The assessment of enriched apoplastic extracts using proteomic approaches

In plant tissues the extracellular environment or apoplast, incorporating the cell wall, is a highly dynamic compartment with a role in many important plant processes including defence, development, signalling and assimilate partitioning. Soluble apoplast proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The molecular weights and isoelectric points for the dominant proteins were established prior to excision, sequencing and identification by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI - TOF MS). From the selected spots, 23 proteins from O. sativa and 25 proteins from A. thaliana were sequenced, of which nine identifications were made in O. sativa (39%) and 14 in A. thaliana (56%). This analysis revealed that: (i) patterns of proteins revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis were different for each species indicating that speciation could occur at the level of the apoplast, (ii) of the proteins characterised many belonged to diverse families reflecting the multiple functions of the apoplast and (iii), a large number of the apoplast proteins could not be identified indicating that the majority of extracellular proteins are yet to be assigned. The principal proteins identified in the aqueous matrix of the apoplast were involved in defence, i.e. germin-like proteins or glucanases, and cell expansion, i.e. β-D-glucan glucohydrolases. This study has demonstrated that proteomic analysis can be used to resolve the apoplastic protein complement and to identify adaptive changes induced by environmental effectors.

Diversidade de Seirini (Collembola, Arthropleona, Entomobryidae), em áreas úmidas da caatinga

The family Entomobryidae is one of the most diverse families of Collembola in Northeast Brazil. Data on its diversity may be considered undervalued due to low collection efforts in the region. In this study, five areas in the Northeast region were sampled, to evaluate the species richness of this family. The study was done in the Serra da Jibóia, Santa Terezinha municipality, Bahia; Serra das Confusões, Caracol municipality, Piauí; Chapada do Araripe, Crato municipality, Ceará; Mata do Pau-Ferro, Areia municipality, Paraíba and Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Ubajara municipality, Ceará, all considered humid areas of Caatinga. Collections were made using pitfall traps and entomological aspirators. All the collected material was screened, mounted on slides, identified and, finally, the descriptions of some of the new species encountered were made. A total of 48 Entomobryidae species belonging to nine genera were recorded and 27 of these were new to science, representing a percentage of 56.25% of the total. A new record for Brazil was identified and several new records were made to the States. Seira was the genus with wider distribution and it was the only one found in all areas and the most representative with the highest number of recorded species (26). This result was expected, because individuals of the genus Seira have a good adaptability to semi-arid environments, a fact that has already been proven in previous research. Seven new species of Seira were described. A dichotomous key to genera and species of Seirini from Brazil was drafted. This work demonstrates the great potential of Entomobryidae and Seirini in the Northeast, despite having been held in very restricted areas, obtained important results for the knowledge of fauna of the group

Flora vascular da Mata da Pavuna, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Distribution and importance of spiders inhabiting a Brazilian sugar cane plantation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diversidade florística de plantas vasculares no município de Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The vegetation in north Minas Gerais State is poorly known, and for some authors it is the southern limit of natural occurrence for 'carrasco' and 'caatinga' species. Floristic sampling was made in different areas of Januária municipality, Minas Gerais, including physiognomies of 'carrasco' (tree-shrub 'caatinga'), deciduous forest, 'cerrado', floodable field and riparian vegetation ('vereda'), besides calcicolous vegetation. Six-hundred-eight species in 114 families were found, the five most diverse families were Fabaceae (87 species), Asteraceae (35 species), Euphorbiaceae (28 species), Bignoniaceae (25 species), and Malpighiaceae (21 species). The sampled vegetation included a diversity of vegetation forms. The most diverse areas were the 'carrasco' and the deciduous forest (274 species), secondary vegetation along roads and trails, and pastures (160 species), 'cerrado' (105 species), 'vereda' (98 species), and calcicolous vegetation and riparian vegetation (78 species each). Compared to other floristic surveys performed in northeastern Brazil, even considering only the woody component (tree and shrubs with 323 species), these results highlight the floristic and physiognomic diversity of the studied area. © 2005 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG.

Florística vascular não arbórea da reserva particular do patrimônio natural Paiol Maria, São Lourenço da Serra, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Florística vascular da Mata da Pavuna, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ecomorfologia trófica de Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849), Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 e Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) (Perciformes:Cichlidae) nas reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável de Amanã e Mamirauá, Amazônia

Os ciclídeos compõem uma das mais diversas famílias de peixes dulcícolas com 1.900 espécies. Espécies como A. heckelii, H. efasciatus e M. insignis são coletados das reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável de Amanã e Mamirauá de acordo com o projeto de manejo sustentável. Para investigar as variações entre as variáveis morfológicas associadas com a alimentação das espécies para as reservas Amanã e Mamirauá no médio Solimões, foi feita uma análise após eliminar o efeito do tamanho corporal. As três espécies formaram diferentes grupos por espécies, por grupos etários e por ambientes. Os principais caracteres para a formação dos grupos foram a largura da boca e comprimento da cabeça. Diferenças entre os juvenis e os adultos nos atributos área relativa do olho e razão-aspecto da nadadeira caudal foram significativas. A composição da dieta indicou que as três espécies estudadas apresentaram uma convergência alimentar por insetos em ambos os ambientes.

Variação sazonal e espacial da estrutura de comunidades dos peixes demersais da Região de Foz dos Rios Amazonas e Tocantins - PA (0º 10'S - 2º30'N; 47º50'W - 50º30'W) - Brasil

A composição, abundância e freqüência de ocorrência das espécies de peixes demersais do estuário amazônico foram estudadas em três áreas delimitadas pelos estratos de profundidade de 5 — 10 m, 10 — 20 m e 20 — 50m. Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram de comparar a diversidade, abundância e distribuição das espécies de peixes demersais, nestas três áreas, durante um ciclo hidrológico, e avaliar a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura da comunidade. As amostragens foram feitas a bordo de dois navios da frota industrial piramutabeira, com uma rede de arrasto sem porta, em seis cruzeiros com duração de quinze dias cada, divididos entre os períodos seco (entre março e abri1/97) e chuvoso (entre agosto e setembro/97). Foram capturadas 91 espécies em 237 amostragens, sendo que as famílias Sciaenidae e Ariidae foram as mais diversificadas, representando juntas 25% do número de espécies. Todas as espécies de arlideos com ocorrência na região foram muito abundantes. As espécies mais abundantes numericamente no inverno foram Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (56,2%) e Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) (13,6%), e no verão Macrodon ancylodon (31%) e Stellifèr rastrifer (15,8) (Sciaenidae). Na área delimitada pelas isóbatas de 5 a 10 m (área 1), Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) e Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) foram as mais abundantes em ambos os períodos. O mesmo aconteceu para Macrodon ancylodon e Stellifer rastrifer (Sciaenidae) na área definida pelas isóbatas de 10 a 20 m (área 2), e para iviacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Bagre bagre (Ariidae) na área delimitada pelas isóbatas de 20 a 50 m (área 3). As espécies mais freqüentes nas amostragens foram Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (40,9%) e Anchoa spinifer (Engraulididae) (35%) no inverno, e Ivlacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (45,6%) e Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) (38,4%) no verão. Na área 1 Brachyplatystoma vaillantii e Brachypialystorna flavicans (Pimelodidae) tiveram maior freqüência de ocorrência nas amostragens, para os dois períodos; o mesmo acontecendo para Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Bagre bagre (Ariidae), na área 2; e para Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Anchoa spinifer (Engraulididae), na área 3. As espécies dominantes foram: Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae), no inverno (56% dos exemplares coletados); e Macrodon ancylodon, Stellifér rastrifer (Sciaenidae) e Anus quadriscutis (Afiidae) no verão, que representaram 61% das capturas. Na área 1 dominaram Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) e Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (73%), no inverno e, no verão, as duas espécies já citadas mais Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) (53%). Na área 2 foram dominantes apenas Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (64%) no inverno, e Macrodon ancylodon e Stellifèr rastrifer (Sciaenidae) (53%) no verão e, na área 3, apenas il/lacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (70% no inverno e 49% no verão). Os padrões de distribuição foram principalmente influenciados pela salinidade. A área 1 apresentou a maior diversidade e eqüitabilidade em relação ás outras. Na área 2 a riqueza de espécies foi maior e, na área 3, houve uma maior dominância. Três assembléias de peixes foram identificadas na região: uma composta de espécies de águas continentais que exploram as áreas rasas entre 5 a 20 m; outra é composta de espécies resistentes ao gradiente salino, com ampla distribuição no estuário, principalmente na faixa dos 10 a 20 m; e a terceira é composta de espécies marinhas que se distribuem pelas áreas mais profundas do estuário, desde os 10 até a faixa dos 50 m.

Taxonomic revision and molecular phylogeny of Gymnocorymbus Eigenmann, 1908 (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The central structural feature of the membrane fusion protein subunit from the Ebola virus glycoprotein is a long triple-stranded coiled coil

The ectodomain of the Ebola virus Gp2 glycoprotein was solubilized with a trimeric, isoleucine zipper derived from GCN4 (pIIGCN4) in place of the hydrophobic fusion peptide at the N terminus. This chimeric molecule forms a trimeric, highly α-helical, and very thermostable molecule, as determined by chemical crosslinking and circular dichroism. Electron microscopy indicates that Gp2 folds into a rod-like structure like influenza HA2 and HIV-1 gp41, providing further evidence that viral fusion proteins from diverse families such as Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza), Retroviridae (HIV-1), and Filoviridae (Ebola) share common structural features, and suggesting a common membrane fusion mechanism.

Formal and informal translation and interpretation for immigrants and asylum seekers

As of 2011 there were over 50,000 migrants, who speak a language other than English or Irish at home, residing in Northern Ireland. Many of these individuals do not possess adequate levels of English language proficiency in order to access services. Research funded by the Northern Ireland Inclusion and Diversity Service was conducted to determine the home-school connections of culturally and linguistically diverse families in Northern Ireland. It revealed that there are a wide variety of ways that translation and interpretation services are offered for families not fluent in English within the school settings. Drawing upon the findings from the research in Northern Ireland, this presentation provides an overview of the types of translation and interpretation taking place in Northern Ireland; the advantages and disadvantages of each; and recommendations for agencies utilizing both formal and informal translation and interpretation. The presentation also includes references to work in this area in other contexts, as well as specific guidelines for agencies using both formal and informal translation and interpretation. These guidelines help ensure that the translations are conducted in a professional manner for all agencies providing services.

Accommodating the diverse cultural needs of cancer patients and their families in palliative care

Cultural issues have become an increasingly important consideration in healthcare. Such cultural issues, however, are underresearched in Australia, especially in palliative care. This study has sought to address this gap, exploring the social construction of cultural issues in palliative care by oncology nurses. A grounded theory approach was used. Semistructured interviews with 7 Australian oncology nurses provided the data for the study. The core category emerging from the study was that of accommodating cultural needs whereby to meet patients' specific cultural requirements, nurses actively found ways to accommodate the needs of patients and their families. This process often included compromise and negotiation whereby limits were set. In addition, the use of cross-cultural communication strategies emerged from the data as an important feature of cultural care. A series of subcategories were also identified as factors that could influence the process by which nurses would accommodate cultural needs.

Common recognition principles across diverse sequence and structural families of sialic acid binding proteins

Sialic acids form a large family of 9-carbon monosaccharides and are integral components of glycoconjugates. They are known to bind to a wide range of receptors belonging to diverse sequence families and fold classes and are key mediators in a plethora of cellular processes. Thus, it is of great interest to understand the features that give rise to such a recognition capability. Structural analyses using a non-redundant data set of known sialic acid binding proteins was carried out, which included exhaustive binding site comparisons and site alignments using in-house algorithms, followed by clustering and tree computation, which has led to derivation of sialic acid recognition principles. Although the proteins in the data set belong to several sequence and structure families, their binding sites could be grouped into only six types. Structural comparison of the binding sites indicates that all sites contain one or more different combinations of key structural features over a common scaffold. The six binding site types thus serve as structural motifs for recognizing sialic acid. Scanning the motifs against a non-redundant set of binding sites from PDB indicated the motifs to be specific for sialic acid recognition. Knowledge of determinants obtained from this study will be useful for detecting function in unknown proteins. As an example analysis, a genome-wide scan for the motifs in structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome identified 17 hits that contain combinations of the features, suggesting a possible function of sialic acid binding by these proteins.

Haplotype analysis of two recurrent CDKN2A mutations in 10 melanoma families : evidence for common founders and independent mutations

Germ-line mutations in CDKN2A have been shown to predispose to cutaneous malignant melanoma. We have identified 2 new melanoma kindreds which carry a duplication of a 24bp repeat present in the 5' region of CDKN2A previously identified in melanoma families from Australia and the United States. This mutation has now been reported in 5 melanoma families from 3 continents: Europe, North America, and Australasia. The M53I mutation in exon 2 of CDKN2A has also been documented in 5 melanoma families from Australia and North America. The aim of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of the mutations in these families from geographically diverse populations represented mutation hotspots within CDKN2A or were due to common ancestors. Haplotypes of 11 microsatellite markers flanking CDKN2A were constructed in 5 families carrying the M53I mutation and 5 families carrying the 24bp duplication. There were some differences in the segregating haplotypes due primarily to recombinations and mutations within the short tandem-repeat markers; however, the data provide evidence to indicate that there were at least 3 independent 24bp duplication events and possibly only 1 original M53I mutation. This is the first study to date which indicates common founders in melanoma families from different continents.