A nonlinear threshold model for the dependence of extremes of stationary sequences

One of the main implications of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is that expected future returns on financial assets are not predictable if investors are risk neutral. In this paper we argue that financial time series offer more information than that this hypothesis seems to supply. In particular we postulate that runs of very large returns can be predictable for small time periods. In order to prove this we propose a TAR(3,1)-GARCH(1,1) model that is able to describe two different types of extreme events: a first type generated by large uncertainty regimes where runs of extremes are not predictable and a second type where extremes come from isolated dread/joy events. This model is new in the literature in nonlinear processes. Its novelty resides on two features of the model that make it different from previous TAR methodologies. The regimes are motivated by the occurrence of extreme values and the threshold variable is defined by the shock affecting the process in the preceding period. In this way this model is able to uncover dependence and clustering of extremes in high as well as in low volatility periods. This model is tested with data from General Motors stocks prices corresponding to two crises that had a substantial impact in financial markets worldwide; the Black Monday of October 1987 and September 11th, 2001. By analyzing the periods around these crises we find evidence of statistical significance of our model and thereby of predictability of extremes for September 11th but not for Black Monday. These findings support the hypotheses of a big negative event producing runs of negative returns in the first case, and of the burst of a worldwide stock market bubble in the second example. JEL classification: C12; C15; C22; C51 Keywords and Phrases: asymmetries, crises, extreme values, hypothesis testing, leverage effect, nonlinearities, threshold models

Riding the South Sea bubble

This paper presents a case study of a well-informed investor in the South Sea bubble. We argue that Hoare's Bank, a fledgling West End London banker, knew that a bubble was in progress and nonetheless invested in the stock; it was profitable to "ride the bubble." Using a unique dataset on daily trades, we show that this sophisticated investor was not constrained by institutional factors such as restrictions on short sales or agency problems. Instead, this study demonstrates that predictable investor sentiment can prevent attacks on a bubble; rational investors may only attack when some coordinating event promotes joint action.

General Equilibrium Analysis. A Century after Walras

2010 marks the hundredth anniversary of the death of Léon Walras, the brilliant originator and first formaliser of general equilibrium theory - one of the pillars of modern economic theory. In advancing much derided practical solutions Walras also displayed more concern for the problems of living in a second best world than is common in modern pure theories of the invisible hand, efficient market hypothesis, DSGE macroeconomics or the thinking of some contemporary free market admirers all based on general equilibrium theory. This book brings contributions from the likes of Kenneth Arrow, Alan Kirman, Richard Posner, Amartya Sen and Robert Solow to share their thoughts and reflections on the theoretical heritage of Léon Walras. Some authors reminisce on the part they played in the development of modern general economics theory; others reflect on the crucial part played by general equilibrium in the development of macroeconomics, microeconomics, growth theory, welfare economics and the theory of justice; others still complain about the wrong path economic theory took under the influence of post 1945 developments in general equilibrium theory.

Osakekurssin reagointi tulosvaroitukseen nousu- ja laskumarkkinoilla

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää tapahtuuko tulosvaroituksen yhteydessä yli- tai alireagointia nousu- ja laskumarkkinoiden aikana. Tutkimus tehdään tapahtumatutkimuksena, jossa tarkoituksena on tutkia osakkeiden epänormaaleja tuottoja tulosvaroituspäivän ympärillä. Tapahtumaikkunan pituus on yhteensä 11 päivää [-5, +5]. Aineisto koostuu Helsingin pörssin OMXH25 indeksin yritysten julkaisemista tulosvaroituksista vuosien 1997–2009 välillä. Tälle aikavälille osuu 200 päivän liukuvalla keskiarvolla mitattuna kaksi nousu- ja kaksi laskumarkkinaa. Tutkimuksessa ei havaittu selvää yli- tai alireagointia nousu- tai laskumarkkinoilla. Sen sijaan tietty säännöllisyys reagoinnissa tulosvaroituksiin löydettiin: Nousumarkkinoilla, tulosvaroituspäivän jälkeen näkyy selvä positiivinen tuotto kahden päivän ajalta tulosvaroituksen jälkeen, riippumatta siitä onko kyseessä positiivinen vai negatiivinen tulosvaroitus. Vastaavasti laskumarkkinoilla löydettiin selvä negatiivinen epänormaali tuotto kahden päivän ajalta tulosvaroituksen jälkeen.

From Fluid Dynamics to Human Psychology.What Drives Financial Markets Towards Extreme Events

For decades researchers have been trying to build models that would help understand price performance in financial markets and, therefore, to be able to forecast future prices. However, any econometric approaches have notoriously failed in predicting extreme events in markets. At the end of 20th century, market specialists started to admit that the reasons for economy meltdowns may originate as much in rational actions of traders as in human psychology. The latter forces have been described as trading biases, also known as animal spirits. This study aims at expressing in mathematical form some of the basic trading biases as well as the idea of market momentum and, therefore, reconstructing the dynamics of prices in financial markets. It is proposed through a novel family of models originating in population and fluid dynamics, applied to an electricity spot price time series. The main goal of this work is to investigate via numerical solutions how well theequations succeed in reproducing the real market time series properties, especially those that seemingly contradict standard assumptions of neoclassical economic theory, in particular the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The results show that the proposed model is able to generate price realizations that closely reproduce the behaviour and statistics of the original electricity spot price. That is achieved in all price levels, from small and medium-range variations to price spikes. The latter were generated from price dynamics and market momentum, without superimposing jump processes in the model. In the light of the presented results, it seems that the latest assumptions about human psychology and market momentum ruling market dynamics may be true. Therefore, other commodity markets should be analyzed with this model as well.

Kalenterianomaliat Suomessa, Yhdysvalloissa, Isossa-Britanniassa ja Kaakkois-Aasiassa

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään kalenterianomalioiden esiintymistä Suomessa, Yhdysvalloissa, Isossa-Britanniassa ja Kaakkois-Aasiassa. Työssä esitellään erilaisia kalenterianomalioita, joita ovat muun muassa viikonpäivä-, kuukausi- ja vuodenvaihdeanomalia. Tutkimuksessa esitellään myös aikaisempia tutkimuksia sekä anomalioita kritisoivaa käyttäytymistieteellisen rahoituksen teoriaa. Aikaisempien tutkimusten tapaan tutkimusaineisto koostui kohdealuei-den markkinoita kuvaavien osakeindeksien päiväkohtaisista tuotoista. Tutkimusperiodi on vuodesta 2002 vuoteen 2012. Tutkimukses-sa käytettiin lineaarista regressioanalyysia selvittämään poikkeavia tuotto-ja. Työssä keskityttiin viikonpäivä- ja kuukausianomalioiden lisäksi etsi-mään poikkeavia tuottoja myös jaettaessa aineisto kvartaaleittain sekä puolivuosittain. Tutkimustulosten perusteella anomaliaa havaittiin ainoastaan Kaakkois-Aasian markkinoilla. Jaettaessa aineisto puolivuosittain, huomattiin alku-vuoden tuottojen olevan korkeampia kuin tuotot keskimäärin heinäkuusta joulukuuhun. Tulos viittaa kehittyneiden markkinoiden toimivan kehittyviä markkinoita tehokkaammin. Kehittyneillä markkinoilla ei tutkimusaineis-ton perusteella voida havaita kalenteri-ilmiöstä johtuvia poikkeavia tuotto-ja.

Uma avaliação das contribuições de Stiglitz à teoria dos mercados financeiros

The objective and originality of this paper lie in identifying Stiglitz's main theoretical contributions to Financial Economics and in briefly portraying the contemporary economic thought out of which these contributions emerged as well as in suggesting their connections with the subsequent economic thought. Grounded on a detailed analysis of Stiglitz's works on finance, his most important theoretical findings are singled out and gathered into four issues: (1) the conditions under which the Modigliani-Miller theorem is valid; (2) the inconsistency inherent to the efficient market hypothesis; (3) the microeconomic effects of asymmetrical information in financial markets; and (4) its real macroeconomic effects. In all of these topics, the focal point of Stiglitz's theoretical research is the unrealistic underpinnings on which the Arrow-Debreu competitive equilibrium model relies. It is also emphasised that this same perspective he coherently followed to construct a fully-fledged theoretical framework would be preserved in his empirical investigations, notably about developing countries, on which he has concentrated effort since the beginnings of the nineties.

Preços futuros brasileiros seguem um passeio aleatório? um estudo empírico

A pesquisa teve como objetivo testar se preços no mercado futuro brasileiro seguem um passeio aleatório - uma das versões da chamada Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente. Foram estudados os preços dos contratos futuros de Ibovespa e de dólar comercial, de 30 de junho de 1994 a 31 de dezembro de 1998. Aplicação de testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos envolvendo a Relação de Variâncias (Variance Ratio) de Lo-MacKinlay levam à conclusão de que a hipótese testada não pode ser rejeitada, apontando, portanto, para eficiência em tais mercados.

Reação de mercado associada à disponibilidade de informação

O racional teórico das finanças comportamentais se sustenta em dois grandes pilares: limites de arbitragem e irracionalidade dos investidores. Dentre os desvios de racionalidade conhecidos, um foi de particular interesse para este estudo: o viés da disponibilidade. Este viés acontece nas situações em que as pessoas estimam a frequência de uma classe ou a probabilidade de um evento pela facilidade com que instâncias ou ocorrências podem ser lembradas. O advento da internet permitiu a verificação do viés de disponibilidade em larga escala por meio da análise dos dados de buscas realizadas. I.e., se uma determinada ação é mais procurada que outras, podemos inferir que ela está mais disponível na memória coletiva dos investidores. Por outro lado, a literatura das finanças comportamentais tem um braço mais pragmático, que estuda estratégias capazes de fornecer retornos anormais, acima do esperado pela hipótese do mercado eficiente. Para os fins deste estudo, destaca-se o efeito momento, no qual o grupo de ações de melhor resultado nos últimos J meses tende a fornecer melhores resultados pelos próximos K meses. O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de se obter retornos acima dos identificados pelo efeito momento segmentando-se as carteiras de maior e menor viés de disponibilidade. Os resultados obtidos foram positivos e estatisticamente significativos na amostra selecionada. A estratégia cruzada entre efeito momento e disponibilidade produziu, para J=6 e K=6, retornos médios mensais de 2,82% com estatística t de 3,14. Já a estratégia só de efeito momento, para o mesmo período de formação e prazo de manutenção, gerou retornos médios mensais de apenas 1,40% com estatística t de 1,22.

Eficiência da magic formula de value investing no mercado brasileiro

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar procedimento de back-test da Magic Formula na Bovespa, reunindo evidências sobre violações da Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente no mercado brasileiro. Desenvolvida por Joel Greenblatt, a Magic Formula é uma metodologia de formação de carteiras que consiste em escolher ações com altos ROICs e Earnings Yields, seguindo a filosofia de Value Investing. Diversas carteiras foram montadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a maio de 2014 utilizando diferentes combinações de número de ativos por carteira e períodos de permanência. Todas as carteiras, independentemente do número de ativos ou período de permanência, apresentaram retornos superiores ao Ibovespa. As diferenças entre os CAGRs das carteiras e o do Ibovespa foram significativas, sendo que a carteira com pior desempenho apresentou CAGR de 27,7% contra 14,1% do Ibovespa. As carteiras também obtiveram resultados positivos após serem ajustadas pelo risco. A pior razão retorno-volatilidade foi de 1,2, comparado a 0,6 do Ibovespa. As carteiras com pior pontuação também apresentaram bons resultados na maioria dos cenários, contrariando as expectativas iniciais e os resultados observados em outros trabalhos. Adicionalmente foram realizadas simulações para diversos períodos de 5 anos com objetivo de analisar a robustez dos resultados. Todas as carteiras apresentaram CAGR maior que o do Ibovespa em todos os períodos simulados, independentemente do número de ativos incluídos ou dos períodos de permanência. Estes resultados indicam ser possível alcançar retornos acima do mercado no Brasil utilizando apenas dados públicos históricos. Esta é uma violação da forma fraca da Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente.

Análise da sobre-reação e sub-reação nos ativos de primeira e segunda lina do mercado acionário brasileiro

The Behavioral Finance develop as it is perceived anomalies in these markets efficient. This fields of study can be grouped into three major groups: heuristic bias, tying the shape and inefficient markets. The present study focuses on issues concerning the heuristics of representativeness and anchoring. This study aimed to identify the then under-reaction and over-reaction, as well as the existence of symmetry in the active first and second line of the Brazilian stock market. For this, it will be use the Fuzzy Logic and the indicators that classify groups studied from the Discriminant Analysis. The highest present, indicator in the period studied, was the Liabilities / Equity, demonstrating the importance of the moment to discriminate the assets to be considered "winners" and "losers." Note that in the MLCX biases over-reaction is concentrated in the period of financial crisis, and in the remaining periods of statistically significant biases, are obtained by sub-reactions. The latter would be in times of moderate levels of uncertainty. In the Small Caps the behavioral responses in 2005 and 2007 occur in reverse to those observed in the Mid-Large Cap. Now in times of crisis would have a marked conservatism while near the end of trading on the Bovespa speaker, accompanied by an increase of negotiations, there is an overreaction by investors. The other heuristics in SMLL occurred at the end of the period studied, this being a under-reaction and the other a over-reaction and the second occurring in a period of financial-economic more positive than the first. As regards the under / over-reactivity in both types, there is detected a predominance of either, which probably be different in the context in MLCX without crisis. For the period in which such phenomena occur in a statistically significant to note that, in most cases, such phenomena occur during the periods for MLCX while in SMLL not only biases are less present as there is no concentration of these at any time . Given the above, it is believed that while detecting the presence of bias behavior at certain times, these do not tend to appear to a specific type or heuristics and while there were some indications of a seasonal pattern in Mid- Large Caps, the same behavior does not seem to be repeated in Small Caps. The tests would then suggest that momentary failures in the Efficient Market Hypothesis when tested in semistrong form as stated by Behavioral Finance. This result confirms the theory by stating that not only rationality, but also human irrationality, is limited because it would act rationally in many circumstances

Um estudo sobre o mercado acionário: a abordagem tradicional vs. a abordagem complexa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)