1000 resultados para distribuição de corrente
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A presente pesquisa teve corno objetivo a análise das demonstrações contábeis de uma cooperativa de produção, após a aplicação dos métodos contábeis que reconhecem os efeitos da inflação sobre as mesmas, procurando definir qual a influência da flutuação de preços na distribuição das Sobras, após a aplicação dos referidos métodos . Na revisão da literatura foram abordados os métodos que reconhecem os efeitos inflacionários sobre as demonstrações contábeis, um breve histórico sobre a legislação que abrange a correçao monetária no Brasil e uma introdução à filosofia, princípios e características das Sociedades Cooperativas (cap.II). O presente estudo foi desenvolvido através do método de Estudo de Caso, em razão da carência de verificações empíricas na área do cooperativismo, e da necessidade de discriminação do método, coleta e tratamento dos dados (cap.III). A seguir, apresenta os resultados alcançados após a aplicação dos métodos do Custo Histórico Corrigido, do Custo Corrente Corrigido Parcial, com a aplicação da variação. mensal do IGP em ambos os métodos, além do método adotado pela legislação brasileira, sendo que este último efetuado com a aplicação do índice oficial no período em observação, isto é, a Obrigação Reajustável do Tesouro Nacional (ORTN) e a variação mensal do índice Geral de Preços (IGP) (cap.IV). Os resultados alcançados permitiram a análise dos mesmos (cap.V), chegando-se as conclusões e, finalmente sugeriu-se uma nova pesquisa na area do cooperativismo (cap. VI).
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O presente trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia de localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição de energia. O esquema proposto é capaz de obter uma estimativa precisa da localização tanto de faltas sólidas e lineares quanto de faltas de alta impedância. Esta última classe de faltas representa um grande problema para as concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica, uma vez que seus efeitos nem sempre são detectados pelos dispositivos de proteção utilizados. Os algoritmos de localização de faltas normalmente presentes em relés de proteção digitais são formulados para faltas sólidas ou com baixa resistência de falta. Sendo assim, sua aplicação para localização de faltas de alta impedância resulta em estimativas errôneas da distância de falta. A metodologia proposta visa superar esta deficiência dos algoritmos de localização tradicionais através da criação de um algoritmo baseado em redes neurais artificiais que poderá ser adicionado como uma rotina adicional de um relé de proteção digital. O esquema proposto utiliza dados oscilográficos pré e pós-falta que são processados de modo que sua localização possa ser estimada através de um conjunto de características extraídas dos sinais de tensão e corrente. Este conjunto de características é classificado pelas redes neurais artificiais de cuja saída resulta um valor relativo a distância de falta. Além da metodologia proposta, duas metodologias para localização de faltas foram implementadas, possibilitando a obtenção de resultados comparativos. Os dados de falta necessários foram obtidos através de centenas de simulações computacionais de um modelo de alimentador radial de distribuição. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade do uso da metodologia proposta para localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição de energia, especialmente faltas de alta impedância.
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The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity
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Most algorithms for state estimation based on the classical model are just adequate for use in transmission networks. Few algorithms were developed specifically for distribution systems, probably because of the little amount of data available in real time. Most overhead feeders possess just current and voltage measurements at the middle voltage bus-bar at the substation. In this way, classical algorithms are of difficult implementation, even considering off-line acquired data as pseudo-measurements. However, the necessity of automating the operation of distribution networks, mainly in regard to the selectivity of protection systems, as well to implement possibilities of load transfer maneuvers, is changing the network planning policy. In this way, some equipments incorporating telemetry and command modules have been installed in order to improve operational features, and so increasing the amount of measurement data available in real-time in the System Operation Center (SOC). This encourages the development of a state estimator model, involving real-time information and pseudo-measurements of loads, that are built from typical power factors and utilization factors (demand factors) of distribution transformers. This work reports about the development of a new state estimation method, specific for radial distribution systems. The main algorithm of the method is based on the power summation load flow. The estimation is carried out piecewise, section by section of the feeder, going from the substation to the terminal nodes. For each section, a measurement model is built, resulting in a nonlinear overdetermined equations set, whose solution is achieved by the Gaussian normal equation. The estimated variables of a section are used as pseudo-measurements for the next section. In general, a measurement set for a generic section consists of pseudo-measurements of power flows and nodal voltages obtained from the previous section or measurements in real-time, if they exist -, besides pseudomeasurements of injected powers for the power summations, whose functions are the load flow equations, assuming that the network can be represented by its single-phase equivalent. The great advantage of the algorithm is its simplicity and low computational effort. Moreover, the algorithm is very efficient, in regard to the accuracy of the estimated values. Besides the power summation state estimator, this work shows how other algorithms could be adapted to provide state estimation of middle voltage substations and networks, namely Schweppes method and an algorithm based on current proportionality, that is usually adopted for network planning tasks. Both estimators were implemented not only as alternatives for the proposed method, but also looking for getting results that give support for its validation. Once in most cases no power measurement is performed at beginning of the feeder and this is required for implementing the power summation estimations method, a new algorithm for estimating the network variables at the middle voltage bus-bar was also developed
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)