richness and diversity in the lowest dbh class in most of the sites in the benchmark year is indicative of the existence of favorable conditions for sylvigenesis. The decrease in the similarity index suggests extirpation of species, favoring invasion and colonization by secondary species. To minimize human pressure on forests and to facilitate regeneration and growth, proper management planning and conservation measures are needed.

Looking beyond parks: the conservation value of unprotected areas for hornbills in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya

The loss of tropical forests and associated biodiversity is a global concern. Conservation efforts in tropical countries such as India have mostly focused on state-administered protected areas despite the existence of vast tracts of forest outside these areas. We studied hornbills (Bucerotidae), an ecologically important vertebrate group and a flagship for tropical forest conservation, to assess the importance of forests outside protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. We conducted a state-wide survey to record encounters with hornbills in seven protected areas, six state-managed reserved forests and six community-managed unclassed forests. We estimated the density of hornbills in one protected area, four reserved forests and two unclassed forests in eastern Arunachal Pradesh. The state-wide survey showed that the mean rate of encounter of rufous-necked hornbills Aceros nipalensis was four times higher in protected areas than in reserved forests and 22 times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The mean rate of encounter of wreathed hornbills Rhyticeros undulatus was twice as high in protected areas as in reserved forests and eight times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The densities of rufous-necked hornbill were higher inside protected areas, whereas the densities of great hornbill Buceros bicornis and wreathed hornbill were similar inside and outside protected areas. Key informant surveys revealed possible extirpation of some hornbill species at sites in two protected areas and three unclassed forests. These results highlight a paradoxical situation where individual populations of hornbills are being lost even in some legally protected habitat, whereas they continue to persist over most of the landscape. Better protection within protected areas and creative community-based conservation efforts elsewhere are necessary to maintain hornbill populations in this biodiversity-rich region.

In the elephant's seed shadow: the prospects of domestic bovids as replacement dispersers of three tropical Asian trees

As populations of the world's largest animal species decline, it is unclear how ecosystems will react to their local extirpation. Due to the unique ecological characteristics of megaherbivores such as elephants, seed dispersal is one ecosystem process that may be affected as populations of large animals are decimated. In typically disturbed South Asian ecosystems, domestic bovids (cattle, Bos primigenius, and buffalo, Bubalus bubalis) may often be the species most available to replace Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) as endozoochorous dispersers of large-fruited mammal-dispersed species. We use feeding trials, germination trials, and movement data from the tropical moist forests of Buxa Tiger Reserve (India) to examine whether domestic bovids are viable replacements for elephants in the dispersal of three largefruited species: Dillenia indica, Artocarpus chaplasha, and Careya arborea. We find that (1) once consumed, seeds are between 2.5 (C. arborea) and 26.5 (D. indica) times more likely to pass undigested into elephant dung than domestic bovid dung; and (2) seeds from elephant dung germinated as well as or better than seeds taken from bovid dung for all plant species, with D. indica seeds from elephant dung 1.5 times more likely to germinate. Furthermore, since wild elephants have less constrained movements than even free-roaming domestic bovids, we calculate that maximum dispersal by elephants is between 9.5 and 11.2 times farther than that of domestic bovids, with about 20% of elephant-dispersed seeds being moved farther than the maximum distance seeds are moved by bovids. Our findings suggest that, while bovids are able to disperse substantial numbers of seeds over moderate distances for two of the three study species, domestic bovids will be unable to routinely emulate the reliable, long-distance dispersal of seeds executed by elephants in this tropical moist forest. Thus while domestic bovids can attenuate the effects of losing elephants as dispersers, they may not be able to prevent the decline of various mammal-dispersed fruiting species in the face of overhunting, habitat fragmentation, and climate change.

The Asian elephant is amongst the top three frugivores of two tree species with easily edible fruit

Large animal species are prone to local extirpation, but ecologists cannot yet predict how the loss of megaherbivores affects ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. Few studies have compared the quantity and quality of seed dispersal by megaherbivores versus alternative frugivores in the wild, particularly for plant species with fruit easily consumed by many frugivorous species. In a disturbed tropical moist forest in India, we examine whether megaherbivores are a major frugivore of two tree species with easily edible, mammal-dispersed fruit. We quantify the relative fruit removal rates of Artocarpus chaplasha and Careya arborea, by the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and alternative dispersers. Through focal watches and camera trapping, we found the elephant to be amongst the top three frugivores for each tree species. Furthermore, seed transects under A. chaplasha show that arboreal frugivores discard seeds only a short distance from the parental tree, underscoring the elephant's role as a long-distance disperser. Our data provide unprecedented support for an old notion: megaherbivores may be key dispersers for a broad set of mammal-dispersed fruiting species, and not just fruit inaccessible to smaller frugivores. As such, the elephant may be particularly important for the functional ecology of the disturbed forests it still inhabits across tropical Asia.

Eco-evolutionary trophic dynamics: loss of top predators drives trophic evolution and ecology of prey.

Ecosystems are being altered on a global scale by the extirpation of top predators. The ecological effects of predator removal have been investigated widely; however, predator removal can also change natural selection acting on prey, resulting in contemporary evolution. Here we tested the role of predator removal on the contemporary evolution of trophic traits in prey. We utilized a historical introduction experiment where Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were relocated from a site with predatory fishes to a site lacking predators. To assess the trophic consequences of predator release, we linked individual morphology (cranial, jaw, and body) to foraging performance. Our results show that predator release caused an increase in guppy density and a "sharpening" of guppy trophic traits, which enhanced food consumption rates. Predator release appears to have shifted natural selection away from predator escape ability and towards resource acquisition ability. Related diet and mesocosm studies suggest that this shift enhances the impact of guppies on lower trophic levels in a fashion nuanced by the omnivorous feeding ecology of the species. We conclude that extirpation of top predators may commonly select for enhanced feeding performance in prey, with important cascading consequences for communities and ecosystems.

The Holocene British and Irish ancient woodland fossil beetle fauna: implications for forest history, biodiversity and faunal colonisation

This paper presents a new review of our knowledge of the ancient forest beetle fauna from Holocene archaeological and palaeoecological sites in Great Britain and Ireland. It examines the colonisation, dispersal and decline of beetle species, highlighting the scale and nature of human activities in the shaping of the landscape of the British Isles. In particular, the paper discusses effects upon the insect fauna, and examines in detail the fossil record from the Humberhead Levels, eastern England. It discusses the local extirpation of up to 40 species in Britain and 15 species in Ireland. An evaluation of the timing of extirpations is made, suggesting that many species in Britain disappear from the fossil record between c. 3000 cal BC and 1000 cal BC (c. 5000-3000 cal BP), although some taxa may well have survived until considerably later. In Ireland, there are two distinct trends, with a group of species which seem to be absent after c. 2000 cal BC (c. 4000 cal BP) and a further group which survives until at least as late as the medieval period. The final clearance of the Irish landscape over the last few hundred years was so dramatic, however, that some species which are not especially unusual in a British context were decimated. Reasons behind the extirpation of taxa are examined in detail, and include a combination of forest clearance and human activities, isolation of populations, lack of temporal continuity of habitats, edaphic and competition factors affecting distribution of host trees (particularly pine), lack of forest fires and a decline in open forest systems. The role of climate change in extirpations is also evaluated. Consideration is given to the significance of these specialised ancient forest inhabitants in Ireland in the absence of an early Holocene land-bridge which suggests that colonisation was aided by other mechanisms, such as human activities and wood-rafting. Finally, the paper discusses the Continental origins of the British and Irish fauna and its hosts and the role played by European glacial refugia.

Forest fires and insects: palaeoentomological research from a sub-fossil burnt forest.

The role of fire within Pinus-mire ecosystems is explored by focusing on a palaeoentomological investigation of the extensive burnt fossil forest preserved within the basal deposits of the raised mires of Thorne and Hatfield Moors, Humberhead Levels, eastern England. Remains of charred tree macrofossils (roots, stumps and trunks) are widely distributed across both sites, mainly comprising Pinus and Betula. Evidence from this research and elsewhere suggest fires were a common event on Pinus mires, and may indicate that such episodes played an important role in the development of raised bogs. A fire-loving (pyrophilous) insect fauna appears to have been attracted to the burnt areas and the decline and extirpation in Britain of a number of pyrophilous species (e.g. Stagetus borealis Isrealsson) suggests the former importance of this type of habitat within British Pinus-mire systems. The lack of consideration given to the role of natural fires within the British landscape is questioned and the interpretation of charcoal within mire deposits as a possible anthropogenic indicator is highlighted as an area that would benefit some reconsideration.

Palaeobiology of an extinct Ice Age mammal: Stable isotope and cementum analysis of giant deer teeth

The extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus, is among the largest and most famous of the cervids. Megaloceros remains have been uncovered across Europe and western Asia. but the highest concentrations come from Irish bogs and caves Although Megaloceros has enjoyed a great deal of attention over the centuries, paleobiological study has focused oil morphometric and distributional work until now. This paper presents quantitative data that have implications for understanding its sudden extirpation in western Europe during a period of global climate change approximately 10.600 C-14 years ago (ca 12,500 calendar years BP). We report here the first stable isotope analysis of giant deer teeth. which we combine with dental cementum accretion in order to document age, diet and life-history seasonality from birth until death Enamel delta C-13 and delta O-18 measured in the second and third molars from seven individual giant deer Suggest a grass and forbbased diet supplemented with browse in a deteriorating. possibly water-stressed, environment, and a season of birth around spring/early summer Cementurm data indicate that the ages of the specimens ranged from 6.5 to 14 years and that they possessed mature antlers by autumn, similar to extant cervids. In addition. the possibility for combining these two techniques in future mammalian paleoccological studies is considered. The data presented in this study imply that Megoloceros would have indeed been vulnerable to extirpation during the terminal Pleistocene in Ireland. and this information is relevant to understanding the broader pattern of its extinction.

Modelling distributional trends to inform conservation strategies for endangered species

Aim: Species loss has increased significantly over the last 1000 years and is ultimately attributed to the direct and indirect consequences of increased human population growth across the planet. A growing number of species are becoming endangered and require human intervention to prevent their local extirpation or complete extinction. Management strategies aimed at mitigating a species loss can benefit greatly from empirical approaches that indicate the rate of decline of a species providing objective information on the need for immediate conservation actions, e.g. captive breeding; however, this is rarely employed. The current study used a novel method to examine the distributional trends of a model endangered species, the freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera (L.).
Location: United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
Methods: Using species presence data within 10-km grid squares since records began three-parameter logistic regression curves were fitted to extrapolate an estimated date of regional extinction.
Results: This study has shown that freshwater pearl mussel distribution has contracted since known historical records and outlier populations were lost first. Within the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, distribution loss has been greatest in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and England, respectively, with the Republic of Ireland containing the highest relative proportion of M. margaritifera distribution, in 1998.
Main conclusions: This study provides empirical evidence that this species could become extinct throughout countries within the United Kingdom within 170 years under the current trends and emphasizes that regionally specific management strategies need to be implemented to prevent extirpation of this species.

The effects of past, present and future climate change on range-wide genetic diversity in northern North Atlantic marine species

It is now accepted that changes in the Earth’s climate are having a profound effect on the distributions of a wide variety of species. One aspect of these changes that has only recently received any attention, however, is their potential effect on levels of within-species genetic diversity. Theoretical, empirical and modelling studies suggest that the impact of trailing-edge population extirpation on range-wide intraspecific diversity will be most pronounced in species that harbour the majority of their genetic variation at low latitudes as a result of changes during the Quaternary glaciations. In the present review, I describe the historical factors that have determined current patterns of genetic variation across the ranges of Northern North Atlantic species, highlight the fact that the majority of these species do indeed harbour a disproportionate level of genetic diversity in rear-edge populations, and outline how combined species distribution modelling and genetic analyses can provide insights into the potential effects of climate change on their overall genetic diversity.

Ecological dynamics of extinct species in empty habitat networks. 2. The role of host plant dynamics

This paper explores the relative effects of host plant dynamics and butterfly-related parameters on butterfly persistence. It considers an empty habitat network where a rare butterfly (Cupido minimus) became extinct in 1939 in part of its historical range in north Wales, UK. Surviving populations of the butterfly in southern Britain were visited to assess use of its host plant (Anthyllis vulneraria) in order to calibrate habitat suitability and carrying capacity in the empty network in north Wales. These data were used to deduce that only a portion ( similar to 19%) of the host plant network from north Wales was likely to be highly suitable for oviposition. Nonetheless, roughly 65,460 eggs (3273 adult equivalents) could be expected to be laid in north Wales, were the empty network to be populated at the same levels as observed on comparable plants in surviving populations elsewhere. Simulated metapopulations of C. minimus in the empty network revealed that time to extinction and patch occupancy were significantly influenced by carrying capacity, butterfly mean dispersal distance and environmental stochasticity, although for most reasonable parameter values, the model system persisted. Simulation outputs differed greatly when host plant dynamics was incorporated into the modelled butterfly dynamics. Cupido minimus usually went extinct when host plant were at low densities. In these simulations host plant dynamics appeared to be the most important determinant of the butterfly's regional extirpation. Modelling the outcome of a reintroduction programme to C. minimus variation at high quality locations, revealed that 65% of systems survived at least 100 years. Given the current amount of resources of the north Wales landscape, the persistence of C. minimus under a realistic reintroduction programme has a good chance of being successful, if carried out in conjunction with a host plant management programme.

VentBase:Developing a consensus among stakeholders in the deep-sea regarding environmental impact assessment for deep-sea mining-A workshop report

Mining seafloor massive sulfides for metals is an emergent industry faced with environmental management challenges. These revolve largely around limits to our current understanding of biological variability in marine systems, a challenge common to all marine environmental management. VentBase was established as a forum where academic, commercial, governmental, and non-governmental stakeholders can develop a consensus regarding the management of exploitative activities in the deep-sea. Participants advocate a precautionary approach with the incorporation of lessons learned from coastal studies. This workshop report from VentBase encourages the standardization of sampling methodologies for deep-sea environmental impact assessment. VentBase stresses the need for the collation of spatial data and importance of datasets amenable to robust statistical analyses. VentBase supports the identification of set-asides to prevent the local extirpation of vent-endemic communities and for the post-extraction recolonization of mine sites. © 2013.

Recueil de copies de pièces.

Contient : 1 « Extraict du journal » de PIERRE DE LESTOILE, « pendant tout le regne du roy Henry III » ; 2 « Discours d'une trahison attentée contre le roy [Henri IV], decouverte en l'année 1604 » ; 3 « Remonstrances tres humbles des villes de Troyes, Chaalons, Laon, Guyse, Langres, Chaumont et Bar sur Aube au roy [Henri III]... 1575 » ; 4 « Remonstrances faictes au roy [Henri III] par les habitans de la ville de Paris... 1575 » ; 5 « Lettres patentes du roy HENRY III, par lesquelles le Sr... Jacques... de Coucy est remis en sa bonne fame et renommée, nonobstant les procedures faictes contre les Srs de Vervins et mareschal du Biez, ses pere » et beau-père. « Donné à Paris, au mois de septembre... 1575 » ; 6 Lettre de « HENRY [III]... à Valois, herault d'armes... Escrit à Paris, ce 24e mars 1576 » ; 7 Lettre de FRANÇOIS DE FRANCE, duc D'ALENÇON, « au roy » Henri III, son frère. « Septembre 1575 » ; 8 « Lettre du roy... HENRY [III] à la noblesse de son royaume, sur la sortie de la cour de [François, duc d'Alençon], frere de Sa Majesté. Du 16 septembre 1575 » ; 9 « Declaration et protestation que [FRANÇOIS, duc D'ALENÇON] fit, lorsqu'il prit les armes... Donné à Dreux, le 17e jour de septembre 1575 » ; 10 « Lettre de [FRANÇOIS, duc D'ALENÇON]... à messieurs de la cour de parlement, apres son partement de la cour, se retirant à Angers... 1575 » ; 11 « Articles de la trefve accordez entre [Catherine de Médicis] et son fils [François, duc d'Alençon], sous le bon plaisir et volonté de Sa Majesté... Faict à Marignan, le 8e jour de novembre 1575 » ; 12 « Traicté de la negociation de... Catherine » de Médicis « avec... François [duc d'Alençon]... Faict à Champigny, le 21e jour de novembre... 1575 » ; 13 « Lettres de cachet du roy HENRY III, pour la convocation des Estats à Blois... Donné à Paris, le VIe jour du mois d'aoust... 1576 » ; 14 « Lettres de cachet du roy HENRY III au prevost des marchands et eschevins de la ville de Paris, sur la convocation des Estats à Blois... Donné à Paris, le 2e jour de septembre 1576 » ; 15 « Edict de creation des greffiers du conseil d'Estat... Donné à Paris, au mois d'octobre 1576 » ; 16 « Lettre du roy [HENRI III]... à monsieur de Mommorency,... Decembre 1576 » ; 17 « Declaration du roy... HENRY [III] pour le Sr de Bourigues, sur la mort du feu lieutenant La Haye de Poictiers, qu'il a executé par le commandement de Sa Majesté » ; 18 « Articles de l'association de Paris faicte en 1577 » ; 19 « Acte par lequel il apert que... FRANÇOIS [duc D'ALENÇON], frere du roy, fut en la chambre de la noblesse aux Estats de Blois offrir sa vie et ses biens pour le service du roy et de l'Estat... 30e janvier 1577 » ; 20 « Ligue de l'eglise et clergé du baillage de Troyes, du 22e mars 1577 » ; 21 « Responce des Estatz de Normandie aux demandes du roy [Henri III]... Faict et arresté en la convocation des trois Estatz de Normandie, tenus à Rouen, le dix neufe jour de novembre 1578 » ; 22 « Requeste presentée au roy par les deputez de l'assemblée generale du clergé de France, faicte à Melun, au mois de juin 1579 » ; 23 « Articles concernans la reformation du clergé de France, presentez au roy, pour estre auctorisez par Sa Majesté, de la part des prelats et autres ecclesiastiques assemblez à Melun, le vint huictiesme aoust 1579 » ; 24 « Retentum de la cour des grands jours à Poictiers, au 19e septembre 1579 » ; 25 « Lettre de... FRANÇOIS [duc D'ALENÇON], frere du roy, à messieurs de la cour de parlement... Escrit à Alençon, le vingtiesme jour de may... 1581 » ; 26 « Extraict de l'histoire de [JACQUES-AUGUSTE] DE THOU, de l'an 1581, touchant la ligue ». En latin ; 27 « Deposition de... NICOLAS DE SALZEDE,... faicte en la presence de [François, duc] d'Alençon, frere du roy... le 22e de juillet 1582 » ; 28 Lettr de « NICOLAS DE SALZEDE » au duc d'Alençon ; 29 « Additions à la deposition [portée sous le n° 27]. tirées sur un autre original, estant au reste du tout conforme à l'autre » ; 30 « Discours de la mort de [Nicolas de] Salzede, adressé par le sieur... HIEROSME... ANGENOUST, lieutenant general à Sens, 1581 » ; 31 « Memoire du voiage et de la defaicte de monseigneur [Philippe] de Strossy » par la flotte espagnole. « 1582 » ; 32 « Harengue du roy HENRY III, prononcée à Sainct Germain en Laie, le vendredy 19 novembre 1583 » ; 33 « Harangue au roy Henry III, faicte par monseigneur [GUI DU FAUR] DE PIBRAC, pour le roy de Navarre, lorsque la royne de Navarre, sa femme, receut mauvais traictement au Bourg la Royne prez Paris, en janvier 1584 » ; 34 « Ce que Mr [POMPONNE] DE BELLIEVRE a dit au roy de Navarre pour luy persuader de reprendre la royne sa femme ». Août 1583 ; 35 « Response de [HENRI], roy de Navarre, au sieur de Bellievre, et les repliques dudict Sr de Bellievre » ; 36 « Lettre du roy HENRY III à monsieur de Bellievre,... Janvier 1584 » ; 37 « Declaration d'[ARMAND DE GONTAUT], mareschal DE BIRON, faicte à monseigneur le chancelier, le 8 avril 1584 » ; 38 « Lettre de... PAUL DE... FOIX [archevêque de Toulouse] au roy... De Rome, ce 23 avril 1584 » ; 39 « Remonstrances au roy, faictes par... Charles, cardinal DE BOURBON, et autres princes catholiques, unis pour l'extirpation de l'heresie » ; 40 « Traicté » de la ligue « faict à Joinville entre les princes unis, en decembre 1584 » ; 41 « Declaration des causes qui ont meu monseigneur le cardinal de Bourbon et les princes, pairs, seigneurs, villes et communeautez catholiques de ce royaume de France de s'opposer à ceux qui par tous moyens s'efforcent de subvertir la religion catholique et l'Estat... Donné à Peronne, le dernier jour de mars » 1585 ; 42 « Articles accordez entre le prince [Alexandre] de Parme et le Sr de La Noue,... Faict à Beure, ce 28e de juin 1585 » ; 43 « Lettre du pape SIXTE V,... au roy [Henri III]... Datum Romae, apud Sanctum Petrum, sub annulo piscatoris, die 27a aprilis 1585 ». En latin ; 44 « Propos tenus entre [Catherine de Médicis] et [Henri], roy de Navarre, le 26e decembre 1586 » ; 45 « Extraict d'une lettre escrite au roy Henry III par [JEAN DE VIVONNE], marquis DE PISANI, son ambassadeur à Rome, du 27 juillet 1587 » ; 46 « Advis de GABRIEL BARBISONUS, en la cause d'entre Antoine de Molinellis, procureur des dames filles d'Alexandre de Caponibus, contre le Sr procureur fiscal... Die Xa junii 1587 ». En latin ; 47 Relation « du voiage des reistres. 1587 » ; 48 « Lettre escrite au pape par monsieur DE LANSSAC, en aoust 1587 » ; 49 « Lettre du roy... HENRY [III] au sieur de La Houssaie, son maistre d'hostel... De Jargeau, ce 6e novembre 1587 » ; 50 Conversation entre Henri III et le théologal d'Orléans, qui avait prèché en chaire contre lui ; 51 Lettre de « F. PIEDEFER,... à monsieur de La Malmaison,... De vostre maison, ce 12e 9bre 1587 » ; 52 « Liste de ceux qui se sont trouvez morts en la bataille » de Coutras, « des prisonniers et blessez... Mardy 20e octobre 1587 » ; 53 « Harangue de M. FAYE, advocat du roy, sur la reception de M. d'Espernon en l'estat d'amiral de France, le XIe janvier 1588 » ; 54 « Aucuns Articles proposez en l'assemblée de Nancy, en janvier, pour estre arrestez en la generale du mois de mars prochain 1588 » ; 55 Lettre de « HENRY,... roi DE NAVARRE,... à monseigneur de Segur,... De St Jean d'Angely, ce 4e d'avril 1588 » ; 56 « Lettre du roy HENRY III à ceux de Paris, lors de son depart de ladicte ville, apres les barricades... Donné à Chartres, le 15e jour de may 1588 » ; 57 « Lettre de la cour de parlement au roy, lorsqu'il se fut retiré de Paris, apres la journée des barricades. Du 13e may 1588 » ; 58 Lettre des « gens tenans le parlement du roy... à nostre tres honnoré seigneur, Mre Philippe Hurault, chancelier de France... Escrit à Paris, en parlement, le 14e may 1588 » ; 59 « Harangue et proposition faicte au roy sur l'union de toute la noblesse catholique de France, presentée le vingt et uniesme jour de juillet 1588, par M. de Mande (sic), archevesque de Bourges » ; 60 « Acte qu'on faisoit signer à ceux qui entroient dans le party de la Ligue... Faict à Paris, le XIe jour de juin 1588 » ; 61 Lettre « du roy HENRY III à monsieur Rose,... De Paris, ce 16e jour de novembre... 1588 » ; 62 « Articles secrets de l'Union, de l'an 1588 » ; 63 « Extraict des registres de parlement, touchant le procez criminel faict contre frere Valerio de Faynis, dit L'Hermite. 1588 » ; 64 Lettre de « M. DE REVOL, secretaire d'Estat, à monseigneur le marquis de Pisani,... 1588 » ; 65 Lettre de JEAN DE VIVONNE, marquis de Pisani, au roi. 1588 ; 66 Lettre de HENRI III au marquis de Pisani, 1588 ; 67 Lettre de CLAUDE DE « LA CHASTRE au prevost des marchands de Paris... Le 9e decembre [1588], au camp de Montagu » ; 68 « Lettres patentes de declaration du roy [Henri III], contenant les causes de ce qu'il auroit faict à Blois, en la mort de messrs de Guyse, avec abolition de leurs complices... Janvier 1589 » ; 69 Lettre de HENRI III à l'évêque de « Limoges », janvier 1589 ; 70 Lettre de HENRI III au Sr de Vic. Blois, janvier 1589 » ; 71 Lettre de HENRI III aux habitants de Limoges, janvier 1589 ; 72 Lettre du roi HENRI III à « monsieur Du Perat », janvier 1589 ; 73 et 74 Deux lettres de JEAN DE VIVONNE, « marquis de Pisani, au roy » ; 75 Lettre du roi HENRI III à « monsieur de Sansac » ; 76 Lettre du roi HENRI III à « monsieur de Rodes » ; 77 Lettre du roi HENRI III à « monsieur de Savignac » ; 78 Lettre de NICOLAS BRULART « DE SILLERY au roy Henry III » ; 79 « Instruction qui fut envoyée au pape, au mois de janvier 1589, incontinant apres la mort de messieurs les princes catholiques » ; 80 « Lettre de [CHARLES DE LORRAINE], duc DE MAYENNE, au pape... 1589 » ; 81 « Instruction du doien Frison, envoyé vers Sa Saincteté par le duc de Mayenne et le conseil general des catholiques de France » ; 82 « Abregé d'un discours secret faict à la Saincteté, entre aucuns ses confidens, apres le depart de monsieur [l'évêque] de Paris, trouvé entre les papiers de feu l'advocat David » ; 83 « Liste de ceux du conseil general des quarante » ; 84 « Eslection et nomination faicte aux offices de procureur et advocats generaux en la cour des personnes de Me Edouard Molé, conseiller en icelle, et Mes Jean Le Maistre et Louis d'Orleans. Du samedy 21e jour de janvier 1589 » ; 85 « Le duc de Mayenne creé lieutenant general de l'Estat et couronne de France, du 7e mars 1589 » ; 86 « Reception dudict sieur duc de Mayenne en la dicte charge, du lundy 13e mars 1589 » ; 87 « Sauvegarde pour tous ceux qui iront en l'assemblë???e des Estats generaux, du mercredy 29e novembre 1589 » ; 88 « Reglement pour les lettres et expeditions durant la Ligue, du lundy 4 decembre 1589 » ; 89 « Interdiction du parlement de Paris et establissement d'iceluy à Tours... Le vingt troisiesme jour de mars 1589 » ; 90 « Extraict de l'arrest donné par messieurs du conseil de l'union des catholiques, estably à Paris, datté du 28 mars 1589 » ; 91 « Edict de la treve. entre le roy Henry III et le roy de Navarre, publié au parlement, seant à Tours, le 29e avril 1589 » ; 92 « Lettre escrite au roy par le sieur POICTEVIN, president au presidial, à Provins, du 26 juillet 1589 » ; 93 « Discours des entreprises des ligueurs sur la ville de Senlis » ; 94 « Confrairie du nom de Jesus » ; 95 « Articles accordez et jurez entre les confreres de la confrairie du sainct nom de Jesus, ordonnée en l'eglise St Gervais et St Prothais de la ville de Paris et autres eglises de la dicte ville, pour la manutention de la religion catholique et romaine » ; 96 « Serment des confreres du nom de Jesus » ; 97 « Reglement pour la societé et congregation du saint nom de Jesus, à Paris » ; 98 Lettre de « Mr DE FRESNES FORGET au roy... Du 17e juin 1589 » ; 99 Lettre de Mr DE FRESNES FORGET au roi. « De Bordeaux, ce IXe juillet 1589 » ; 100 Lettre de Mr DE FRESNES FORGET au roi, juin 1589 ; 101 « Informations faictes pour raison de la mort des duc et cardinal de Guise, 1589, 1590 » ; 102 « Ce que dist le pape [SIXTE-QUINT] en la presence des cardinaux, touchant l'assassinat et mort du cardinal de Guise. 1589 ». En latin