Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe 900-1200

Review of Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900-1200 by Elizabeth van Houts (Toronto UP, 1999).

Takuueläkettä sai huhtikuussa 87 900 eläkeläistä

Kela alkoi maksaa takuueläkettä 1.3.2011. Takuueläke korotti Suomessa asuvan vähimmäiseläkkeen 687,74 euroon. Huhtikuussa takuueläkkeen saajia oli 87 900.

Electrochemical Properties of Li3N Dissolved in Molten LiCl at 900 K

Thermodynamic properties of Li3N dissolved in the molten LiCl salt at 900 K were explored using electrochemical methods. It was difficult to determine precisely the decomposition voltage of Li3N dissolved in the molten salt by cyclic voltammetry. The oxidation wave of N3– ion could not be located with high accuracy. However, the lithium activity of the Pb-Li alloy in equilibrium with the molten salt containing dissolved Li3N under nitrogen atmosphere could be measured electrochemically with high accuracy using the Li/Li + reference electrode. Under the conditions used in this study, the potential of the Li-Pb electrode is equal to the decomposition voltage of Li3N. The activity of Li3N in molten LiCl was determined for anionic fractions of N3– ranging from xN3– = 10–4 to 0.028. The nitride ion concentration in the salt was determined by chemical titration. The activity coefficient of the Li3N at high dilution was found to be very low, around 10–4. The activity coefficient increases sharply with composition and has a value of 0.25 at xN3– = 0.028. ©2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Arte e industria. Influencia de las formas industriales en el arte del siglo XX (1.900-1.945)

533 p. : il.

Statistical and econometric analysis of the treatment of HIV/AIDS

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States is constantly changing and evolving, starting from patient zero to now an estimated 650,000 to 900,000 Americans infected. The nature and course of HIV changed dramatically with the introduction of antiretrovirals. This discourse examines many different facets of HIV from the beginning where there wasn't any treatment for HIV until the present era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). By utilizing statistical analysis of clinical data, this paper examines where we were, where we are and projections as to where treatment of HIV/AIDS is headed.

Chapter Two describes the datasets that were used for the analyses. The primary database utilized was collected by myself from an outpatient HIV clinic. The data included dates from 1984 until the present. The second database was from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) public dataset. The data from the MACS cover the time between 1984 and October 1992. Comparisons are made between both datasets.

Chapter Three discusses where we were. Before the first anti-HIV drugs (called antiretrovirals) were approved, there was no treatment to slow the progression of HIV. The first generation of antiretrovirals, reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as AZT (zidovudine), DDI (didanosine), DDC (zalcitabine), and D4T (stavudine) provided the first treatment for HIV. The first clinical trials showed that these antiretrovirals had a significant impact on increasing patient survival. The trials also showed that patients on these drugs had increased CD4+ T cell counts. Chapter Three examines the distributions of CD4 T cell counts. The results show that the estimated distributions of CD4 T cell counts are distinctly non-Gaussian. Thus distributional assumptions regarding CD4 T cell counts must be taken, into account when performing analyses with this marker. The results also show the estimated CD4 T cell distributions for each disease stage: asymptomatic, symptomatic and AIDS are non-Gaussian. Interestingly, the distribution of CD4 T cell counts for the asymptomatic period is significantly below that of the CD4 T cell distribution for the uninfected population suggesting that even in patients with no outward symptoms of HIV infection, there exists high levels of immunosuppression.

Chapter Four discusses where we are at present. HIV quickly grew resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors which were given sequentially as mono or dual therapy. As resistance grew, the positive effects of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors on CD4 T cell counts and survival dissipated. As the old era faded a new era characterized by a new class of drugs and new technology changed the way that we treat HIV-infected patients. Viral load assays were able to quantify the levels of HIV RNA in the blood. By quantifying the viral load, one now had a faster, more direct way to test antiretroviral regimen efficacy. Protease inhibitors, which attacked a different region of HIV than reverse transcriptase inhibitors, when used in combination with other antiretroviral agents were found to dramatically and significantly reduce the HIV RNA levels in the blood. Patients also experienced significant increases in CD4 T cell counts. For the first time in the epidemic, there was hope. It was hypothesized that with HAART, viral levels could be kept so low that the immune system as measured by CD4 T cell counts would be able to recover. If these viral levels could be kept low enough, it would be possible for the immune system to eradicate the virus. The hypothesis of immune reconstitution, that is bringing CD4 T cell counts up to levels seen in uninfected patients, is tested in Chapter Four. It was found that for these patients, there was not enough of a CD4 T cell increase to be consistent with the hypothesis of immune reconstitution.

In Chapter Five, the effectiveness of long-term HAART is analyzed. Survival analysis was conducted on 213 patients on long-term HAART. The primary endpoint was presence of an AIDS defining illness. A high level of clinical failure, or progression to an endpoint, was found.

Chapter Six yields insights into where we are going. New technology such as viral genotypic testing, that looks at the genetic structure of HIV and determines where mutations have occurred, has shown that HIV is capable of producing resistance mutations that confer multiple drug resistance. This section looks at resistance issues and speculates, ceterus parabis, where the state of HIV is going. This section first addresses viral genotype and the correlates of viral load and disease progression. A second analysis looks at patients who have failed their primary attempts at HAART and subsequent salvage therapy. It was found that salvage regimens, efforts to control viral replication through the administration of different combinations of antiretrovirals, were not effective in 90 percent of the population in controlling viral replication. Thus, primary attempts at therapy offer the best change of viral suppression and delay of disease progression. Documentation of transmission of drug-resistant virus suggests that the public health crisis of HIV is far from over. Drug resistant HIV can sustain the epidemic and hamper our efforts to treat HIV infection. The data presented suggest that the decrease in the morbidity and mortality due to HIV/AIDS is transient. Deaths due to HIV will increase and public health officials must prepare for this eventuality unless new treatments become available. These results also underscore the importance of the vaccine effort.

The final chapter looks at the economic issues related to HIV. The direct and indirect costs of treating HIV/AIDS are very high. For the first time in the epidemic, there exists treatment that can actually slow disease progression. The direct costs for HAART are estimated. It is estimated that the direct lifetime costs for treating each HIV infected patient with HAART is between $353,000 to $598,000 depending on how long HAART prolongs life. If one looks at the incremental cost per year of life saved it is only $101,000. This is comparable with the incremental costs per year of life saved from coronary artery bypass surgery.

Policy makers need to be aware that although HAART can delay disease progression, it is not a cure and HIV is not over. The results presented here suggest that the decreases in the morbidity and mortality due to HIV are transient. Policymakers need to be prepared for the eventual increase in AIDS incidence and mortality. Costs associated with HIV/AIDS are also projected to increase. The cost savings seen recently have been from the dramatic decreases in the incidence of AIDS defining opportunistic infections. As patients who have been on HAART the longest start to progress to AIDS, policymakers and insurance companies will find that the cost of treating HIV/AIDS will increase.

A Fully Integrated 900-MHz Passive RFID Transponder Front End With Novel Zero-Threshold RF-DC Rectifier

This paper presents a fully integrated CMOS analog front end for a passive 900-MHz radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder. The power supply in this front end is generated from the received RF electromagnetic energy by using an RF-dc voltage rectifier. In order to improve the compatibility with standard CMOS technology, Schottky diodes in conventional RF-dc rectifiers are replaced by diode-connected MOS transistors with zero threshold. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses for the proposed rectifier are provided and verified by both simulation and measurement results. The design considerations of the pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) demodulator and the backscatter modulator in the front end are also discussed for low-power applications. The proposed front end is implemented in a 0.35-mu m 2P4M CMOS technology. The whole chip occupies a die area of 490 x 780 mu m(2) and consumes only 2.1 mu W in reading mode under a self-generated 1.5-V supply voltage. The measurement results show that the proposed rectifier can properly operate with a - 14.7-dBm input RF power at a power conversion efficiency of 13.0%. In the proposed RFID applications, this sensitivity corresponds to 10.88-m communication distance at 4-W equivalent isotropically radiated power from a reader base station.

Die Kosten der Modellabteilung „Joghurt“ am Beispiel der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten

Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufs in der Abteilung "Joghurt" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. In drei Unterabteilungen - Joghurtbereitung, Abfüllung, Lager - wird untersucht, welche Kosten bei der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten, abgefüllt in 150-g-Kunststoffbechern, nach ihrer Verursachung auf Abteilungsebene entstehen. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung der Abfülllinie 27.900 und 167.400 Becher/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 20 und 100% simuliert wird, lassen sich Kosten für 138,2 Mio. bis 829,3 Mio. Becher/Jahr ermitteln, die Produktionsmengen von rd. 20.800 t bis 124.700 t Joghurt entsprechen. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 12 Mio. DM und erhöhen sich im Modell 3 auf 43,4 Mio. DM. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 87 DM auf 52 DM/1000 Becher abfallen. Bei einer Beschäftigung von 100% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr errechnen sich modellspezifische Gesamtkosten in Höhe von 27,57 Pf im ModelH, 25,66 Pf im Modell 2 und 24,78 Pf im Modell 3 je Becher Fruchtjoghurt. Kostenanalysen bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 60% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, dass die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten zu 45% von den Kosten für Hilfs-und Zusatzstoffe bestimmt werden. 22-24% entfallen auf die Verpackungsmaterialkosten, 20-23% auf die Rohstoffkosten, und mit 5-8% sind die Anlagekosten an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Kosten für Energie und Betriebsstoffe sowie Personal werden je nach Modellgröße mit einem Anteil von 1-3% an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Der Kostenanalyse ist zu entnehmen, dass mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluss des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendegression höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße. Unter dem Einfluss von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich nur im Bereich bis zu 100 Mio. Becher/Jahr starke Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen belegt werden.

Historia de la literatura francesa (900-1900)

UANL

Arithmétique appliquée ou recueil méthodique et solutions raisonnées de 900 problemes choisis dans les examens...

UANL

Arithmetique appliquée ou recveil méthodique de 900 problemes choisis dans les examens

UANL

900 aniversario de la muerte del Cid.

Proyecto realizado por nueve profesores del IES Pintor Luis Sáez de Burgos, se desarrolla en la comunidad de Castilla Y León (Soria, Burgos y Zamora). Los profesores implicados trabajan en el instituto llevando a cabo actividades académicas y fuera del mismo en las provincias mencionadas realizando trabajos de campo. Nuestros objetivos son: a) Conocer los puntos geográficos donde el Cid realizó sus hazañas. b) Aproximación al Mundo Medieval Británico. c) Práctica matemática desde el juego del ajedrez. d) Evolución de los cambios medioambientales. En todas las áreas la metodología empleada ha sido la siguiente: a) Trabajo en grupos dentro del aula. b) Trabajo de investigación individual en la biblioteca. c) Trabajo de campo. La evaluación de las actividades se ha hecho de forma cionjunta entre profesores y alumnos, siendo valorado positivamente tanto por el alumnado como por el profesorado. Los materiales elaborados son: cuestionarios, cómics y fotografías. Los materiales utilizados han sido: videos, libros, diccionarios específicos, ajedreces, mapas, revistas y cámaras fotográficas de un solo uso. No está publicado..